| Formatted contents note |
Figures:<br/>Figure 1.1.1 The carbon cycle. (Diagram by Susan Pranger, 2023) 6 --<br/>Figure 2.2.1 Factors that influence durability of wood. (Table by Susan Pranger, 2023) 43 --<br/>Figure 2.2.2 Cross section of tree. (Artwork by Daniel Thomas, 2023, based on artwork by Vallejos and Grote, 2009.) 44 --<br/>Figure 2.2.3 Water carrying cells in hardwood and softwood. (Artwork by Daniel Thomas, 2023, based on artwork by an unknown Forest Products Laboratory artist) 45 --<br/>Figure 2.2.4 Vulnerability of wood components. (Table by Susan Pranger, 2023, based on content from John Wyllie Simpson and Peter James Horrobin 1970, 136, 139; Robert A. Young 2008; Roger M. Rowell, Roger Pettersen and Mandla A. Tshavalala, 2012) 47 --<br/>Figure 2.2.5 Types of fungus and rot. (Table by Susan Pranger, 2023, based on content by Robert A. Young, 2008, Frea Irace, 2011, Anne S. Kaslegard, 2008) 53 --<br/>Figure 2.2.6 Douglas fir damaged by a subterranean termite. Note insect galleries along the grain. (Photo by Suzana Radivojevic, 2023) 55 --<br/>Figure 2.2.7 Carpenter ant damage removed in preparation for epoxy repair, Gilkey Covered Bridge, Oregon. (Photo by Kevin Groom, 2023) 56 --<br/>Figure 2.3.1 Chaco stone wall c. 800 CE, Una Vida, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 67 --<br/>Figure 2.3.2 The rock cycle. (Diagram by Susan Pranger, 2023) 69 --<br/>Figure 2.3.3 Spalled sandstone, Iglesia de San Mateo, Tarifa, Spain. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 74 --<br/>Figure 2.3.4 Marble bedding, Danby Quarry, Vermont. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2021) 77 --<br/>Figure 2.3.5 Table of external drivers of damage. (Table by Susan Pranger, 2023) 79 --<br/>Figure 2.3.6 Selection of Rock Samples. (Photo and labels by Susan Pranger, 2023 using samples and descriptions from the "Classroom Rock Collection" by GeoScience Industries) 86 --<br/>Figure 2.4.1 Comparison of clay content in wet and dry construction methods. (Table by Susan Pranger, 2023) 99 --<br/>Figure 2.4.2 Adobe block wall with lime plaster, San José de Tumacácori, Arizona. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 101 --<br/>Figure 2.4.3 Reconstruction of Pueblo cob structure, Coronado Historical Site, New Mexico. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 102 --<br/>Figure 2.4.4 Broken terracotta cornice at Michigan Central Station, Detroit, Michigan. (Photo by Angela Wyrembelski, 2018) 105 --<br/>Figure 2.4.5 Mortar damage to brick face at San José de Tumacacori. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 105 --<br/>Figure 2.4.6 Coefficient of linear expansion. (Table by Susan Pranger, 2023) 108 --<br/>Figure 2.4.7 Lichen on brick, Spencer-Peirce-Little House. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2023) 110 --<br/>Figure 2.5.1 Lime cycle with non-hydraulic lime. (Diagram by Susan Pranger, 2023) 120 --<br/>Figure 2.5.2 Relationship between hydraulic qualities and clay content. (Table by Susan Pranger, 2023) 123 --<br/>Figure 2.5.3 Lime cycle with hydraulic lime. (Diagram by Susan Pranger, 2023) 124 --<br/>Figure 2.5.4 Lime cycle with natural cement. (Diagram by Susan Pranger, 2023) 125 --<br/>Figure 2.5.5 Restored lime render at San Juan, San Antonio, Texas. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 127 --<br/>Figure 2.6.1 Boston Government Service Center (BGSC) built 1962, Paul Rudolph Architect. (Photo by Holland, 2023) 144 --<br/>Figure 2.6.2 The concrete process. (Diagram by Susan Pranger, 2023) 148 --<br/>Figure 2.6.3 Efflorescence and staining on concrete at BGSC. (Photo by Holland, 2023) 151 --<br/>Figure 2.6.4 Carbonation of Portland cement concrete. (Diagram by Susan Pranger, 2023) --<br/>Figure 2.6.5 Screen capture from ODOT monitoring of cathodic protection at Big Creek Bridge, Oregon. (Screen capture courtesy of Oregon Department of Transportation, 2022) 165 --<br/>Figure 2.7.1 Electrochemical series of pure metals. (Table by Susan Pranger, 2023) 173 --<br/>Figure 2.7.2 Copper patina, Boston, MA. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 174 --<br/>Figure 2.7.3 Aluminum patina, Alcoa Building, Pittsburgh, PA. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 176 --<br/>Figure 2.7.4 Sheet metal corrosion bleeding through paint, Boston, MA. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 183 --<br/>Figure 2.7.5 Corrosion of cast iron deck, North Head Lighthouse, Cape Disappointment, OR. (Photo by Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission, 2013) 184 --<br/>Figure 2.8.1 Dye or pigments in stains. (Table by Susan Pranger based on content from Vanderwalker, 1957) 197 --<br/>Figure 2.8.2 Drying efficiency of pigments. (Table by Susan Pranger based on content from Table 2, "Pigment Data" (Albert Edwin Hurst, 1949) 199 --<br/>Figure 2.8.3 Wear of linseed oil paint, Rorros, Norway. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 202 --<br/>Figure 2.8.4 Paint deterioration, Boston, MA. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 203 --<br/>Figure 3.1.1 Goodpasture Covered Bridge, Lane County, Oregon. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 213 --<br/>Figure 3.1.2 Goodpasture Covered Bridge - louvered openings. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 213 --<br/>Figure 3.1.3 Crawfordsville Covered Bridge, Linn County, Oregon. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 214 --<br/>Figure 3.1.4 Crawfordsville Covered Bridge, temporary roof patch. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 215 --<br/>Figure 3.1.5 Shimanek Covered Bridge, Linn County, Oregon - louvered openings. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 215 --<br/>Figure 3.1.6 Shimanek Covered Bridge - surface decay from water trapped by continuous strapping for siding. (Photo by Kevin Groom, 2022) 216 --<br/>Figure 3.1.7 Shimanek Covered Bridge - deck stringer damage due to insect decay. (Photo by Kevin Groom, 2022) 216 --<br/>Figure 3.1.8 Gilkey Covered Bridge, Linn County, Oregon. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 217 --<br/>Figure 3.1.9 Gilkey Covered Bridge - flashing damage, fumigation holes. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 217 --<br/>Figure 3.1.10 Sanborn Covered Bridge. (Photo by Nicole Gratton, 2023) 219 --<br/>Figure 3.1.11 Sanborn Covered Bridge: spring flood damage. (Photo by Nicole Gratton, 2023) 219 --<br/>Figure 3.2.1 South Elevation of Spencer-Peirce-Little House, Newbury, MA. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2021) 224 --<br/><br/>Figure 3.2.2 West gable end of original Spencer-Peirce-Little House. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2021) 225 --<br/><br/>Figure 3.2.3 Remnants of parging, whitewash and gallet stones at Spencer Peirce Little House. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 226 --<br/>Figure 3.2.4 Carpenter Ant Damage in the basement at Spencer-Peirce-Little House. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2021) 227 --<br/>Figure 3.2.5 Deterioration of harling at east elevation of Spencer-Peirce-Little House. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 228 --<br/>Figure 3.2.6 Biological growth at Spencer-Peirce-Little House. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2021) 229 --<br/>Figure 3.2.7 View toward the harbor from the east end of the Old State House, Boston, MA. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2023) 230 --<br/>Figure 3.2.8 Circa 18 century brick from North Elevation of Old State House. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2023) 232 --<br/>Figure 3.2.9 Old State House, timeline. (Diagram by Susan Pranger, 2015, revised 2023) 233 --<br/>Figure 3.2.10 Condensation leaking from interior of the Old State House. (Photo by Dr. Judith Selwyn, c. 2010) 233 --<br/>Figure 3.2.11 Interior plaster damage at northeast corner, Old State House. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2023) 234 --<br/>Figure 3.2.12 Eflorescence at hard modern brick, South Elevation, Old State House. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2023) 235 --<br/>Figure 3.3.1 Nuestra Señora de la Purisima Concepción, San Antonio, Texas. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 241 --<br/>Figure 3.3.2 San José y Miguel, San Antonio, Texas. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 242 --<br/>Figure 3.3.3 Detail of Retablo at San José y Miguel. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 244 --<br/>Figure 3.3.4 Traces of original paint at Concepción. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 246 --<br/>Figure 3.3.5 Rising damp at base of wall of Concepción. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 249 --<br/>Figure 3.3.6 Lime plaster patch at Concepción. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 250 --<br/>Figure 3.4.1 San Xavier del Bac, Tucson, Arizona. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 256 --<br/>Figure 3.4.2 San José de Tumacácori, Santa Cruz County, Arizona. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 257 --<br/>Figure 3.4.3 Volutes, canales, and stone foundation at San Xavier, Tucson, AZ. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2021) 260 --<br/>Figure 3.4.4 Interior painted plaster finishes at San José. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 262 --<br/>Figure 3.4.5 Crack in east transept wall at San José. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 263<br/>Figure 3.4.6 Plaster finish, fired adobe caps, and canales at San José. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 265 --<br/>Figure 3.4.7 Basalt fiber at San Xavier. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2021) 268 --<br/>Figure 3.4.8 Lime plastered roof at San Xavier. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 269 --<br/>Figure 3.5.1 Cape Blanco Lighthouse, Cape Blanco, Oregon. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 276 --<br/>Figure 3.5.2 Yaquina Head Lighthouse, Newport, Oregon. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 277 --<br/>Figure 3.5.3 Heceta Head Lighthouse, Florence, Oregon. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 278 --<br/>Figure 3.5.4 North Head Lighthouse, Cape Disappointment, Washington. (Photo courtesy of Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission, 2022) 279 --<br/>Figure 3.5.5 Ventilation louver at Cape Blanco Lighthouse. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023.) 281 --<br/>Figure 3.5.6 Typical Construction at Yaquina and North Head Lighthouses. (Drawing by Susan Pranger, Daniel Thomas, 2023) 282 --<br/>Figure 3.5.7 Interior efflorescence and corrosion at Heceta Head Lighthouse. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 283 --<br/>Figure 3.5.8 Vertical crack and replacement corbels at Heceta Head Lighthouse. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 284 --<br/>Figure 3.5.9 Lichen on North elevation of Cape Blanco Lighthouse. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2023) 285 --<br/>Figure 3.5.10 Latex paint over multiple layers of impermeable elastomeric coatings at Cape Blanco Lighthouse. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 287 --<br/>Figure 3.5.11 Corrosion of cast iron at Yaquina Head Lighthouse. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 289 --<br/>Figure 3.5.12 Crazing of Potassium Silicate and Lime on Heceta Head. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 290 --<br/>Figure 3.5.13 Moisture escaping at joints in interior tile at North Head Lighthouse. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2021) 291 --<br/>Figure 3.5.14 Deterioration of original sandstone base at North Head Lighthouse. (Photo courtesy of Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission, 2013) 292 --<br/>Figure 3.5.15 Interior biological growth at Cape Blanco Lighthouse. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2023) 293 --<br/>Figure 3.6.1 Figure Michigan Central Station (MCS), Detroit, Michigan. (Photo by Tim Pranger, 2022) 297 --<br/>Figure 3.6.2 Brick cracking at corner of MCS tower. Photo by Angela (Photo by Tim Pranger, 2022) 301 301 -- <br/>Figure 3.6.3 Terracotta repair at cornice of MCS. (Photo by Angela Wyrembelski, 2018) 302 --<br/>Figure 3.6.4 Deteriorated limestone cornice at waiting room of MCS. Photo by Angela Wyrembelski, 2018) 303 --<br/>Figure 3.6.5 Dutchman repair at limestone capital at waiting room, MCS. (Photo by Tim Pranger, 2021) 303 --<br/>Figure 3.6.6 Resin replica of ornamental grilles in MCS waiting room. (Photo by Tim Pranger, 2021) 304 --<br/>Figure 3.7.1 Unity Temple, Frank Lloyd Wright, Architect. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 307 --<br/>Figure 3.7.2 Baha’i Temple, Louis Bourgeois, Architect. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 309 --<br/>Figure 3.7.3 Unity Temple - concrete patch at Unity Temple. (Photo courtesy of Harboe Architects, 2016) 314 --<br/>Figure 3.7.4 Separation of quartz concrete surface from limestone concrete substrate at precast stair at Bahai Temple. (Photo by Robert Armbruster, 1997) 316 --<br/>Figure 3.7.5 Water misting at Bahai Temple. (Photo by Robert Armbruster, 1989) 318 --<br/>Figure 3.7.6 Expansion crack at corner at Bahai Temple. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2021) 320 --<br/>Figure 3.7.7 Concrete aggregate is more exposed by weathering above sill than below. Bahai Temple. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 321 --<br/>Figure 3.7.8 Ivy growth on Unity Temple. (Photographer Unknown, c. 1920, photo courtesy of UTRE) 322 --<br/>Figure 3.7.9 Corrosion Damage at Baha'i Temple. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 323 --<br/>Figure 3.7.10 Calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate (gypsum) deposits at Bahai Temple. (Photo by Robert Armbruster, 1987) 324 --<br/>Figure 3.7.11 Delaminated shotcrete at Unity Temple. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 325 --<br/>Figure 4.1.1 Sandstone hard cement mortar and lichen, Dunbar, Scotland. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 333 --<br/>Figure 4.1.2 The Great Hall at Stirling Castle, Scotland. (Photo by Thomas, 2022) 335 --<br/>Figure 4.1.3 Stirling Castle: Great Hall deterioration. (Photo by Daniel Tomas, 2022) 336 --<br/>Figure 4.1.4 Charlestown limekiln, Charlestown, Scotland. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 337 --<br/>Figure 4.1.5 Biological growth on cottage, Culross, Scotland. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022.) 337 --<br/>Figure 4.1.6 Culross Palace, Culross, Scotland. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 338 --<br/>Figure 4.1.7 Dunbar: Rear wall of 74/76 High Street, Dunbar, Scotland. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 339 --<br/>Figure 4.1.8 Restored Chimney at North Building 74/76 High Street, Dunbar, Scotland. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 340 --<br/>Figure 4.1.9 Fisherman's Monument, Dunbar, Scotland. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 341 --<br/>Figure 4.1.10 Lime wash after one year of wear on Fisherman's Monument. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 342 --<br/>Figure 4.2.1 Heddal Stavkirk. Heddal Stavkirk. Notodden, Norway (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 345 --<br/>Figure 4.2.2 Hard cured tar has a knubby appearance similar to charred wood, Heddal Stavkirk. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 348 --<br/>Figure 4.2.3 Loss of tar on vertical surface at Heddal Stavkirk. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 349 --<br/>Figure 4.2.4 Tar at SE corner, tar at NW corner, Garmo Stavkirke, Lillehammer, Norway. (Photos by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 350 --<br/>Figure 4.2.5 Roof overhangs protect tar coatings at Ringebu Stavkirke, Ringebu, Norway. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 351 --<br/>Figure 4.2.6 Town of Roros with slag heap in foreground. Norway (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2022) 352 --<br/>Figure 4.2.7 Traditional paint finishes in Roros. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 353 --<br/>Figure 4.2.8 Roros Craftdays: Creating emulsion paint. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 353 --<br/>Figure 4.2.9 Roros: Biological growth under overhangs and above water table. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2022) 354 --<br/>Figure 4.3.1 Jahangir's bedchamber view from Southwest. (Photo by Ibrahim and Usman, 2023) 356 --<br/>Figure 4.3.2 Master Plan of Lahore Fort. (Diagram by Ibrahim and Usman, 2023) 357 --<br/>Figure 4.3.3 Detail of brick masonry and plaster coating at Kala Burj. (Photo by Ibrahim and Usman, 2023) 360 --<br/>Figure 4.3.4 Floor Plan of Jahangir's Bedchamber. (Drawing by Ibrahim and Usman, 2023) 361 --<br/>Figure 4.3.5 Floor Plan of Kala Burj Pavilion Floor. (Drawing by Ibrahim and Usman, 2023) 362 --<br/>Figure 4.3.6 Kala Burj, View from Southeast, Lahore Fort. (Photo by Ibrahim and Usman, 2023.) 369<br/>Figure 4.3.7 Detail of lime plaster coating at Jahangir's Quadrangle. (Photo by Ibrahim and Usman, 2023) 370 --<br/>Figure 4.3.8 Projected threats. (Table by Ibrahim and Usman, 2023) 370 --<br/>Figure 4.3.9 Water and moisture management strategies for historic buildings. (Table by Ibrahim and Usman, 2023) 371 --<br/>Figure 4.4.1 Red lead paint and cedar bark roof fascia at Wakamiya Shrine, Nara, Japan. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 377 --<br/>Figure 4.4.2 Sanding to reveal existing layers of black, red, red, and gold-leaf lacquer, Workshop, Nikkö, Japan. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 378 --<br/>Figure 4.4.3 Layers of black, Japan red, red, and gold-leaf lacquer, Nikko Workshop, Japan. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 378 --<br/>Figure 4.4.4 Protected Lacquer and Paint, Töshögü Shrine, Nikko, Japan. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 380 --<br/>Figure 4.4.5 UV damage to red lacquer at Toshugu Shrine, Nikko, Japan. (Photo by Susan Pranger, 2022) 381 --<br/>Figure 4.4.6 Insect damage at Rinnoji ligendo Haiden, Nikkö, Japan. (Photo by Margaret Rosewitz, 2022) 382 --<br/>Figure 4.4.7 Roof reconstruction at Machiya townhouse, Kyoto, Japan. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 383 --<br/>Figure 4.4.8 Stages of lacquer and gold leaf restoration, Nikko Workshop, Japan. (Photo by Daniel Thomas, 2022) 384 --<br/>Figure 4.4.9 Lacquer at Töshögü Shrine, Nikko, Japan. (Photo by Margaret Rosewitz, 2022) 385 --<br/>Figure 4.4.10 Toshogu Fence, Nikko, Japan. (Photo by Margaret Rosewitz, 2022) 386 --<br/>Figure 4.4.11 Roof work at Rinnoji Jigendo Haiden, Nikko, Japan. (Photo by Margaret Rosewitz, 2022) 387 --<br/>Figure 4.4.12 Column repair at Rinnoji Jigendo Haiden, Nikko, Japan. (Photo by Margaret Rosewitz, 2022) 387 --<br/>Figure 5.1.1 Developing a resilient plan. (Diagram by Susan Pranger, 2015) 394 --<br/>Figure 5.1.2 Risk assessment. (Diagram by Susan Pranger, 2015) 395 -- |