Old materials, new climate : traditional building materials in a changing world. / Susan Pranger. txt

Por:

Pranger, Susan [author.]

Editor: New York, NY : Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 2024Descripción: xxviii, 407 p. : ill. ; col. ; 27 cmTipo de contenido:

text

Tipo de medio:

unmediated

Tipo de soporte:

volume

ISBN:

9780367749569
9780367749576
9781003160489

Tema(s):

Clasificación CDD:

23 691

Clasificación LoC:

TA403.6 P685 2024

Contenidos:

List of Figures xv -- Foreword by Daniel Thomas xxiii -- Preface xxv -- Acknowledgments xxvii -- Part 1: Context 1 -- 1.1 The Shifting Climate 3 -- A Climate Overview 3 -- The Carbon Cycle 4 -- Regional Weather 6 -- Changes to the Ecosystem 7 -- The Impact of Climate on Traditional Materials 7 -- Bibliography 8 -- 1.2 The Preservation Perspective 9 -- Introduction 9 -- National Preservation Movements 10 -- World Cultural and Natural Heritage 13 -- Shared Principles 14 -- Approaches to Conservation 16 -- Conclusions 19 -- Bibliography 20 -- 1.3 Stakeholders and Resources 22 Introduction 22-- Influence and Control 22 -- Resources and Social Capital 24 -- Restrictions 25 -- Conclusions 25 -- Bibliography 26 -- Part 2: Traditional Materials 27 -- 2.1 Common Issues and Strategies 29 -- Introduction 29 -- Resiliency, Durability and Recovery 29 -- The Nature of Traditional Materials 30 -- The Impact of Weather on Materials 32 -- Material Research and Investigation 33 -- Maintenance, Cleaning and Coatings 35 -- Common Strategies for Repair and Modifications 36 -- Training 38 -- Conclusions 39 -- Bibliography 39 -- 2.2 Wood 41 -- Introduction to Wood 41 -- The Past, Present, and Future of Wood 41 -- Understanding Wood 43 -- Drivers of Deterioration 49 -- Strategies for Responding to Climate Based Threats to Wood 57 -- Conclusions 61 -- Bibliography 62 -- 2.3 Stone 66 -- Introduction to Stone 66 -- The Past, Present and Future of Stone 66 -- Understanding Stone 69 -- Stone as a Building Material 72 -- Stone Construction 77 -- Drivers of Deterioration 78 -- Strategies for Responding to Climate Based Threats to Stone 85 -- Conclusions 89 -- Bibliography 90 -- 2.4 Earth, Clay, Brick and Terracotta 93 -- Introduction to Earth, Brick and Terracota 93 -- The Past, Present, and Future of Earth, Brick, and Terracotta 93 -- Understanding Earth and Clay 95 -- Methods of Earth Construction 99 -- Drivers of Deterioration 106 -- Strategies for Responding to Climate Based Threats 111 -- Conclusions 113 -- Bibliography 114 -- 2.5 Lime 117 -- Introduction to Lime 117 -- Impacts Past and Future 118 -- Understanding Lime 119 -- Drivers of Deterioration 131 -- Strategies for Responding to Climate Based Threats to Concrete 137 -- Conclusions 140 -- Bibliography 141 -- 2.6 Concrete and Cement 143 -- Introduction to Concrete and Cement 143 -- Impacts Past and Future 144 -- Understanding Concrete 145 -- Drivers of Deterioration 151 -- Strategies for Responding to Climate Based Threats to Concrete 159 -- Conclusions 165 -- Bibliography 165 -- 2.7 Metals 169 -- Introduction to Metals 169 -- Impacts Past and Future 169 -- Understanding Metals 170 -- Drivers of Deterioration 180 -- Strategies for Responding to Climate Based Threats 184 -- Conclusions 188 -- Bibliography 188 -- 2.8 Coatings 190 -- Introduction to Coatings 190 -- The Past, Present and Future of Coatings 190 -- Understanding Coatings 191 -- Drivers of Deterioration 201 -- Strategies for Responding to Climate Based Threats to Coatings 204 -- Conclusions 205 -- Part 3: United States Case Studies 207 -- 3.1 Covered Bridges in Oregon and New England 209 -- Introduction 209 -- History, Location and Climate 209 -- Construction Techniques and Materials 210 -- Deterioration, Restoration and Other Changes 212 -- Projected Impacts of Climate 220 -- Conclusions 220 -- Bibliography 220 -- 3.2 Early New England Masonry 222 -- Introduction 222 -- Location and Climate 222 -- Spencer Peirce Little House 223 -- The Old State House 229 -- Conclusions 235 -- Bibliography 236 -- 3.4 Missions of Southern Arizona 254 -- Introduction 254 -- History 255 -- Climate and Topography 257 -- Construction Techniques and Materials 259 -- Deterioration and Restoration 262 -- Conclusions 271 -- Bibliography 272 -- 3.5 Lighthouses of the Pacific Northwest 275 -- Introduction 275 -- History, Location and Climate 275 -- Construction Techniques and Materials 280 -- Deterioration, Restoration and Other Changes 282 -- Projected Impacts of Climate 293 -- Conclusions 294 -- Bibliography 294 -- 3.6 Michigan Central Station 297 -- Introduction 297 -- History, Location and Climate 298 -- Construction Techniques and Materials 299 -- Deterioration, Restoration, and Other Changes 300 -- Projected Impacts of Climate 305 -- Conclusions 305 -- Bibliography 305 -- 3.7 Early Chicago Concrete at Unity Temple and Baha’i Temple 306 -- Introduction 306 -- History, Location and Climate 307 -- Materials and Construction 311 -- Unity Temple 312 -- Baha’i Temple 315 -- Deterioration and Weather 319 -- Projected Impacts 324 -- Conclusions 325 -- Bibliography 326 -- Part 4: Lessons from Abroad 329 -- 4.1 Scotland: Lime Past and Present 331 -- Introduction 331 -- History, Location and Climate 331 -- Materials 333 -- Projects 334 -- Conclusions 342 -- Bibliography 342 -- 4.2 Wood Coatings in Norway 344 -- Introduction 344 -- History, Location and Climate 344 -- Organizations 346 -- Projects 347 -- Conclusions 354 -- Bibliography 354 -- 4.3 Lahore Fort Khalid Ibrahim and Zahid Usman 356 -- Introduction 356 -- Construction Techniques and Materials 357 -- Deterioration and Physical Changes 360 -- Previous Preservation and Alterations to Burnt Brick and Lime Plaster Coatings 363 -- Response of the Building Materials to Weather Conditions 365 -- Projected Impacts of Climate on Materials 366 -- Recommendations for Future Maintenance and Protection 370 -- Conclusions 372 -- Biographical Note 372 -- Bibliography 373 -- 4.4 Wood and Coatings in Japan 375 -- Introduction 375 -- History, Geography and Climate 375 -- Traditional Materials and Techniques 376 -- Deterioration and Climate Risks 380 -- Machiya Townhouses of Kyoto 383 -- The Temples and Shrines at Nikko 383 -- Conclusions 389 -- Bibliography 389 -- Part 5: Moving Forward 391 -- 5.1 A Comprehensive Preservation Plan 393 -- Introduction 393 -- Resiliency Planning 394 -- Risk Assessment 395 -- Scenario Planning 396 -- Implementing a Comprehensive Plan 396 -- Bibliography 397 -- 5.2 Conclusions 397 -- Index 399 --

Figures: Figure 1.1.1 The carbon cycle. (Diagram by Susan Pranger, 2023) 6 -- Figure 2.2.1 Factors that influence durability of wood. (Table by Susan Pranger, 2023) 43 -- Figure 2.2.2 Cross section of tree. (Artwork by Daniel Thomas, 2023, based on artwork by Vallejos and Grote, 2009.) 44 -- Figure 2.2.3 Water carrying cells in hardwood and softwood. (Artwork by Daniel Thomas, 2023, based on artwork by an unknown Forest Products Laboratory artist) 45 -- Figure 2.2.4 Vulnerability of wood components. (Table by Susan Pranger, 2023, based on content from John Wyllie Simpson and Peter James Horrobin 1970, 136, 139; Robert A. Young 2008; Roger M. Rowell, Roger Pettersen and Mandla A. Tshavalala, 2012) 47 -- Figure 2.2.5 Types of fungus and rot. (Table by Susan Pranger, 2023, based on content by Robert A. Young, 2008, Frea Irace, 2011, Anne S. Kaslegard, 2008) 53 -- Figure 2.2.6 Douglas fir damaged by a subterranean termite. Note insect galleries along the grain. (Photo by Suzana Radivojevic, 2023) 55 -- Figure 2.2.7 Carpenter ant damage removed in preparation for epoxy repair, Gilkey Covered Bridge, Oregon. (Photo by Kevin Groom, 2023) 56 -- Figure 2.3.1 Chaco stone wall c. 800 CE, Una Vida, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 67 -- Figure 2.3.2 The rock cycle. (Diagram by Susan Pranger, 2023) 69 -- Figure 2.3.3 Spalled sandstone, Iglesia de San Mateo, Tarifa, Spain. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 74 -- Figure 2.3.4 Marble bedding, Danby Quarry, Vermont. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2021) 77 -- Figure 2.3.5 Table of external drivers of damage. (Table by Susan Pranger, 2023) 79 -- Figure 2.3.6 Selection of Rock Samples. (Photo and labels by Susan Pranger, 2023 using samples and descriptions from the "Classroom Rock Collection" by GeoScience Industries) 86 -- Figure 2.4.1 Comparison of clay content in wet and dry construction methods. (Table by Susan Pranger, 2023) 99 -- Figure 2.4.2 Adobe block wall with lime plaster, San José de Tumacácori, Arizona. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 101 -- Figure 2.4.3 Reconstruction of Pueblo cob structure, Coronado Historical Site, New Mexico. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 102 -- Figure 2.4.4 Broken terracotta cornice at Michigan Central Station, Detroit, Michigan. (Photo by Angela Wyrembelski, 2018) 105 -- Figure 2.4.5 Mortar damage to brick face at San José de Tumacacori. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 105 -- Figure 2.4.6 Coefficient of linear expansion. (Table by Susan Pranger, 2023) 108 -- Figure 2.4.7 Lichen on brick, Spencer-Peirce-Little House. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2023) 110 -- Figure 2.5.1 Lime cycle with non-hydraulic lime. (Diagram by Susan Pranger, 2023) 120 -- Figure 2.5.2 Relationship between hydraulic qualities and clay content. (Table by Susan Pranger, 2023) 123 -- Figure 2.5.3 Lime cycle with hydraulic lime. (Diagram by Susan Pranger, 2023) 124 -- Figure 2.5.4 Lime cycle with natural cement. (Diagram by Susan Pranger, 2023) 125 -- Figure 2.5.5 Restored lime render at San Juan, San Antonio, Texas. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 127 -- Figure 2.6.1 Boston Government Service Center (BGSC) built 1962, Paul Rudolph Architect. (Photo by Holland, 2023) 144 -- Figure 2.6.2 The concrete process. (Diagram by Susan Pranger, 2023) 148 -- Figure 2.6.3 Efflorescence and staining on concrete at BGSC. (Photo by Holland, 2023) 151 -- Figure 2.6.4 Carbonation of Portland cement concrete. (Diagram by Susan Pranger, 2023) -- Figure 2.6.5 Screen capture from ODOT monitoring of cathodic protection at Big Creek Bridge, Oregon. (Screen capture courtesy of Oregon Department of Transportation, 2022) 165 -- Figure 2.7.1 Electrochemical series of pure metals. (Table by Susan Pranger, 2023) 173 -- Figure 2.7.2 Copper patina, Boston, MA. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 174 -- Figure 2.7.3 Aluminum patina, Alcoa Building, Pittsburgh, PA. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 176 -- Figure 2.7.4 Sheet metal corrosion bleeding through paint, Boston, MA. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 183 -- Figure 2.7.5 Corrosion of cast iron deck, North Head Lighthouse, Cape Disappointment, OR. (Photo by Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission, 2013) 184 -- Figure 2.8.1 Dye or pigments in stains. (Table by Susan Pranger based on content from Vanderwalker, 1957) 197 -- Figure 2.8.2 Drying efficiency of pigments. (Table by Susan Pranger based on content from Table 2, "Pigment Data" (Albert Edwin Hurst, 1949) 199 -- Figure 2.8.3 Wear of linseed oil paint, Rorros, Norway. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 202 -- Figure 2.8.4 Paint deterioration, Boston, MA. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 203 -- Figure 3.1.1 Goodpasture Covered Bridge, Lane County, Oregon. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 213 -- Figure 3.1.2 Goodpasture Covered Bridge - louvered openings. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 213 -- Figure 3.1.3 Crawfordsville Covered Bridge, Linn County, Oregon. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 214 -- Figure 3.1.4 Crawfordsville Covered Bridge, temporary roof patch. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 215 -- Figure 3.1.5 Shimanek Covered Bridge, Linn County, Oregon - louvered openings. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 215 -- Figure 3.1.6 Shimanek Covered Bridge - surface decay from water trapped by continuous strapping for siding. (Photo by Kevin Groom, 2022) 216 -- Figure 3.1.7 Shimanek Covered Bridge - deck stringer damage due to insect decay. (Photo by Kevin Groom, 2022) 216 -- Figure 3.1.8 Gilkey Covered Bridge, Linn County, Oregon. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 217 -- Figure 3.1.9 Gilkey Covered Bridge - flashing damage, fumigation holes. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 217 -- Figure 3.1.10 Sanborn Covered Bridge. (Photo by Nicole Gratton, 2023) 219 -- Figure 3.1.11 Sanborn Covered Bridge: spring flood damage. (Photo by Nicole Gratton, 2023) 219 -- Figure 3.2.1 South Elevation of Spencer-Peirce-Little House, Newbury, MA. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2021) 224 -- Figure 3.2.2 West gable end of original Spencer-Peirce-Little House. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2021) 225 -- Figure 3.2.3 Remnants of parging, whitewash and gallet stones at Spencer Peirce Little House. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 226 -- Figure 3.2.4 Carpenter Ant Damage in the basement at Spencer-Peirce-Little House. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2021) 227 -- Figure 3.2.5 Deterioration of harling at east elevation of Spencer-Peirce-Little House. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 228 -- Figure 3.2.6 Biological growth at Spencer-Peirce-Little House. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2021) 229 -- Figure 3.2.7 View toward the harbor from the east end of the Old State House, Boston, MA. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2023) 230 -- Figure 3.2.8 Circa 18 century brick from North Elevation of Old State House. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2023) 232 -- Figure 3.2.9 Old State House, timeline. (Diagram by Susan Pranger, 2015, revised 2023) 233 -- Figure 3.2.10 Condensation leaking from interior of the Old State House. (Photo by Dr. Judith Selwyn, c. 2010) 233 -- Figure 3.2.11 Interior plaster damage at northeast corner, Old State House. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2023) 234 -- Figure 3.2.12 Eflorescence at hard modern brick, South Elevation, Old State House. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2023) 235 -- Figure 3.3.1 Nuestra Señora de la Purisima Concepción, San Antonio, Texas. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 241 -- Figure 3.3.2 San José y Miguel, San Antonio, Texas. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 242 -- Figure 3.3.3 Detail of Retablo at San José y Miguel. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 244 -- Figure 3.3.4 Traces of original paint at Concepción. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 246 -- Figure 3.3.5 Rising damp at base of wall of Concepción. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 249 -- Figure 3.3.6 Lime plaster patch at Concepción. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 250 -- Figure 3.4.1 San Xavier del Bac, Tucson, Arizona. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 256 -- Figure 3.4.2 San José de Tumacácori, Santa Cruz County, Arizona. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 257 -- Figure 3.4.3 Volutes, canales, and stone foundation at San Xavier, Tucson, AZ. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2021) 260 -- Figure 3.4.4 Interior painted plaster finishes at San José. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 262 -- Figure 3.4.5 Crack in east transept wall at San José. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 263 Figure 3.4.6 Plaster finish, fired adobe caps, and canales at San José. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 265 -- Figure 3.4.7 Basalt fiber at San Xavier. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2021) 268 -- Figure 3.4.8 Lime plastered roof at San Xavier. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 269 -- Figure 3.5.1 Cape Blanco Lighthouse, Cape Blanco, Oregon. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 276 -- Figure 3.5.2 Yaquina Head Lighthouse, Newport, Oregon. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 277 -- Figure 3.5.3 Heceta Head Lighthouse, Florence, Oregon. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 278 -- Figure 3.5.4 North Head Lighthouse, Cape Disappointment, Washington. (Photo courtesy of Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission, 2022) 279 -- Figure 3.5.5 Ventilation louver at Cape Blanco Lighthouse. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023.) 281 -- Figure 3.5.6 Typical Construction at Yaquina and North Head Lighthouses. (Drawing by Susan Pranger, Daniel Thomas, 2023) 282 -- Figure 3.5.7 Interior efflorescence and corrosion at Heceta Head Lighthouse. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 283 -- Figure 3.5.8 Vertical crack and replacement corbels at Heceta Head Lighthouse. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 284 -- Figure 3.5.9 Lichen on North elevation of Cape Blanco Lighthouse. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2023) 285 -- Figure 3.5.10 Latex paint over multiple layers of impermeable elastomeric coatings at Cape Blanco Lighthouse. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 287 -- Figure 3.5.11 Corrosion of cast iron at Yaquina Head Lighthouse. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 289 -- Figure 3.5.12 Crazing of Potassium Silicate and Lime on Heceta Head. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 290 -- Figure 3.5.13 Moisture escaping at joints in interior tile at North Head Lighthouse. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2021) 291 -- Figure 3.5.14 Deterioration of original sandstone base at North Head Lighthouse. (Photo courtesy of Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission, 2013) 292 -- Figure 3.5.15 Interior biological growth at Cape Blanco Lighthouse. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 293 -- Figure 3.6.1 Figure Michigan Central Station (MCS), Detroit, Michigan. (Photo by Tim Pranger, 2022) 297 -- Figure 3.6.2 Brick cracking at corner of MCS tower. Photo by Angela (Photo by Tim Pranger, 2022) 301 301 -- Figure 3.6.3 Terracotta repair at cornice of MCS. (Photo by Angela Wyrembelski, 2018) 302 -- Figure 3.6.4 Deteriorated limestone cornice at waiting room of MCS. Photo by Angela Wyrembelski, 2018) 303 -- Figure 3.6.5 Dutchman repair at limestone capital at waiting room, MCS. (Photo by Tim Pranger, 2021) 303 -- Figure 3.6.6 Resin replica of ornamental grilles in MCS waiting room. (Photo by Tim Pranger, 2021) 304 -- Figure 3.7.1 Unity Temple, Frank Lloyd Wright, Architect. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 307 -- Figure 3.7.2 Baha’i Temple, Louis Bourgeois, Architect. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 309 -- Figure 3.7.3 Unity Temple - concrete patch at Unity Temple. (Photo courtesy of Harboe Architects, 2016) 314 -- Figure 3.7.4 Separation of quartz concrete surface from limestone concrete substrate at precast stair at Bahai Temple. (Photo by Robert Armbruster, 1997) 316 -- Figure 3.7.5 Water misting at Bahai Temple. (Photo by Robert Armbruster, 1989) 318 -- Figure 3.7.6 Expansion crack at corner at Bahai Temple. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 320 -- Figure 3.7.7 Concrete aggregate is more exposed by weathering above sill than below. Bahai Temple. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 321 -- Figure 3.7.8 Ivy growth on Unity Temple. (Photographer Unknown, c. 1920, photo courtesy of UTRE) 322 -- Figure 3.7.9 Corrosion Damage at Baha'i Temple. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 323 -- Figure 3.7.10 Calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate (gypsum) deposits at Bahai Temple. (Photo by Robert Armbruster, 1987) 324 -- Figure 3.7.11 Delaminated shotcrete at Unity Temple. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 325 -- Figure 4.1.1 Sandstone hard cement mortar and lichen, Dunbar, Scotland. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 333 -- Figure 4.1.2 The Great Hall at Stirling Castle, Scotland. (Photo by Thomas, 2022) 335 -- Figure 4.1.3 Stirling Castle: Great Hall deterioration. (Photo by Daniel Tomas, 2022) 336 -- Figure 4.1.4 Charlestown limekiln, Charlestown, Scotland. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 337 -- Figure 4.1.5 Biological growth on cottage, Culross, Scotland. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022.) 337 -- Figure 4.1.6 Culross Palace, Culross, Scotland. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 338 -- Figure 4.1.7 Dunbar: Rear wall of 74/76 High Street, Dunbar, Scotland. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 339 -- Figure 4.1.8 Restored Chimney at North Building 74/76 High Street, Dunbar, Scotland. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 340 -- Figure 4.1.9 Fisherman's Monument, Dunbar, Scotland. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 341 -- Figure 4.1.10 Lime wash after one year of wear on Fisherman's Monument. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 342 -- Figure 4.2.1 Heddal Stavkirk. Heddal Stavkirk. Notodden, Norway (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 345 -- Figure 4.2.2 Hard cured tar has a knubby appearance similar to charred wood, Heddal Stavkirk. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 348 -- Figure 4.2.3 Loss of tar on vertical surface at Heddal Stavkirk. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 349 -- Figure 4.2.4 Tar at SE corner, tar at NW corner, Garmo Stavkirke, Lillehammer, Norway. (Photos by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 350 -- Figure 4.2.5 Roof overhangs protect tar coatings at Ringebu Stavkirke, Ringebu, Norway. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 351 -- Figure 4.2.6 Town of Roros with slag heap in foreground. Norway (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2022) 352 -- Figure 4.2.7 Traditional paint finishes in Roros. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 353 -- Figure 4.2.8 Roros Craftdays: Creating emulsion paint. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 353 -- Figure 4.2.9 Roros: Biological growth under overhangs and above water table. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2022) 354 -- Figure 4.3.1 Jahangir's bedchamber view from Southwest. (Photo by Ibrahim and Usman, 2023) 356 -- Figure 4.3.2 Master Plan of Lahore Fort. (Diagram by Ibrahim and Usman, 2023) 357 -- Figure 4.3.3 Detail of brick masonry and plaster coating at Kala Burj. (Photo by Ibrahim and Usman, 2023) 360 -- Figure 4.3.4 Floor Plan of Jahangir's Bedchamber. (Drawing by Ibrahim and Usman, 2023) 361 -- Figure 4.3.5 Floor Plan of Kala Burj Pavilion Floor. (Drawing by Ibrahim and Usman, 2023) 362 -- Figure 4.3.6 Kala Burj, View from Southeast, Lahore Fort. (Photo by Ibrahim and Usman, 2023.) 369 Figure 4.3.7 Detail of lime plaster coating at Jahangir's Quadrangle. (Photo by Ibrahim and Usman, 2023) 370 -- Figure 4.3.8 Projected threats. (Table by Ibrahim and Usman, 2023) 370 -- Figure 4.3.9 Water and moisture management strategies for historic buildings. (Table by Ibrahim and Usman, 2023) 371 -- Figure 4.4.1 Red lead paint and cedar bark roof fascia at Wakamiya Shrine, Nara, Japan. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 377 -- Figure 4.4.2 Sanding to reveal existing layers of black, red, red, and gold-leaf lacquer, Workshop, Nikkö, Japan. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 378 -- Figure 4.4.3 Layers of black, Japan red, red, and gold-leaf lacquer, Nikko Workshop, Japan. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 378 -- Figure 4.4.4 Protected Lacquer and Paint, Töshögü Shrine, Nikko, Japan. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 380 -- Figure 4.4.5 UV damage to red lacquer at Toshugu Shrine, Nikko, Japan. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2022) 381 -- Figure 4.4.6 Insect damage at Rinnoji ligendo Haiden, Nikkö, Japan. (Photo by Margaret Rosewitz, 2022) 382 -- Figure 4.4.7 Roof reconstruction at Machiya townhouse, Kyoto, Japan. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 383 -- Figure 4.4.8 Stages of lacquer and gold leaf restoration, Nikko Workshop, Japan. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 384 -- Figure 4.4.9 Lacquer at Töshögü Shrine, Nikko, Japan. (Photo by Margaret Rosewitz, 2022) 385 -- Figure 4.4.10 Toshogu Fence, Nikko, Japan. (Photo by Margaret Rosewitz, 2022) 386 -- Figure 4.4.11 Roof work at Rinnoji Jigendo Haiden, Nikko, Japan. (Photo by Margaret Rosewitz, 2022) 387 -- Figure 4.4.12 Column repair at Rinnoji Jigendo Haiden, Nikko, Japan. (Photo by Margaret Rosewitz, 2022) 387 -- Figure 5.1.1 Developing a resilient plan. (Diagram by Susan Pranger, 2015) 394 -- Figure 5.1.2 Risk assessment. (Diagram by Susan Pranger, 2015) 395 --

Resumen: "Old Materials, New Climate: Traditional Building Materials in a Changing World is an accessible guidebook to better understand historic materials, how they were traditionally made, how they survived the test of time, and how changes in climate are now impacting these old materials in new ways. How do we protect historic buildings from a rapidly changing and unpredictable climate? First, we need to understand how climate affects weather, and how weather affects the durability and resiliency of building materials. This book explores some of the most widely used traditional materials: wood, adobe, brick, lime, concrete, metal, and paint, examining how both gradual and dramatic changes in climate are creating new stresses on the structural integrity and durability of old materials and threaten to accelerate the normal weathering of traditional materials, and what strategies are required to safeguard this legacy for future generations. Illustrated case studies expose how weather is affecting materials in specific historic buildings in each of the major climate zones in the United States, and their counterparts across the globe. Drawing on the work of experts in conservation, biology, chemistry and environmental impacts, this book will be a useful resource for any student, preservationist, architect or contractor interested in expanding their knowledge of materials and why they perform in the way they do"--

Existencias
Imagen de cubierta	Tipo de ítem	Biblioteca actual	Biblioteca de origen	Colección	Ubicación en estantería	Signatura topográfica	Materiales especificados	Info Vol	URL	Copia número	Estado	Notas	Fecha de vencimiento	Código de barras	Reserva de ítems	Prioridad de la cola de reserva de ejemplar	Reservas para cursos
	Libro Col. General CARIBET	CARIBET Biblioteca Arquitectura Colección General CARIBET				General TA403.6 P685 2024 (Navegar estantería(Abre debajo))				1	Disponible			91000000753921

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Descripciones mejoradas de Syndetics:

Old Materials, New Climate: Traditional Building Materials in a Changing Worldis an accessible guidebook to understanding historic materials - how they were traditionally made, how they survived the test of time, and how changes in climate are now impacting materials in new ways.

Protecting historic buildings from a rapidly changing and unpredictable climate requires an understanding of how climate affects weather and how weather affects the durability of the most widely used traditional materials - wood, adobe, brick, lime, concrete, metal, and paint. This resource examines how gradual and dramatic changes in climate threaten to accelerate normal weathering and presents strategies to safeguard historic materials for future generations. Illustrated case studies explore how weather is affecting materials in specific historic buildings in climate zones in the United States and across the globe.

Drawing on the work of experts in conservation, biology, chemistry, and environmental impacts, this book is an invaluable resource for any student, preservationist, architect, or contractor interested in expanding their knowledge of materials and why they perform as they do.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

List of Figures xv --
Foreword by Daniel Thomas xxiii --
Preface xxv --
Acknowledgments xxvii --
Part 1: Context 1 --
1.1 The Shifting Climate 3 --
A Climate Overview 3 --
The Carbon Cycle 4 --
Regional Weather 6 --
Changes to the Ecosystem 7 --
The Impact of Climate on Traditional Materials 7 --
Bibliography 8 --
1.2 The Preservation Perspective 9 --
Introduction 9 --
National Preservation Movements 10 --
World Cultural and Natural Heritage 13 --
Shared Principles 14 --
Approaches to Conservation 16 --
Conclusions 19 --
Bibliography 20 --
1.3 Stakeholders and Resources 22
Introduction 22--
Influence and Control 22 --
Resources and Social Capital 24 --
Restrictions 25 --
Conclusions 25 --
Bibliography 26 --
Part 2: Traditional Materials 27 --
2.1 Common Issues and Strategies 29 --
Introduction 29 --
Resiliency, Durability and Recovery 29 --
The Nature of Traditional Materials 30 --
The Impact of Weather on Materials 32 --
Material Research and Investigation 33 --
Maintenance, Cleaning and Coatings 35 --
Common Strategies for Repair and Modifications 36 --
Training 38 --
Conclusions 39 --
Bibliography 39 --
2.2 Wood 41 --
Introduction to Wood 41 --
The Past, Present, and Future of Wood 41 --
Understanding Wood 43 --
Drivers of Deterioration 49 --
Strategies for Responding to Climate Based Threats to Wood 57 --
Conclusions 61 --
Bibliography 62 --
2.3 Stone 66 --
Introduction to Stone 66 --
The Past, Present and Future of Stone 66 --
Understanding Stone 69 --
Stone as a Building Material 72 --
Stone Construction 77 --
Drivers of Deterioration 78 --
Strategies for Responding to Climate Based Threats to Stone 85 --
Conclusions 89 --
Bibliography 90 --
2.4 Earth, Clay, Brick and Terracotta 93 --
Introduction to Earth, Brick and Terracota 93 --
The Past, Present, and Future of Earth, Brick, and Terracotta 93 --
Understanding Earth and Clay 95 --
Methods of Earth Construction 99 --
Drivers of Deterioration 106 --
Strategies for Responding to Climate Based Threats 111 --
Conclusions 113 --
Bibliography 114 --
2.5 Lime 117 --
Introduction to Lime 117 --
Impacts Past and Future 118 --
Understanding Lime 119 --
Drivers of Deterioration 131 --
Strategies for Responding to Climate Based Threats to Concrete 137 --
Conclusions 140 --
Bibliography 141 --
2.6 Concrete and Cement 143 --
Introduction to Concrete and Cement 143 --
Impacts Past and Future 144 --
Understanding Concrete 145 --
Drivers of Deterioration 151 --
Strategies for Responding to Climate Based Threats to Concrete 159 --
Conclusions 165 --
Bibliography 165 --
2.7 Metals 169 --
Introduction to Metals 169 --
Impacts Past and Future 169 --
Understanding Metals 170 --
Drivers of Deterioration 180 --
Strategies for Responding to Climate Based Threats 184 --
Conclusions 188 --
Bibliography 188 --
2.8 Coatings 190 --
Introduction to Coatings 190 --
The Past, Present and Future of Coatings 190 --
Understanding Coatings 191 --
Drivers of Deterioration 201 --
Strategies for Responding to Climate Based Threats to Coatings 204 --
Conclusions 205 --
Part 3: United States Case Studies 207 --
3.1 Covered Bridges in Oregon and New England 209 --
Introduction 209 --
History, Location and Climate 209 --
Construction Techniques and Materials 210 --
Deterioration, Restoration and Other Changes 212 --
Projected Impacts of Climate 220 --
Conclusions 220 --
Bibliography 220 --
3.2 Early New England Masonry 222 --
Introduction 222 --
Location and Climate 222 --
Spencer Peirce Little House 223 --
The Old State House 229 --
Conclusions 235 --
Bibliography 236 --
3.4 Missions of Southern Arizona 254 --
Introduction 254 --
History 255 --
Climate and Topography 257 --
Construction Techniques and Materials 259 --
Deterioration and Restoration 262 --
Conclusions 271 --
Bibliography 272 --
3.5 Lighthouses of the Pacific Northwest 275 --
Introduction 275 --
History, Location and Climate 275 --
Construction Techniques and Materials 280 --
Deterioration, Restoration and Other Changes 282 --
Projected Impacts of Climate 293 --
Conclusions 294 --
Bibliography 294 --
3.6 Michigan Central Station 297 --
Introduction 297 --
History, Location and Climate 298 --
Construction Techniques and Materials 299 --
Deterioration, Restoration, and Other Changes 300 --
Projected Impacts of Climate 305 --
Conclusions 305 --
Bibliography 305 --
3.7 Early Chicago Concrete at Unity Temple and Baha’i Temple 306 --
Introduction 306 --
History, Location and Climate 307 --
Materials and Construction 311 --
Unity Temple 312 --
Baha’i Temple 315 --
Deterioration and Weather 319 --
Projected Impacts 324 --
Conclusions 325 --
Bibliography 326 --
Part 4: Lessons from Abroad 329 --
4.1 Scotland: Lime Past and Present 331 --
Introduction 331 --
History, Location and Climate 331 --
Materials 333 --
Projects 334 --
Conclusions 342 --
Bibliography 342 --
4.2 Wood Coatings in Norway 344 --
Introduction 344 --
History, Location and Climate 344 --
Organizations 346 --
Projects 347 --
Conclusions 354 --
Bibliography 354 --
4.3 Lahore Fort Khalid Ibrahim and Zahid Usman 356 --
Introduction 356 --
Construction Techniques and Materials 357 --
Deterioration and Physical Changes 360 --
Previous Preservation and Alterations to Burnt Brick and Lime Plaster Coatings 363 --
Response of the Building Materials to Weather Conditions 365 --
Projected Impacts of Climate on Materials 366 --
Recommendations for Future Maintenance and Protection 370 --
Conclusions 372 --
Biographical Note 372 --
Bibliography 373 --
4.4 Wood and Coatings in Japan 375 --
Introduction 375 --
History, Geography and Climate 375 --
Traditional Materials and Techniques 376 --
Deterioration and Climate Risks 380 --
Machiya Townhouses of Kyoto 383 --
The Temples and Shrines at Nikko 383 --
Conclusions 389 --
Bibliography 389 --
Part 5: Moving Forward 391 --
5.1 A Comprehensive Preservation Plan 393 --
Introduction 393 --
Resiliency Planning 394 --
Risk Assessment 395 --
Scenario Planning 396 --
Implementing a Comprehensive Plan 396 --
Bibliography 397 --
5.2 Conclusions 397 --
Index 399 --

Figures:
Figure 1.1.1 The carbon cycle. (Diagram by Susan Pranger, 2023) 6 --
Figure 2.2.1 Factors that influence durability of wood. (Table by Susan Pranger, 2023) 43 --
Figure 2.2.2 Cross section of tree. (Artwork by Daniel Thomas, 2023, based on artwork by Vallejos and Grote, 2009.) 44 --
Figure 2.2.3 Water carrying cells in hardwood and softwood. (Artwork by Daniel Thomas, 2023, based on artwork by an unknown Forest Products Laboratory artist) 45 --
Figure 2.2.4 Vulnerability of wood components. (Table by Susan Pranger, 2023, based on content from John Wyllie Simpson and Peter James Horrobin 1970, 136, 139; Robert A. Young 2008; Roger M. Rowell, Roger Pettersen and Mandla A. Tshavalala, 2012) 47 --
Figure 2.2.5 Types of fungus and rot. (Table by Susan Pranger, 2023, based on content by Robert A. Young, 2008, Frea Irace, 2011, Anne S. Kaslegard, 2008) 53 --
Figure 2.2.6 Douglas fir damaged by a subterranean termite. Note insect galleries along the grain. (Photo by Suzana Radivojevic, 2023) 55 --
Figure 2.2.7 Carpenter ant damage removed in preparation for epoxy repair, Gilkey Covered Bridge, Oregon. (Photo by Kevin Groom, 2023) 56 --
Figure 2.3.1 Chaco stone wall c. 800 CE, Una Vida, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 67 --
Figure 2.3.2 The rock cycle. (Diagram by Susan Pranger, 2023) 69 --
Figure 2.3.3 Spalled sandstone, Iglesia de San Mateo, Tarifa, Spain. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 74 --
Figure 2.3.4 Marble bedding, Danby Quarry, Vermont. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2021) 77 --
Figure 2.3.5 Table of external drivers of damage. (Table by Susan Pranger, 2023) 79 --
Figure 2.3.6 Selection of Rock Samples. (Photo and labels by Susan Pranger, 2023 using samples and descriptions from the "Classroom Rock Collection" by GeoScience Industries) 86 --
Figure 2.4.1 Comparison of clay content in wet and dry construction methods. (Table by Susan Pranger, 2023) 99 --
Figure 2.4.2 Adobe block wall with lime plaster, San José de Tumacácori, Arizona. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 101 --
Figure 2.4.3 Reconstruction of Pueblo cob structure, Coronado Historical Site, New Mexico. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 102 --
Figure 2.4.4 Broken terracotta cornice at Michigan Central Station, Detroit, Michigan. (Photo by Angela Wyrembelski, 2018) 105 --
Figure 2.4.5 Mortar damage to brick face at San José de Tumacacori. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 105 --
Figure 2.4.6 Coefficient of linear expansion. (Table by Susan Pranger, 2023) 108 --
Figure 2.4.7 Lichen on brick, Spencer-Peirce-Little House. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2023) 110 --
Figure 2.5.1 Lime cycle with non-hydraulic lime. (Diagram by Susan Pranger, 2023) 120 --
Figure 2.5.2 Relationship between hydraulic qualities and clay content. (Table by Susan Pranger, 2023) 123 --
Figure 2.5.3 Lime cycle with hydraulic lime. (Diagram by Susan Pranger, 2023) 124 --
Figure 2.5.4 Lime cycle with natural cement. (Diagram by Susan Pranger, 2023) 125 --
Figure 2.5.5 Restored lime render at San Juan, San Antonio, Texas. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 127 --
Figure 2.6.1 Boston Government Service Center (BGSC) built 1962, Paul Rudolph Architect. (Photo by Holland, 2023) 144 --
Figure 2.6.2 The concrete process. (Diagram by Susan Pranger, 2023) 148 --
Figure 2.6.3 Efflorescence and staining on concrete at BGSC. (Photo by Holland, 2023) 151 --
Figure 2.6.4 Carbonation of Portland cement concrete. (Diagram by Susan Pranger, 2023) --
Figure 2.6.5 Screen capture from ODOT monitoring of cathodic protection at Big Creek Bridge, Oregon. (Screen capture courtesy of Oregon Department of Transportation, 2022) 165 --
Figure 2.7.1 Electrochemical series of pure metals. (Table by Susan Pranger, 2023) 173 --
Figure 2.7.2 Copper patina, Boston, MA. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 174 --
Figure 2.7.3 Aluminum patina, Alcoa Building, Pittsburgh, PA. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 176 --
Figure 2.7.4 Sheet metal corrosion bleeding through paint, Boston, MA. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 183 --
Figure 2.7.5 Corrosion of cast iron deck, North Head Lighthouse, Cape Disappointment, OR. (Photo by Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission, 2013) 184 --
Figure 2.8.1 Dye or pigments in stains. (Table by Susan Pranger based on content from Vanderwalker, 1957) 197 --
Figure 2.8.2 Drying efficiency of pigments. (Table by Susan Pranger based on content from Table 2, "Pigment Data" (Albert Edwin Hurst, 1949) 199 --
Figure 2.8.3 Wear of linseed oil paint, Rorros, Norway. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 202 --
Figure 2.8.4 Paint deterioration, Boston, MA. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 203 --
Figure 3.1.1 Goodpasture Covered Bridge, Lane County, Oregon. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 213 --
Figure 3.1.2 Goodpasture Covered Bridge - louvered openings. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 213 --
Figure 3.1.3 Crawfordsville Covered Bridge, Linn County, Oregon. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 214 --
Figure 3.1.4 Crawfordsville Covered Bridge, temporary roof patch. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 215 --
Figure 3.1.5 Shimanek Covered Bridge, Linn County, Oregon - louvered openings. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 215 --
Figure 3.1.6 Shimanek Covered Bridge - surface decay from water trapped by continuous strapping for siding. (Photo by Kevin Groom, 2022) 216 --
Figure 3.1.7 Shimanek Covered Bridge - deck stringer damage due to insect decay. (Photo by Kevin Groom, 2022) 216 --
Figure 3.1.8 Gilkey Covered Bridge, Linn County, Oregon. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 217 --
Figure 3.1.9 Gilkey Covered Bridge - flashing damage, fumigation holes. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 217 --
Figure 3.1.10 Sanborn Covered Bridge. (Photo by Nicole Gratton, 2023) 219 --
Figure 3.1.11 Sanborn Covered Bridge: spring flood damage. (Photo by Nicole Gratton, 2023) 219 --
Figure 3.2.1 South Elevation of Spencer-Peirce-Little House, Newbury, MA. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2021) 224 --

Figure 3.2.2 West gable end of original Spencer-Peirce-Little House. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2021) 225 --

Figure 3.2.3 Remnants of parging, whitewash and gallet stones at Spencer Peirce Little House. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 226 --
Figure 3.2.4 Carpenter Ant Damage in the basement at Spencer-Peirce-Little House. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2021) 227 --
Figure 3.2.5 Deterioration of harling at east elevation of Spencer-Peirce-Little House. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 228 --
Figure 3.2.6 Biological growth at Spencer-Peirce-Little House. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2021) 229 --
Figure 3.2.7 View toward the harbor from the east end of the Old State House, Boston, MA. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2023) 230 --
Figure 3.2.8 Circa 18 century brick from North Elevation of Old State House. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2023) 232 --
Figure 3.2.9 Old State House, timeline. (Diagram by Susan Pranger, 2015, revised 2023) 233 --
Figure 3.2.10 Condensation leaking from interior of the Old State House. (Photo by Dr. Judith Selwyn, c. 2010) 233 --
Figure 3.2.11 Interior plaster damage at northeast corner, Old State House. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2023) 234 --
Figure 3.2.12 Eflorescence at hard modern brick, South Elevation, Old State House. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2023) 235 --
Figure 3.3.1 Nuestra Señora de la Purisima Concepción, San Antonio, Texas. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 241 --
Figure 3.3.2 San José y Miguel, San Antonio, Texas. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 242 --
Figure 3.3.3 Detail of Retablo at San José y Miguel. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 244 --
Figure 3.3.4 Traces of original paint at Concepción. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 246 --
Figure 3.3.5 Rising damp at base of wall of Concepción. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 249 --
Figure 3.3.6 Lime plaster patch at Concepción. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 250 --
Figure 3.4.1 San Xavier del Bac, Tucson, Arizona. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 256 --
Figure 3.4.2 San José de Tumacácori, Santa Cruz County, Arizona. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 257 --
Figure 3.4.3 Volutes, canales, and stone foundation at San Xavier, Tucson, AZ. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2021) 260 --
Figure 3.4.4 Interior painted plaster finishes at San José. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 262 --
Figure 3.4.5 Crack in east transept wall at San José. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 263
Figure 3.4.6 Plaster finish, fired adobe caps, and canales at San José. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 265 --
Figure 3.4.7 Basalt fiber at San Xavier. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2021) 268 --
Figure 3.4.8 Lime plastered roof at San Xavier. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 269 --
Figure 3.5.1 Cape Blanco Lighthouse, Cape Blanco, Oregon. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 276 --
Figure 3.5.2 Yaquina Head Lighthouse, Newport, Oregon. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 277 --
Figure 3.5.3 Heceta Head Lighthouse, Florence, Oregon. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 278 --
Figure 3.5.4 North Head Lighthouse, Cape Disappointment, Washington. (Photo courtesy of Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission, 2022) 279 --
Figure 3.5.5 Ventilation louver at Cape Blanco Lighthouse. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023.) 281 --
Figure 3.5.6 Typical Construction at Yaquina and North Head Lighthouses. (Drawing by Susan Pranger, Daniel Thomas, 2023) 282 --
Figure 3.5.7 Interior efflorescence and corrosion at Heceta Head Lighthouse. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 283 --
Figure 3.5.8 Vertical crack and replacement corbels at Heceta Head Lighthouse. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 284 --
Figure 3.5.9 Lichen on North elevation of Cape Blanco Lighthouse. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2023) 285 --
Figure 3.5.10 Latex paint over multiple layers of impermeable elastomeric coatings at Cape Blanco Lighthouse. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 287 --
Figure 3.5.11 Corrosion of cast iron at Yaquina Head Lighthouse. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 289 --
Figure 3.5.12 Crazing of Potassium Silicate and Lime on Heceta Head. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 290 --
Figure 3.5.13 Moisture escaping at joints in interior tile at North Head Lighthouse. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2021) 291 --
Figure 3.5.14 Deterioration of original sandstone base at North Head Lighthouse. (Photo courtesy of Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission, 2013) 292 --
Figure 3.5.15 Interior biological growth at Cape Blanco Lighthouse. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 293 --
Figure 3.6.1 Figure Michigan Central Station (MCS), Detroit, Michigan. (Photo by Tim Pranger, 2022) 297 --
Figure 3.6.2 Brick cracking at corner of MCS tower. Photo by Angela (Photo by Tim Pranger, 2022) 301 301 --
Figure 3.6.3 Terracotta repair at cornice of MCS. (Photo by Angela Wyrembelski, 2018) 302 --
Figure 3.6.4 Deteriorated limestone cornice at waiting room of MCS. Photo by Angela Wyrembelski, 2018) 303 --
Figure 3.6.5 Dutchman repair at limestone capital at waiting room, MCS. (Photo by Tim Pranger, 2021) 303 --
Figure 3.6.6 Resin replica of ornamental grilles in MCS waiting room. (Photo by Tim Pranger, 2021) 304 --
Figure 3.7.1 Unity Temple, Frank Lloyd Wright, Architect. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 307 --
Figure 3.7.2 Baha’i Temple, Louis Bourgeois, Architect. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 309 --
Figure 3.7.3 Unity Temple - concrete patch at Unity Temple. (Photo courtesy of Harboe Architects, 2016) 314 --
Figure 3.7.4 Separation of quartz concrete surface from limestone concrete substrate at precast stair at Bahai Temple. (Photo by Robert Armbruster, 1997) 316 --
Figure 3.7.5 Water misting at Bahai Temple. (Photo by Robert Armbruster, 1989) 318 --
Figure 3.7.6 Expansion crack at corner at Bahai Temple. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 320 --
Figure 3.7.7 Concrete aggregate is more exposed by weathering above sill than below. Bahai Temple. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 321 --
Figure 3.7.8 Ivy growth on Unity Temple. (Photographer Unknown, c. 1920, photo courtesy of UTRE) 322 --
Figure 3.7.9 Corrosion Damage at Baha'i Temple. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 323 --
Figure 3.7.10 Calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate (gypsum) deposits at Bahai Temple. (Photo by Robert Armbruster, 1987) 324 --
Figure 3.7.11 Delaminated shotcrete at Unity Temple. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 325 --
Figure 4.1.1 Sandstone hard cement mortar and lichen, Dunbar, Scotland. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 333 --
Figure 4.1.2 The Great Hall at Stirling Castle, Scotland. (Photo by Thomas, 2022) 335 --
Figure 4.1.3 Stirling Castle: Great Hall deterioration. (Photo by Daniel Tomas, 2022) 336 --
Figure 4.1.4 Charlestown limekiln, Charlestown, Scotland. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 337 --
Figure 4.1.5 Biological growth on cottage, Culross, Scotland. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022.) 337 --
Figure 4.1.6 Culross Palace, Culross, Scotland. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 338 --
Figure 4.1.7 Dunbar: Rear wall of 74/76 High Street, Dunbar, Scotland. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 339 --
Figure 4.1.8 Restored Chimney at North Building 74/76 High Street, Dunbar, Scotland. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 340 --
Figure 4.1.9 Fisherman's Monument, Dunbar, Scotland. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 341 --
Figure 4.1.10 Lime wash after one year of wear on Fisherman's Monument. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 342 --
Figure 4.2.1 Heddal Stavkirk. Heddal Stavkirk. Notodden, Norway (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 345 --
Figure 4.2.2 Hard cured tar has a knubby appearance similar to charred wood, Heddal Stavkirk. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 348 --
Figure 4.2.3 Loss of tar on vertical surface at Heddal Stavkirk. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 349 --
Figure 4.2.4 Tar at SE corner, tar at NW corner, Garmo Stavkirke, Lillehammer, Norway. (Photos by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 350 --
Figure 4.2.5 Roof overhangs protect tar coatings at Ringebu Stavkirke, Ringebu, Norway. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 351 --
Figure 4.2.6 Town of Roros with slag heap in foreground. Norway (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2022) 352 --
Figure 4.2.7 Traditional paint finishes in Roros. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 353 --
Figure 4.2.8 Roros Craftdays: Creating emulsion paint. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 353 --
Figure 4.2.9 Roros: Biological growth under overhangs and above water table. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2022) 354 --
Figure 4.3.1 Jahangir's bedchamber view from Southwest. (Photo by Ibrahim and Usman, 2023) 356 --
Figure 4.3.2 Master Plan of Lahore Fort. (Diagram by Ibrahim and Usman, 2023) 357 --
Figure 4.3.3 Detail of brick masonry and plaster coating at Kala Burj. (Photo by Ibrahim and Usman, 2023) 360 --
Figure 4.3.4 Floor Plan of Jahangir's Bedchamber. (Drawing by Ibrahim and Usman, 2023) 361 --
Figure 4.3.5 Floor Plan of Kala Burj Pavilion Floor. (Drawing by Ibrahim and Usman, 2023) 362 --
Figure 4.3.6 Kala Burj, View from Southeast, Lahore Fort. (Photo by Ibrahim and Usman, 2023.) 369
Figure 4.3.7 Detail of lime plaster coating at Jahangir's Quadrangle. (Photo by Ibrahim and Usman, 2023) 370 --
Figure 4.3.8 Projected threats. (Table by Ibrahim and Usman, 2023) 370 --
Figure 4.3.9 Water and moisture management strategies for historic buildings. (Table by Ibrahim and Usman, 2023) 371 --
Figure 4.4.1 Red lead paint and cedar bark roof fascia at Wakamiya Shrine, Nara, Japan. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 377 --
Figure 4.4.2 Sanding to reveal existing layers of black, red, red, and gold-leaf lacquer, Workshop, Nikkö, Japan. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 378 --
Figure 4.4.3 Layers of black, Japan red, red, and gold-leaf lacquer, Nikko Workshop, Japan. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 378 --
Figure 4.4.4 Protected Lacquer and Paint, Töshögü Shrine, Nikko, Japan. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 380 --
Figure 4.4.5 UV damage to red lacquer at Toshugu Shrine, Nikko, Japan. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2022) 381 --
Figure 4.4.6 Insect damage at Rinnoji ligendo Haiden, Nikkö, Japan. (Photo by Margaret Rosewitz, 2022) 382 --
Figure 4.4.7 Roof reconstruction at Machiya townhouse, Kyoto, Japan. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 383 --
Figure 4.4.8 Stages of lacquer and gold leaf restoration, Nikko Workshop, Japan. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 384 --
Figure 4.4.9 Lacquer at Töshögü Shrine, Nikko, Japan. (Photo by Margaret Rosewitz, 2022) 385 --
Figure 4.4.10 Toshogu Fence, Nikko, Japan. (Photo by Margaret Rosewitz, 2022) 386 --
Figure 4.4.11 Roof work at Rinnoji Jigendo Haiden, Nikko, Japan. (Photo by Margaret Rosewitz, 2022) 387 --
Figure 4.4.12 Column repair at Rinnoji Jigendo Haiden, Nikko, Japan. (Photo by Margaret Rosewitz, 2022) 387 --
Figure 5.1.1 Developing a resilient plan. (Diagram by Susan Pranger, 2015) 394 --
Figure 5.1.2 Risk assessment. (Diagram by Susan Pranger, 2015) 395 --

"Old Materials, New Climate: Traditional Building Materials in a Changing World is an accessible guidebook to better understand historic materials, how they were traditionally made, how they survived the test of time, and how changes in climate are now impacting these old materials in new ways. How do we protect historic buildings from a rapidly changing and unpredictable climate? First, we need to understand how climate affects weather, and how weather affects the durability and resiliency of building materials. This book explores some of the most widely used traditional materials: wood, adobe, brick, lime, concrete, metal, and paint, examining how both gradual and dramatic changes in climate are creating new stresses on the structural integrity and durability of old materials and threaten to accelerate the normal weathering of traditional materials, and what strategies are required to safeguard this legacy for future generations. Illustrated case studies expose how weather is affecting materials in specific historic buildings in each of the major climate zones in the United States, and their counterparts across the globe. Drawing on the work of experts in conservation, biology, chemistry and environmental impacts, this book will be a useful resource for any student, preservationist, architect or contractor interested in expanding their knowledge of materials and why they perform in the way they do"--

Tabla de contenidos provista por Syndetics

List of Figures(xv)
Foreword(xxiii)
Preface(xxv)
Acknowledgments(xxvii)
Part 1 Context(1)
1.1 The Shifting Climate(3)
A Climate Overview(3)
The Carbon Cycle(4)
Regional Weather(6)
Changes to the Ecosystem(7)
The Impact of Climate on Traditional Materials(7)
Bibliography(8)
1.2 The Preservation Perspective(9)
Introduction(9)
National Preservation Movements(10)
World Cultural and Natural Heritage(13)
Shared Principles(14)
Approaches to Conservation(16)
Conclusions(19)
Bibliography(20)
1.3 Stakeholders and Resources(22)
Introduction(22)
Influence and Control(22)
Resources and Social Capital(24)
Restrictions(25)
Conclusions(25)
Bibliography(26)
Part 2 Traditional Materials(27)
2.1 Common Issues and Strategies(29)
Introduction(29)
Resiliency, Durability, and Recovery(29)
The Nature of Traditional Materials(30)
The Impact of Weather on Materials(32)
Material Research and Investigation(33)
Maintenance, Cleaning, and Coatings(35)
Common Strategies for Repair and Modifications(36)
Training(38)
Conclusions(39)
Bibliography(39)
2.2 Wood(41)
Introduction to Wood(41)
The Past, Present, and Future of Wood(41)
Understanding Wood(43)
Drivers of Deterioration(49)
Strategies for Responding to Climate-Based Threats to Wood(57)
Conclusions(61)
Bibliography(62)
2.3 Stone(66)
Introduction to Stone(66)
The Past, Present, and Future of Stone(66)
Understanding Stone(69)
Stone as a Building Material(72)
Stone Construction(77)
Drivers of Deterioration(78)
Strategies for Responding to Climate-Based Threats to Stone(85)
Conclusions(89)
Bibliography(90)
2.4 Earth, Clay, Brick, and Terracotta(93)
Introduction to Earth, Brick, and Terracotta(93)
The Past, Present, and Future of Earth, Brick, and Terracotta(93)
Understanding Earth and Clay(95)
Methods of Earth Construction(99)
Drivers of Deterioration(106)
Strategies for Responding to Climate-Based Threats(111)
Conclusions(113)
Bibliography(114)
2.5 Lime(117)
Introduction to Lime(117)
Impacts-Past and Future(118)
Understanding Lime(119)
Drivers of Deterioration(131)
Strategies for Responding to Climate-Based Threats(137)
Conclusions(140)
Bibliography(141)
2.6 Concrete and Cement(143)
Introduction to Concrete and Cement(143)
Impacts-Past and Future(144)
Understanding Concrete(145)
Drivers of Deterioration(151)
Strategies for Responding to Climate-Based Threats to Concrete(159)
Conclusions(165)
Bibliography(165)
2.7 Metals(169)
Introduction to Metals(169)
Impacts-Past and Future(169)
Understanding Metals(170)
Drivers of Deterioration(180)
Strategies for Responding to Climate-Based Threats(184)
Conclusions(188)
Bibliography(188)
2.8 Coatings(190)
Introduction to Coatings(190)
The Past, Present, and Future of Coatings(190)
Understanding Coatings(191)
Drivers of Deterioration(201)
Strategies for Responding to Climate-Based Threats to Coatings(204)
Conclusions(205)
Bibliography(205)
Part 3 United States Case Studies(207)
3.1 Covered Bridges in Oregon and New England(209)
Introduction(209)
History, Location and Climate(209)
Construction Techniques and Materials(210)
Deterioration, Restoration, and Other Changes(212)
Projected Impacts of Climate(220)
Conclusions(220)
Bibliography(220)
3.2 Early New England Masonry(222)
Introduction(222)
Location and Climate(222)
Spencer-Peirce-Little House(223)
The Old State House(229)
Conclusions(235)
Bibliography(236)
3.3 The San Antonio Missions(239)
Introduction(239)
History(239)
Climate and Geology(242)
Traditional Materials of the San Antonio Missions(243)
Change, Weather, and the Future(247)
Conclusions(252)
Bibliography(252)
3.4 Missions of Southern Arizona(254)
Introduction(254)
History(255)
Climate and Topography(257)
Construction Techniques and Materials(259)
Deterioration and Restoration(262)
Conclusions(271)
Bibliography(272)
3.5 Lighthouses of the Pacific Northwest(275)
Introduction(275)
History, Location and Climate(275)
Construction Techniques and Materials(280)
Deterioration, Restoration, and Other Changes(282)
Projected Impacts of Climate(293)
Conclusions(294)
Bibliography(294)
3.6 Michigan Central Station(297)
Introduction(297)
History, Location and Climate(298)
Construction Techniques and Materials(299)
Deterioration, Restoration, and Other Changes(300)
Projected Impacts of Climate(305)
Conclusions(305)
Bibliography(305)
3.7 Early Chicago Concrete at Unity Temple and Baha'i Temple(306)
Introduction(306)
History, Location and Climate(307)
Materials and Construction(311)
Unity Temple(312)
Baha'i Temple(315)
Deterioration and Weather(319)
Projected Impacts(324)
Conclusions(325)
Bibliography(326)
Part 4 Lessons from Abroad(329)
4.1 Scotland: Lime Past and Present(331)
Introduction(331)
History, Location and Climate(331)
Materials(333)
Projects(334)
Conclusions(342)
Bibliography(342)
4.2 Wood Coatings in Norway(344)
Introduction(344)
History, Location and Climate(344)
Organizations(346)
Projects(347)
Conclusions(354)
Bibliography(354)
4.3 Lahore Fort(356)
Introduction(356)
History, Location and Climate(357)
Construction Techniques and Materials(360)
Deterioration and Physical Changes(363)
Previous Preservation and Alterations to Burnt Brick and Lime Plaster Coatings(365)
Response of the Building Materials to Weather Conditions(366)
Projected Impacts of Climate on Materials(370)
Recommendations for Future Maintenance and Protection(370)
Conclusions(372)
Biographical Note(372)
Bibliography(373)
4.4 Wood and Coatings in Japan(375)
Introduction(375)
History, Geography and Climate(375)
Traditional Materials and Techniques(376)
Deterioration and Climate Risks(380)
Machiya Townhouses of Kyoto(383)
The Temples and Shrines at Nikko(383)
Conclusions(389)
Bibliography(389)
Part 5 Moving Forward(391)
5.1 A Comprehensive Preservation Plan(393)
Introduction(393)
Resiliency Planning(394)
Risk Assessment(395)
Scenario Planning(396)
Implementing a Comprehensive Plan(396)
Bibliography(396)
5.2 Conclusions(397)
Index(399)

Reseñas proporcionadas por Syndetics

CHOICE Review

The goal of Old Materials, New Climate by Pranger (Boston Architectural College) is to provide a "more in-depth understanding of traditional materials, why they behave the way they do, and what we might expect in the future." Over 24 chapters in five sections, materials ranging from wood, stone, earth, and lime to cement, metals, and coatings are thoroughly examined, from their history, characteristics, and chemistry to their deterioration and repair. Insightful case studies follow, where use of materials is intimately analyzed, including incompatible and impervious materials like Portland cement, and the systemic damage occurring from protracted periods of neglect. Early chapters outline climate conditions, including carbon cycles; the integrity of conservation worldwide; and the urgent need for comprehensive preservation plans--a detailed example of which serves as the conclusion. The invaluable depth and knowledge expressed throughout this book are enhanced with clear and detailed color and black-and-white charts, diagrams, and photographs. Readers, for example, do not just learn about wood and fungus/rot, but the various types of wood as well as the types, location, and appearance of fungus/rot. This book is an excellent, all-in-one companion to many of the technical papers published by Historic Environment Scotland. Includes references. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals; two-year technical programs. --Lauren B. Allsopp, Arizona State University

Notas de autor provistas por Syndetics

Susan Pranger has focused on preservation and adaptive reuse for most of her career as an Architect and Educator, gaining a fascination for historic buildings, and a deep respect for the owners, advocates, consultants, and craftsmen who ensure their survival: Susan is a licensed Architect and LEED accredited professional with 40 years of experience in professional practice, 12 years as chair of the Boston Landmarks Commission, and over 10 years teaching in the Sustainable Design and Historic Preservation at the Boston Architectural College (BAC), an institution with a long tradition of combining education with practice. In 2015, Susan received a Master of Design Studies in Sustainable Design from the BAC, exactly 40 years after receiving a Bachelor of Science in Architecture from the University of Detroit, Michigan.

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