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Tabla de contenidos provista por Syndetics

• 1 Introduction to Genetics(p. 1)
• 1.1 Genetics Has an Interesting Early History(p. 2)
• 1.2 Genetics Progressed from Mendel to DNA in Less Than a Century(p. 3)
• 1.3 Discovery of the Double Helix Launched the Era of Molecular Genetics(p. 4)
• 1.4 Development of Recombinant DNA Technology Began the Era of DNA Cloning(p. 6)
• 1.5 The Impact of Biotechnology Is Continually Expanding(p. 7)
• 1.6 Genomics, Proteomics, and Bioinformatics Are New and Expanding Fields(p. 8)
• 1.7 Genetic Studies Rely on the Use of Model Organisms(p. 8)
• 1.8 Genetics Has Had a Profound Impact on Society(p. 10)
• Problems and Discussion Questions(p. 11)
• 2 Mitosis and Meiosis(p. 12)
• 2.1 Cell Structure Is Closely Tied to Genetic Function(p. 13)
• 2.2 Chromosomes Exist in Homologous Pairs in Diploid Organisms(p. 15)
• 2.3 Mitosis Partitions Chromosomes into Dividing Cells(p. 17)
• 2.4 Meiosis Creates Haploid Gametes and Spores and Enhances Genetic Variation in Species(p. 21)
• 2.5 The Development of Gametes Varies in Spermatogenesis Compared to Oogenesis(p. 24)
• 2.6 Meiosis Is Critical to Sexual Reproduction in All Diploid Organisms(p. 26)
• 2.7 Electron Microscopy Has Revealed the Physical Structure of Mitotic and Meiotic Chromosomes(p. 26)
• Exploring Genomics: PubMed: Exploring and Retrieving Biomedical Literature(p. 27)
• CASE STUDY: Timing is everything(p. 28)
• Insights and Solutions(p. 28)
• Problems and Discussion Questions(p. 29)
• 3 Mendelian Genetics(p. 31)
• 3.1 Mendel Used a Model Experimental Approach to Study Patterns of Inheritance(p. 32)
• 3.2 The Monohybrid Cross Reveals How OneTrait Is Transmitted from Generation to Generation(p. 33)
• 3.3 Mendel's Dihybrid Cross Generated a Unique F 2 Ratio(p. 36)
• 3.4 The Trihybrid Cross Demonstrates That Mendel's Principles Apply to Inheritance of Multiple Traits(p. 39)
• 3.5 Mendel's Work Was Rediscovered in the Early Twentieth Century(p. 41)
• Evolving Concept of the Gene(p. 42)
• 3.6 Independent Assortment Leads to Extensive Genetic Variation(p. 42)
• 3.7 Laws of Probability Help to Explain Genetic Events(p. 42)
• 3.8 Chi-Square Analysis Evaluates the Influence of Chance on Genetic Data(p. 43)
• 3.9 Pedigrees Reveal Patterns of Inheritance of Human Traits(p. 46)
• 3.10 Tay-Sachs Disease: The Molecular Basis of a Recessive Disorder in Humans(p. 48)
• Exploring Genomics: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man(p. 49)
• Case Study: To test or not to test(p. 50)
• Insights and Solutions(p. 50)
• Problems and Discussion Questions(p. 51)
• 4 Modification of Mendelian Ratios(p. 53)
• 4.1 Alleles Alter Phenotypes in Different Ways(p. 54)
• 4.2 Geneticists Use a Variety of Symbols for Alleles(p. 54)
• 4.3 Neither Allele Is Dominant in Incomplete, or Partial, Dominance(p. 55)
• 4.4 In Codominance, the Influence of Both Alleles in a Heterozygote Is Clearly Evident(p. 56)
• 4.5 Multiple Alleles of a Gene May Exist in a Population(p. 56)
• 4.6 Lethal Alleles Represent Essential Genes(p. 58)
• Evolving Concept of the Gene(p. 58)
• 4.7 Combinations of Two Gene Pairs with Two Modes of Inheritance Modify the 9:3:3:1 Ratio(p. 59)
• 4.8 Phenotypes Are Often Affected by More Than One Gene(p. 60)
• 4.9 Complementation Analysis Can Determine if Two Mutations Causing a Similar Phenotype Are Alleles of the Same Gene(p. 64)
• 4.10 Expression of a Single Gene May Have Multiple Effects(p. 66)
• 4.11 X-Linkage Describes Genes on the X Chromosome(p. 66)
• 4.12 In Sex-Limited and Sex-Influenced Inheritance, an Individual's Gender Influences the Phenotype(p. 68)
• 4.13 Genetic Background and the Environment Affect Phenotypic Expression(p. 70)
• 4.14 Extranuclear Inheritance Modifies Mendelian Patterns(p. 72)
• Genetics, Ethics, and Society: Mitochondrial Replacement and Three-Parent Babies(p. 76)
• Case Study: Is it all in the genes?(p. 77)
• Insights and Solutions(p. 77)
• Problems and Discussion Questions(p. 78)
• 5 Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes(p. 83)
• 5.1 X and Y Chromosomes Were First Linked to Sex Determination Early in the Twentieth Century(p. 84)
• 5.2 The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness in Humans(p. 85)
• 5.3 The Ratio of Males to Females in Humans Is Not 1.0(p. 88)
• 5.4 Dosage Compensation Prevents Excessive Expression of X-Linked Genes in Humans and Other Mammals(p. 89)
• 5.5 The Ratio of X Chromosomes to Sets of Autosomes Can Determine Sex(p. 92)
• 5.6 Temperature Variation Controls Sex Determination in Reptiles(p. 94)
• Genetics, Ethics, and Society: A Question of Gender: Sex Selection in Humans(p. 95)
• Case Study: Is the baby a boy or a girl?(p. 96)
• Insights and Solutions(p. 97)
• Problems and Discussion Questions(p. 97)
• 6 Chromosome Mutations: Variation in Number and Arrangement(p. 99)
• 6.1 Variation in Chromosome Number: Terminology and Origin(p. 100)
• 6.2 Monosomy and Trisomy Result in a Variety of Phenotypic Effects(p. 101)
• 6.3 Polyploidy, in Which More Than Two Haploid Sets of Chromosomes Are Present, Is Prevalent in Plants(p. 104)
• 6.4 Variation Occurs in the Composition and Arrangement of Chromosomes(p. 107)
• 6.5 A Deletion Is a Missing Region of a Chromosome(p. 108)
• 6.6 A Duplication Is a Repeated Segment of a Chromosome(p. 110)
• 6.7 Inversions Rearrange the Linear Gene Sequence(p. 112)
• 6.8 Translocations Alter the Location of Chromosomal Segments in the Genome(p. 113)
• 6.9 Fragile Sites in Human Chromosomes Are Susceptible to Breakage(p. 115)
• Genetics, Ethics, and Society: Down Syndrome and Prenatal Testing-The New Eugenics?(p. 117)
• Case Study: Fish tales(p. 118)
• Insights and Solutions(p. 118)
• Problems and Discussion Questions(p. 119)
• 7 Linkage and Chromosome Mapping in Eukaryotes(p. 121)
• 7.1 Genes Linked on the Same Chromosome Segregate Together(p. 122)
• 7.2 Crossing Over Serves as the Basis of Determining the Distance between Genes during Mapping(p. 123)
• 7.3 Determining the Gene Sequence during Mapping Requires the Analysis of Multiple Crossovers(p. 128)
• 7.4 As the Distance between Two Genes Increases, Mapping Estimates Become More Inaccurate(p. 135)
• Evolving Concept of the Gene(p. 136)
• 7.5 Chromosome Mapping Is Now Possible Using DNA Markers and Annotated Computer Databases(p. 137)
• 7.6 Other Aspects of Genetic Exchange(p. 137)
• Exploring Genomics: Human Chromosome Maps on the Internet(p. 139)
• Case Study: Links to autism(p. 140)
• Insights and Solutions(p. 140)
• Problems and Discussion Questions(p. 141)
• 8 Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages(p. 144)
• 8.1 Bacteria Mutate Spontaneously and Are Easily Cultured(p. 145)
• 8.2 Genetic Recombination Occurs in Bacteria(p. 145)
• 8.3 The F Factor Is an Example of a Plasmid(p. 152)
• 8.4 Transformation Is Another Process Leading to Genetic Recombination in Bacteria(p. 153)
• 8.5 Bacteriophages Are Bacterial Viruses(p. 154)
• 8.6 Transduction Is Virus-Mediated Bacterial DNA Transfer(p. 157)
• Genetics, Ethics, and Society: Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria: Fighting with Phage(p. 158)
• Case Study: To test or not to test(p. 159)
• Insights and Solutions(p. 159)
• Problems and Discussion Questions(p. 160)
• 9 DNA Structure and Analysis(p. 161)
• 9.1 The Genetic Material Must Exhibit Four Characteristics(p. 162)
• 9.2 Until 1944, Observations Favored Protein as the Genetic Material(p. 162)
• 9.3 Evidence Favoring DNA as the Genetic Material Was First Obtained during the Study of Bacteria and Bacteriophages(p. 163)
• 9.4 Indirect and Direct Evidence Supports the Concept That DNA Is the Genetic Material in Eukaryotes(p. 168)
• 9.5 RNA Serves as the Genetic Material in Some Viruses(p. 169)
• 9.6 The Structure of DNA Holds the Key to Understanding Its Function(p. 169)
• Evolving Concept of the Gene(p. 175)
• 9.7 Alternative Forms of DNA Exist(p. 175)
• 9.8 The Structure of RNA Is Chemically Similar to DNA, but Single Stranded(p. 176)
• 9.9 Many Analytical Techniques Have Been Useful during the Investigation of DNA and RNA(p. 177)
• Exploring Genomics: Introduction to Bioinformatics: BLAST(p. 178)
• Case Study: Credit where credit is due(p. 179)
• Insights and Solutions(p. 180)
• Problems and Discussion Questions(p. 180)
• 10 DNA Replication(p. 182)
• 10.1 DNA Is Reproduced by Semiconservative Replication(p. 183)
• 10.2 DNA Synthesis in Bacteria Involves Five Polymerases, as Well as Other Enzymes(p. 187)
• 10.3 Many Complex Issues Must Be Resolved during DNA Replication(p. 190)
• 10.4 A Coherent Model Summarizes DNA Replication(p. 193)
• 10.5 Replication Is Controlled by a Variety of Genes(p. 194)
• 10.6 Eukaryotic DNA Replication Is Similar to Replication in Bacteria, but Is More Complex(p. 195)
• 10.7 Telomeres Solve Stability and Replication Problems at Eukaryotic Chromosome Ends(p. 196)
• Genetics, Ethics, and Society Telomeres: The Key to a Long Life?(p. 199)
• Case Study: At loose ends(p. 200)
• Insights and Solutions(p. 200)
• Problems and Discussion Questions(p. 201)
• 11 Chromosome Structure and DNA Sequence Organization(p. 202)
• 11.1 Viral and Bacterial Chromosomes Are Relatively Simple DNA Molecules(p. 203)
• 11.2 Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Contain DNA Similar to Bacteria and Viruses(p. 204)
• 11.3 Specialized Chromosomes Reveal Variations in the Organization of DNA(p. 206)
• 11.4 DNA Is Organized into Chromatin in Eukaryotes(p. 208)
• 11.5 Eukaryotic Genomes Demonstrate Complex Sequence Organization Characterized by Repetitive DNA(p. 212)
• 11.6 The Vast Majority of a Eukaryotic Genome Does Not Encode Functional Genes(p. 215)
• Exploring Genomics: Database of Genomic Variants: Structural Variations in the Human Genome(p. 215)
• Case Study: Helping or hurting?(p. 216)
• Insights and Solutions(p. 216)
• Problems and Discussion Questions(p. 217)
• 12 The Genetic Code and Transcription(p. 218)
• 12.1 The Genetic Code Exhibits a Number of Characteristics(p. 219)
• 12.2 Early Studies Established the Basic Operational Patterns of the Code(p. 219)
• 12.3 Studies by Nirenberg, Matthaei, and Others Deciphered the Code(p. 220)
• 12.4 The Coding Dictionary Reveals the Function of the 64 Triplets(p. 225)
• 12.5 The Genetic Code Has Been Confirmed in Studies of Bacteriophage MS2(p. 226)
• 12.6 The Genetic Code Is Nearly Universal(p. 227)
• 12.7 Different Initiation Points Create Overlapping Genes(p. 227)
• 12.8 Transcription Synthesizes RNA on a DNA Template(p. 228)
• 12.9 RNA Polymerase Directs RNA Synthesis(p. 228)
• 12.10 Transcription in Eukaryotes Differs from Bacterial Transcription in Several Ways(p. 231)
• 12.11 The Coding Regions of Eukaryotic Genes Are Interrupted by Intervening Sequences Called Introns(p. 233)
• Evolving Concept of the Gene(p. 236)
• 12.12 RNA Editing May Modify the Final Transcript(p. 237)
• 12.13 Transcription Has Been Visualized by Electron Microscopy(p. 237)
• Case Study: Treatment dilemmas(p. 237)
• Genetics, Ethics, and Society: Treating Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy with Exon-Skipping Drugs(p. 238)
• Insights and Solutions(p. 238)
• Problems and Discussion Questions(p. 239)
• 13 Translation and Proteins(p. 241)
• 13.1 Translation of mRNA Depends on Ribosomes and Transfer RNAs(p. 241)
• 13.2 Translation of mRNA Can Be Divided into Three Steps(p. 245)
• 13.3 High-Resolution Studies Have Revealed Many Details about the Functional Bacterial Ribosome(p. 249)
• 13.4 Translation Is More Complex in Eukaryotes(p. 250)
• 13.5 The Initial Insight That Proteins Are important in Heredity Was Provided by the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism(p. 251)
• 13.6 Studies of Neurospora Led to the One-Gene: One-Enzyme Hypothesis(p. 251)
• 13.7 Studies of Human Hemoglobin Established That One Gene Encodes One Polypeptide(p. 253)
• Evolving Concept of the Gene(p. 254)
• 13.8 Variation in Protein Structure Is the Basis of Biological Diversity(p. 254)
• 13.9 Proteins Function in Many Diverse Roles(p. 257)
• Case Study: Crippled ribosomes(p. 258)
• Insights and Solutions(p. 259)
• Problems and Discussion Questions(p. 259)
• 14 Gene Mutation, DNA Repair, and Transposition(p. 261)
• 14.1 Gene Mutations Are Classified in Various Ways(p. 262)
• 14.2 Mutations Can Be Spontaneous or Induced(p. 264)
• 14.3 Spontaneous Mutations Arise from Replication Errors and Base Modifications(p. 265)
• 14.4 Induced Mutations Arise from DNA Damage Caused by Chemicals and Radiation(p. 267)
• 14.5 Single-Gene Mutations Cause a Wide Range of Human Diseases(p. 270)
• 14.6 Organisms Use DNA Repair Systems to Counteract Mutations(p. 271)
• 14.7 The Ames Test Is Used to Assess the Mutagenicity of Compounds(p. 276)
• 14.8 Transposable Elements Move within the Genome and May Create Mutations(p. 277)
• Case Study: An unexpected diagnosis(p. 281)
• Insights and Solutions(p. 282)
• Problems and Discussion Questions(p. 283)
• 15 Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria(p. 285)
• 15.1 Bacteria Regulate Gene Expression in Response to Environmental Conditions(p. 286)
• 15.2 Lactose Metabolism in E. coli Is Regulated by an Inducible System(p. 286)
• 15.3 The Catabolite-Activating Protein (CAP) Exerts Positive Control over the lac Operon(p. 292)
• 15.4 The Tryptophan (trp) Operon in E. coli Is a Repressible Gene System(p. 293)
• Evolving Concept of the Gene(p. 295)
• 15.5 RNA Plays Diverse Roles in Regulating Gene Expression in Bacteria(p. 295)
• 15.6 CRISPR-Cas Is an Adaptive Immune System in Bacteria(p. 297)
• Case Study: MRSA in the National Football League (NFL)(p. 299)
• Insights and Solutions(p. 300)
• Problems and Discussion Questions(p. 300)
• 16 Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes(p. 302)
• 16.1 Organization of the Eukaryotic Cell Facilitates Gene Regulation at Several Levels(p. 303)
• 16.2 Eukaryotic Gene Expression Is Influenced by Chromatin Modifications(p. 304)
• 16.3 Eukaryotic Transcription Initiation Requires Specific Cis-Acting Sites(p. 305)
• 16.4 Eukaryotic Transcription Initiation Is Regulated by Transcription Factors That Bind to Cis-Acting Sites(p. 307)
• 16.5 Activators and Repressors Interact with General Transcription Factors and Affect Chromatin Structure(p. 309)
• 16.6 Regulation of Alternative Splicing Determines Which RNA Spliceforms of a Gene Are Translated(p. 310)
• 16.7 Gene Expression Is Regulated by mRNA Stability and Degradation(p. 313)
• 16.8 Noncoding RNAs Play Diverse Roles in Posttranscriptional Regulation(p. 315)
• 16.9 mRNA Localization and Translation Initiation Are Highly Regulated(p. 317)
• 16.10 Posttranslational Modifications Regulate Protein Activity(p. 318)
• Exploring Genomics: Tissue-Specific Gene Expression(p. 319)
• Case Study: A mysterious muscular dystrophy(p. 320)
• Insights and Solutions(p. 320)
• Problems and Discussion Questions(p. 321)
• 17 Recombinant DNA Technology(p. 323)
• 17.1 Recombinant DNA Technology Began with Two Key Tools: Restriction Enzymes and Cloning Vectors(p. 324)
• 17.2 DNA Libraries Are Collections of Cloned Sequences(p. 329)
• 17.3 The Polymerase Chain Reaction is A Powerful Technique for Copying DNA(p. 331)
• 17.4 Molecular Techniques for Analyzing DNA and RNA(p. 333)
• 17.5 DNA Sequencing Is the Ultimate Way to Characterize DNA at the Molecular Level(p. 335)
• 17.6 Creating Knockout and Transgenic Organisms for Studying Gene Function(p. 338)
• 17.7 Genome Editing with CRISPR-Cas(p. 341)
• Exploring Genomics: Manipulating Recombinant DNA: Restriction Mapping(p. 344)
• Case Study: Ethical issues and genetic technology(p. 344)
• Insights and Solutions(p. 345)
• Problems and Discussion Questions(p. 345)
• 18 Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Proteomics(p. 347)
• 18.1 Whole-Genome Sequencing Is Widely Used for Sequencing and Assembling Entire Genomes(p. 348)
• 18.2 DNA Sequence Analysis Relies on Bioinformatics Applications and Genome Databases(p. 349)
• 18.3 The Human Genome Project Revealed Many Important Aspects of Genome Organization in Humans(p. 353)
• 18.4 The "Omics" Revolution Has Created a New Era of Biological Research(p. 355)
• Evolving Concept of the Gene(p. 359)
• 18.5 Comparative Genomics Provides Novel Information about the Human Genome and the Genomes of Model Organisms(p. 360)
• 18.6 Metagenomics Applies Genomics Techniques to Environmental Samples(p. 362)
• 18.7 Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Profiles of Expressed Genes in Cells and Tissues(p. 364)
• 18.8 Proteomics Identifies and Analyzes the Protein Composition of Cells(p. 366)
• 18.9 Synthetic Genomes and the Emergence of Synthetic Biology(p. 370)
• Genetics, Ethics, and Society: Privacy and Anonymity in the Era of Genomic Big Data(p. 372)
• Exploring Genomics: Contigs, Shotgun Sequencing, and Comparative Genomics(p. 372)
• Case Study: Your microbiome may be a risk factor for disease(p. 373)
• Insights and Solutions(p. 373)
• Problems and Discussion Questions(p. 374)
• 19 The Genetics of Cancer(p. 376)
• 19.1 Cancer Is a Genetic Disease at the Level of Somatic Cells(p. 377)
• 19.2 Cancer Cells Contain Genetic Defects Affecting Genomic Stability, DNA Repair, and Chromatin Modifications(p. 379)
• 19.3 Cancer Cells Contain Genetic Defects Affecting Cell-Cycle Regulation(p. 381)
• 19.4 Proto-oncogenes and Tumor-suppressor Genes Are Altered in Cancer Cells(p. 383)
• 19.5 Cancer Cells Metastasize and Invade Other Tissues(p. 385)
• 19.6 Predisposition to Some Cancers Can Be Inherited(p. 385)
• 19.7 Environmental Agents Contribute to Human Cancers(p. 386)
• Genetics, Ethics, and Society: Breast Cancer: The Ambiguities and Ethics of Genetic Testing(p. 389)
• Case Study: Cancer-killing bacteria(p. 389)
• Insights and Solutions(p. 390)
• Problems and Discussion Questions(p. 391)
• 20 Quantitative Genetics and Multifactorial Traits(p. 392)
• 20.1 Quantitative Traits Can Be Explained in Mendelian Terms(p. 393)
• 20.2 The Study of Polygenic Traits Relies on Statistical Analysis(p. 395)
• 20.3 Heritability Values Estimate the Genetic Contribution to Phenotypic Variability(p. 398)
• 20.4 Twin Studies Allow an Estimation of Heritability in Humans(p. 402)
• 20.5 Quantitative Trait Loci Are Useful in Studying Multifactorial Phenotypes(p. 404)
• Case Study: A chance discovery(p. 408)
• Genetics, Ethics, and Society: Rice, Genes, and the Second Green Revolution(p. 408)
• Insights and Solutions(p. 409)
• Problems and Discussion Questions(p. 410)
• 21 Population and Evolutionary Genetics(p. 412)
• 21.1 Genetic Variation Is Present in Most Populations and Species(p. 413)
• 21.2 The Hardy-Weinberg Law Describes Allele Frequencies and Genotype Frequencies in Population Gene Pools(p. 415)
• 21.3 The Hardy-Weinberg Law Can Be Applied to Human Populations(p. 417)
• 21.4 Natural Selection Is a Major Force Driving Allele Frequency Change(p. 420)
• 21.5 Mutation Creates New Alleles in a Gene Pool(p. 424)
• 21.6 Migration and Gene Flow Can Alter Allele Frequencies(p. 425)
• 21.7 Genetic Drift Causes Random Changes in Allele Frequency in Small Populations(p. 426)
• 21.8 Nonrandom Mating Changes Genotype Frequency but Not Allele Frequency(p. 427)
• 21.9 Speciation Can Occur through Reproductive Isolation(p. 428)
• 21.10 Phylogeny Can Be Used to Analyze Evolutionary History(p. 431)
• Genetics, Ethics, and Society: Tracking Our Genetic Footprints out of Africa(p. 434)
• Case Study: A tale of two Olivias(p. 435)
• Insights and Solutions(p. 436)
• Problems and Discussion Questions(p. 436)
• Special Topics in Modern Genetics 1: Epigenetics(p. 439)
• ST 1.1(p. 439)
• ST 1.2(p. 442)
• ST 1.3(p. 444)
• ST 1.4(p. 446)
• ST 1.5(p. 448)
• Special Topics in Modern Genetics 2: Genetic Testing(p. 450)
• ST 2.1 Testing for Prognostic or Diagnostic Purposes(p. 450)
• ST 2.2 Prenatal Genetic Testing to Screen for Conditions(p. 450)
• BOX 1 Recommended Uniform Screening Panel(p. 451)
• ST 2.3 Genetic Testing Using Allele-Specific Oligonucleotides(p. 453)
• ST 2.4 Microarrays for Genetic Testing(p. 455)
• ST 2.5 Genetic Analysis of Individual Genomes by DNA Sequencing(p. 457)
• BOX 2 Undiagnosed Diseases Network(p. 458)
• BOX 3 Genetic Analysis for Pathogen Identification During Infectious Disease Outbreaks(p. 458)
• ST 2.6 Genome-Wide Association Studies Identify Genome Variations That Contribute to Disease(p. 461)
• ST 2.7 Genetic Testing and Ethical, Social, and Legal Questions(p. 463)
• Special Topics in Modern Genetics 3: Gene Therapy(p. 468)
• ST 3.1 What Genetic Conditions Are Candidates for Treatment by Gene Therapy?(p. 468)
• ST 3.2 How Are Therapeutic Genes Delivered?(p. 469)
• BOX 1 ClinicalTrials.gov(p. 469)
• ST 3.3 The First Successful Gene Therapy Trial(p. 472)
• ST 3.4 Gene Therapy Setbacks(p. 472)
• ST 3.5 Recent Successful Trials by Conventional Gene Therapy Approaches(p. 473)
• ST 3.6 Genome-Editing Approaches to Gene Therapy(p. 475)
• ST 3.7 Future Challenges and Ethical Issues(p. 479)
• BOX 2 Glybera: The First Commercial Gene Therapy to be Approved in the West Lasted Only Five Years(p. 480)
• BOX 3 Gene Doping for Athletic Performance?(p. 481)
• Special Topics in Modern Genetics 4: Advances in Neurogenetics: The Study of Huntington Disease(p. 482)
• ST 4.1 The Search for the Huntington Gene(p. 482)
• BOX 1 George Huntington and His Namesake Disease(p. 483)
• ST 4.2 The HTT Gene and Its Protein Product(p. 484)
• ST 4.3 Molecular and Cellular Alterations in Huntington Disease(p. 485)
• ST 4.4 Transgenic Animal Models of Huntington Disease(p. 487)
• ST 4.5 Cellular and Molecular Approaches to Therapy(p. 488)
• Special Topics in Modern Genetics 5: DNA Forensics(p. 491)
• ST 5.1 DNA Profiling Methods(p. 491)
• BOX 1 The Pitchfork Case: The First Criminal Conviction Using DNA Profiling(p. 492)
• ST 5.2 Interpreting DNA Profiles(p. 496)
• ST 5.3 Technical and Ethical Issues Surrounding DNA Profiling(p. 497)
• BOX 2 The Kennedy Brewer Case: Two Bite-Mark Errors and One Hit(p. 498)
• BOX 3 A Case of Transference: The Lukis Anderson Story(p. 498)
• Special Topics in Modern Genetics 6: Genetically Modified Foods(p. 500)
• ST 6.1 What Are GM Foods?(p. 500)
• BOX 1 The Tale of GM Salmon-Downstream Effects?(p. 502)
• ST 6.2 Methods Used to Create GM Plants(p. 503)
• ST 6.3 GM Foods Controversies(p. 506)
• BOX 2 The New CRISPR Mushroom(p. 506)
• ST 6.4 The Future of GM Foods(p. 508)
• Special Topics in Modern Genetics 7: Genomics and Precision Medicine(p. 510)
• ST 7.1 Pharmacogenomics(p. 510)
• BOX 1 Preemptive Pharmacogenomic Screening: The PGEN4Kids Program(p. 512)
• ST 7.2 Precision Oncology(p. 513)
• BOX 2 Precision Cancer Diagnostics and Treatments: The Lukas Wartman Story(p. 514)
• BOX 3 Cell Types in the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems(p. 515)
• BOX 4 Steps in Cytotoxic T-cell Recognition, Activation, and Destruction of Cancer Cells(p. 516)
• ST 7.3 Precision Medicine and Disease Diagnostics(p. 518)
• ST 7.4 Technical, Social, and Ethical Challenges(p. 518)
• BOX 5 Beyond Genomics: Personal Omics Profiling(p. 519)
• Appendix Solutions to Selected Problems and Discussion Questions(p. A-1)
• Glossary(p. G-1)
• Credits(p. C-1)
• Index(p. I-1)

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William S. Klug is an Emeritus Professor of Biology at The College of New Jersey (formerly Trenton State College) in Ewing, New Jersey, where he served as Chair of the Biology Department for 17 years. He received his B.A. degree in Biology from Wabash College in Crawfordsville, Indiana, and his Ph.D. from Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. Prior to coming to The College of New Jersey, he was on the faculty of Wabash College, where he first taught genetics, as well as general biology and electron microscopy. His research interests have involved ultrastructural and molecular genetic studies of development, utilizing oogenesis in Drosophila as a model system. He has taught the genetics course as well as the senior capstone seminar course in Human and Molecular Genetics to undergraduate biology majors for over four decades. He was the recipient in 2001 of the first annual teaching award given at The College of New Jersey, granted to the faculty member who "most challenges students to achieve high standards." He also received the 2004 Outstanding Professor Award from Sigma Pi International, and in the same year, he was nominated as the Educator of the Year, an award given by the Research and Development Council of New Jersey. When not revising one of his textbooks, immersed in the literature of genetics, or trying to avoid double bogies, Dr. Klug can sometimes be found paddling in the Gulf of Mexico or in Maine''s Penobscot Bay.

Michael R. Cummings is a Research Professor in the Department of Biological, Chemical, and Physical Sciences at Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois. For more than 25 years, he was a faculty member in the Department of Biological Sciences and in the Department of Molecular Genetics at the University of Illinois at Chicago. He has also served on the faculties of Northwestern University and Florida State University. He received his B.A. from St. Mary''s College in Winona, Minnesota, and his M.S. and Ph.D. from Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. In addition to this text, he has written textbooks in human genetics and general biology. His research interests center on the molecular organization and physical mapping of the heterochromatic regions of human acrocentric chromosomes. At the undergraduate level, he teaches courses in molecular genetics, human genetics, and general biology, and has received numerous awards for teaching excellence given by university faculty, student organizations, and graduating seniors. When not teaching or writing, Dr. Cummings can often be found far offshore fishing for the one that got away.

Charlotte A. Spencer is a retired Associate Professor from the Department of Oncology at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. She has also served as a faculty member in the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Alberta. She received her B.Sc. in Microbiology from the University of British Columbia and her Ph.D. in Genetics from the University of Alberta, followed by postdoctoral training at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Washington. Her research interests involve the regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription in cancer cells, cells infected with DNA viruses, and cells traversing the mitotic phase of the cell cycle. She has taught undergraduate and graduate courses in biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology, and oncology. She has also written booklets in the Prentice Hall Exploring Biology series. When not writing and editing contributions to genetics textbooks, Dr. Spencer works on her hazelnut farm and enjoys the peace and quiet of a remote Island off the west coast of British Columbia.

Michael A. Palladino is Vice Provost for Graduate Studies, former Dean of the School of Science, and Professor of Biology at Monmouth University in West Long Branch, New Jersey. He received his B.S. degree in Biology from The College of New Jersey and his Ph.D. in Anatomy and Cell Biology from the University of Virginia. For more than 15 years he directed a laboratory of undergraduate student researchers supported by external funding from the National Institutes of Health, biopharma companies, and other agencies. He and his undergraduates studied molecular mechanisms involved in innate immunity of mammalian male reproductive organs and genes involved in oxygen homeostasis and ischemic injury of the testis. He has taught a wide range of courses including genetics, biotechnology, endocrinology, and cell and molecular biology. He has received several awards for research and teaching, including the 2009 Young Andrologist Award of the American Society of Andrology, the 2005 Distinguished Teacher Award from Monmouth University, and the 2005 Caring Heart Award from the New Jersey Association for Biomedical Research. He is co-author of the undergraduate textbook Introduction to Biotechnology. He was Series Editor for the Benjamin Cummings Special Topics in Biology booklet series, and author of the first booklet in the series, Understanding the Human Genome Project. When away from the university or authoring textbooks, Dr. Palladino can often be found watching or playing soccer or attempting to catch most any species of fish in freshwater or saltwater.

Darrell J. Killian is an Associate Professor and current Chair of the Department of Molecular Biology at Colorado College in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He received his B.A. degree in Molecular Biology and Biochemistry from Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut, prior to working as a Research Technician in Molecular Genetics at Rockefeller University in New York, New York. He earned his Ph.D. in Developmental Genetics from New York University in New York, New York, and received his postdoctoral training at the University of Colorado--Boulder in the Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology. Prior to joining Colorado College, he was an Assistant Professor of Biology at the College of New Jersey in Ewing, New Jersey. His research focuses on the genetic regulation of animal development, and he has received funding from the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation. Currently, he and his undergraduate research assistants are investigating the molecular genetic regulation of nervous system development using C. elegans and Drosophila as model systems. He teaches undergraduate courses in genetics, molecular and cellular biology, stem cell biology, and developmental neurobiology. When away from the classroom and research lab, Dr. Killian can often be found on two wheels exploring trails in the Pike and San Isabel National Forests.