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This book takes a comparative look at cross-border secured lending and commercial dispute resolution. It illustrates how parties involved in transactions can effectively structure their business to maximize their control of the language choice in which they deal. The book integrates investigations of national legal systems and various international organizations to illustrate the new institutitional dynamics through which the languages of transnational commerce and finance are being defined.

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• I Benefits of a considered approach to the legal framework for transactional language choices(p. 7)
• II English and translation in transnational business and finance(p. 51)
• III Laissez-Faire approach of one English-speaking jurisdiction: United States(p. 67)
• IV Governmental trend towards choice(p. 87)
• V Party work-arounds to governmental impositions of linguistic burdens(p. 179)
• VI Role of language in current models for development of legal frameworks to support transnational commercial and financial deals(p. 207)
• VII Effective strategies turning on language(p. 235)
• VIII Language as empowerment(p. 277)
• Detailed Table of Contents
• I Benefits of a considered approach to the legal framework for transactional language choices(p. 7)
• A Overview and conclusions(p. 7)
• 1 Languages: varied in significance and never static(p. 8)
• 2 Party work-arounds(p. 15)
• 3 Language and harmonization of law efforts(p. 16)
• 4 Language and supranational organizations(p. 17)
• 5 Options for action(p. 18)
• B Theoretical framework: Interface between party autonomy and governmental mandate(p. 20)
• 1 Context(p. 20)
• 2 Key questions(p. 22)
• 3 Focus on arbitration and secured lending(p. 25)
• a Effect of agreements between contract parties on third parties(p. 26)
• (1) Nonpossessory v. possessory security interests(p. 28)
• b Divergent parameters of party autonomy relative to courts and security interest registrars(p. 30)
• 4 Party incentives(p. 32)
• 5 Governmental interests; private law; soft power(p. 34)
• 6 Linguistic diversity - accommodation of party realities(p. 37)
• 7 Shared interests of transaction parties and governmental authorities(p. 43)
• a Reduced transaction costs(p. 44)
• b Rule of law benefits(p. 45)
• Notes to Chapter 1(p. 47)
• II English and translation in transnational business and finance(p. 51)
• A English(p. 51)
• B Translation(p. 58)
• Notes to Chapter II(p. 65)
• III Laissez-Faire approach of one English-speaking jurisdiction: United States(p. 67)
• A Official language for transactions(p. 69)
• B Language and litigation(p. 73)
• C Language and security interests(p. 75)
• 1 Detour to Québec(p. 81)
• Notes to Chapter III(p. 83)
• IV Governmental trend towards choice(p. 87)
• A Status of language(p. 90)
• 1 French(p. 90)
• a France(p. 91)
• b Belgium(p. 95)
• c Switzerland(p. 97)
• d Luxembourg(p. 98)
• e Canada(p. 98)
• f Sub-Saharan francophone Countries/Organisation pour l'Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (OHADA - Organization for the Harmonization in Africa of Business Law)(p. 101)
• 2 Italian(p. 105)
• 3 PortugueseùComunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa (CPLP - Community of Portuguese Language Countries)(p. 106)
• a Macao(p. 108)
• b Brazil and Portugal(p. 109)
• 4 Spanish(p. 113)
• a Argentina(p. 114)
• b Mexico(p. 114)
• c Spain(p. 116)
• 5 European Union and language rights relative to commercial and financial deals(p. 118)
• a European Union institutions and language(p. 122)
• b Language impositions as measures equivalent to quantitative restrictions on trade(p. 125)
• c Language impositions as human rights violations(p. 127)
• d European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages(p. 133)
• B Civil procedure and language: the arbitration escape hatch(p. 135)
• 1 National requirements(p. 135)
• 2 Arbitration - conventions and national law(p. 140)
• C Security interests and language; differences in roles of civil law notaries and UCC-style filing officers(p. 144)
• 1 Mexico, Brazil, Argentina - maximum linguistic burden(p. 152)
• 2 Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, Spain - multiple official languages(p. 156)
• 3 France - an effervescent adoption of notice filing(p. 159)
• D Recognition of the "languages of international finance" - Securities law(p. 162)
• Notes to Chapter IV(p. 166)
• V Party work-arounds to governmental impositions of linguistic burdens(p. 179)
• A Two generations of US judicial response to party work-arounds(p. 180)
• B Party techniques to overcome challenging language policies(p. 184)
• 1 Bifurcated transactions(p. 184)
• 2 Choice of law and forum for dispute resolution(p. 188)
• 3 Arbitration(p. 192)
• 4 Linguistically-neutral forum(p. 197)
• C Indicia of when international harmonization of law efforts may prove fruitful(p. 199)
• Notes to Chapter V(p. 204)
• VI Role of language in current models for development of legal frameworks to support transnational commercial and financial deals(p. 207)
• A International conference model(p. 209)
• B Restatement/expert association/model law(p. 215)
• C Supranational legislation: European Union law(p. 222)
• 1 Choice of forum(p. 224)
• 2 Choice of law(p. 226)
• 3 Substantive law(p. 227)
• Notes to Chapter VI(p. 230)
• VII Effective strategies turning on language(p. 235)
• A Unilateral action(p. 238)
• B Multilateral action(p. 241)
• 1 Participation in international norm implementation(p. 243)
• 2 Participation in international norm drafting(p. 246)
• 3 Reduction of the burden of interaction with governmental authorities: filing office/ intelligent forms(p. 248)
• 4 Supranational lawmaking(p. 253)
• a Europe unleashed?(p. 253)
• (1) European Union authority(p. 255)
• (2) Logistics of European Union action(p. 259)
• (3) Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements(p. 266)
• b CPLP as an opportunity for language promotion, law reform and harmonization of law(p. 270)
• Notes to Chapter VII(p. 273)
• VIII Language as empowerment(p. 277)
• Notes to Chapter VIII(p. 283)
• Select Bibliography(p. 285)
• Books and Articles(p. 285)
• Cases(p. 292)
• Treaty, Model Law, Restatement and Other Materials(p. 294)
• Index(p. 296)