Tabla de contenidos provista por Syndetics

• Feature Boxes(p. x)
• Preface(p. xi)
• Author Biography(p. xii)
• 1 The Study of Crime(p. 1)
• The Nature of Crime and Delinquency(p. 2)
• The Characteristics of Crime(p. 4)
• Juvenile Delinquency(p. 5)
• Social Origins of the Criminal Law(p. 6)
• Theoretical Perspectives on Crime and the Criminal Law(p. 6)
• The Social Construction of Crime(p. 9)
• Strategies of Criminological Research(p. 10)
• Comparative and Historical Research(p. 11)
• Biographies(p. 12)
• Patterns of Crime(p. 13)
• The Cohort Study(p. 15)
• Surveys(p. 16)
• Other Strategies of Criminological Research(p. 18)
• Summary(p. 20)
• Important Terms(p. 20)
• Review Questions(p. 21)
• For Further Study(p. 21)
• 2 Measuring Crime(p. 22)
• The Emergence of Modern Criminology(p. 22)
• Classical Criminology(p. 22)
• Cartography(p. 23)
• Positivism(p. 24)
• Official Crime Statistics(p. 25)
• History of Crime Statistics in the United States(p. 26)
• FBI Crime Statistics(p. 26)
• Crime Rates(p. 28)
• Gathering Crime Statistics(p. 31)
• Using FBI Data for Criminological Research(p. 36)
• Measuring Criminal Victimization(p. 36)
• History of Victimization Surveys(p. 36)
• Comparing NCVS and FBI Data(p. 37)
• The Dark Figure(p. 37)
• Methodological Problems with Victimization Surveys(p. 39)
• Measuring Crime by Self-Reports(p. 40)
• History of Self-Report Studies(p. 40)
• The Dark Figure(p. 41)
• Methodological Problems with Self-Report Studies(p. 42)
• Summary(p. 44)
• Important Terms(p. 45)
• Review Questions(p. 45)
• For Further Study(p. 45)
• 3 Crime and Its Costs(p. 46)
• Conventional Crimes(p. 48)
• Crimes of Violence(p. 48)
• Property Crimes(p. 58)
• White-Collar Crime(p. 64)
• Is White-Collar Crime Different?(p. 65)
• The Costs of White-Collar Crime(p. 67)
• Organized Crime(p. 68)
• The Costs of Organized Crime(p. 69)
• Victimless Crimes(p. 69)
• Drug Use(p. 70)
• Gambling(p. 70)
• Prostitution(p. 71)
• Summary(p. 71)
• Important Terms(p. 72)
• Review Questions(p. 72)
• For Further Study(p. 73)
• 4 Dimensions of Crime(p. 74)
• Cross-National Variations in Crime Rates(p. 74)
• Regional Variations in Crime Rates within the United States(p. 76)
• Variations in Crime Rates by Community(p. 77)
• Crime within Metropolitan Areas(p. 78)
• Migration and Crime(p. 80)
• Temporal Variations in Crime Rates(p. 81)
• Seasonal Variations in Crime Rates(p. 81)
• Annual Trends in Crime Rates(p. 82)
• Variations in Crime Rates by Sex(p. 83)
• Sex and Juvenile Delinquency(p. 85)
• Sex and Crime(p. 86)
• Sex and Victimization(p. 87)
• Variations in Crime Rates by Age(p. 88)
• Age-Specific Arrest Rates(p. 88)
• Age Distribution and Crime Rates(p. 89)
• Age and Victimization(p. 91)
• Variations in Crime Rates by Race(p. 91)
• Race, Arrest Statistics, and Self-Report Studies(p. 93)
• Race, Crime, and Background Variables(p. 94)
• Race and Victimization(p. 95)
• Variations in Crime Rates by Social Class(p. 97)
• Social Class and Adult Crime(p. 97)
• Social Class and Juvenile Delinquency(p. 97)
• Methodological Problems(p. 98)
• Social Class and Victimization(p. 99)
• Summary(p. 99)
• Important Terms(p. 100)
• Review Questions(p. 101)
• For Further Study(p. 101)
• 5 Biological and Psychological Explanations of Crime(p. 102)
• Biological Explanations of Crime(p. 102)
• History of the Biological Perspective on Crime(p. 103)
• Modern Biological Research on Crime(p. 104)
• Biology and Modern Criminology(p. 111)
• Psychological Explanations of Crime(p. 113)
• Intelligence and Crime(p. 113)
• Personality Characteristics(p. 116)
• Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders(p. 124)
• Psychology and Variations in Crime Rates(p. 125)
• Psychology and the Criminal Law(p. 126)
• Summary(p. 129)
• Important Terms(p. 130)
• Review Questions(p. 130)
• For Further Study(p. 131)
• 6 Social, Cultural, and Economic Sources of Crime(p. 132)
• Social, Cultural, and Economic Sources of White-Collar Crime(p. 133)
• Free Enterprise: Profits and Competition(p. 133)
• Market Structure and Crime(p. 135)
• Trust and Credit(p. 136)
• Corporations and Crime(p. 136)
• Development of New Technology(p. 137)
• Social, Cultural, and Economic Sources of Organized Crime(p. 139)
• Prohibition and Organized Crime(p. 140)
• Organized Crime after Prohibition(p. 140)
• Organized Crime and the Economic System(p. 142)
• Social, Cultural, and Economic Sources of Conventional Crime(p. 142)
• Modernization and Crime(p. 143)
• Opportunity and the Economy(p. 144)
• Unemployment and Crime(p. 144)
• Relative Deprivation and Crime(p. 147)
• Anomie, Strain, and Crime(p. 148)
• Differential Opportunity and Delinquency(p. 152)
• Social Class, Values, and Delinquency(p. 154)
• The Subculture of Violence(p. 156)
• Gender, Crime, and Feminist Criminology(p. 159)
• The Generalizability Problem(p. 160)
• The Gender Ratio Problem(p. 160)
• Gender Socialization(p. 162)
• Doing Gender(p. 162)
• Power-Control Theory(p. 164)
• Women as Victims, Women as Resisters(p. 165)
• Social, Cultural, and Economic Factors and Variations in Crime Rates(p. 165)
• Summary(p. 167)
• Important Terms(p. 168)
• Review Questions(p. 168)
• For Further Study(p. 168)
• 7 Social Control and Commitment to the Law(p. 170)
• Neutralizing the Law(p. 170)
• Drift(p. 170)
• Delinquent, Dominant, and Subterranean Values(p. 171)
• Techniques of Neutralization(p. 172)
• Evidence on Techniques of Neutralization(p. 177)
• Critique of Neutralization Theory(p. 180)
• Social Control Theory(p. 181)
• The Family(p. 181)
• The School(p. 182)
• The Peer Group(p. 182)
• Conventional Lines of Action and Adult Activities(p. 182)
• Evidence on Social Control Theory(p. 183)
• Critique of Social Control Theory(p. 197)
• Techniques of Neutralization, Social Control Theory, and Variations in Crime Rates(p. 199)
• Summary(p. 200)
• Important Terms(p. 201)
• Review Questions(p. 201)
• For Further Study(p. 201)
• 8 Learning to Commit Crime(p. 202)
• Sources of Learning to Commit Crime(p. 202)
• The Community(p. 202)
• The Peer Group(p. 203)
• The General Culture(p. 203)
• The Media(p. 205)
• Sports(p. 208)
• Pornography(p. 210)
• Correctional Institutions(p. 211)
• Differential Association Theory(p. 212)
• Critique of Differential Association Theory(p. 214)
• Evidence on Differential Association Theory(p. 216)
• The Labeling Perspective(p. 221)
• Labeling and Self-Concepts(p. 222)
• Labeling and Opportunities(p. 224)
• Labeling and Subcultures(p. 225)
• Critique of the Labeling Perspective(p. 226)
• Rewards and Risks of Crime(p. 226)
• Reward-Risk Models of Criminal Behavior(p. 227)
• The Rewards and Risks of Crime(p. 230)
• Critique of Reward-Risk Models(p. 234)
• Learning Theories and Variations in Crime Rates(p. 234)
• Summary(p. 235)
• Important Terms(p. 237)
• Review Questions(p. 237)
• For Further Study(p. 237)
• 9 Opportunities and Facilitating Factors(p. 238)
• Routine Activities Theory(p. 238)
• A Critique of Routine Activities Theory(p. 240)
• Targets of Crime(p. 241)
• Property Crimes(p. 242)
• Vulnerability of Victims(p. 243)
• Victim Precipitation(p. 247)
• Facilitating Factors: Alcohol, Drugs, and Firearms(p. 249)
• Alcohol and Crime(p. 250)
• Drugs and Crime(p. 252)
• Firearms and Crime(p. 254)
• Summary(p. 260)
• Important Terms(p. 261)
• Review Questions(p. 261)
• For Further Study(p. 261)
• 10 Criminal Careers(p. 263)
• Theoretical Perspectives on Criminal Careers(p. 264)
• Analyzing Criminal Careers(p. 265)
• Career Contingencies(p. 265)
• The Labeling Perspective(p. 266)
• The "Zigzag Path": Criminal Careers and Legitimate Pursuits(p. 267)
• Recruitment into a Criminal Career(p. 268)
• Typologies of Criminal Careers(p. 269)
• Delinquent Careers(p. 269)
• Chronic Offenders(p. 270)
• Patterns of Delinquent Careers(p. 271)
• Juvenile Delinquency and Adult Criminal Careers(p. 272)
• Criminal Careers of Robbers(p. 274)
• Career Patterns(p. 275)
• Planning Crimes(p. 275)
• Use of the Stolen Money(p. 276)
• Intensive and Intermittent Career Criminals(p. 276)
• Criminal Careers of White-Collar Offenders(p. 277)
• Leaving a Life of Crime(p. 278)
• A Model of the Exiting Process(p. 278)
• Reasons for Leaving a Career as a Professional Thief(p. 280)
• Reasons for Leaving a Career in Violent Crime(p. 280)
• Reasons for Leaving a Career as a Drug Dealer or Smuggler(p. 281)
• Exiting and Theories of Crime Causation(p. 281)
• Exiting and the Correctional System(p. 283)
• Summary(p. 284)
• Important Terms(p. 285)
• Review Questions(p. 285)
• For Further Study(p. 286)
• 11 The Organization of Criminal Behavior(p. 287)
• The Meaning of Organization(p. 288)
• Juvenile Gangs(p. 290)
• The Unorganized Gang(p. 291)
• The Organized Gang(p. 292)
• Conventional Crime(p. 295)
• Professional Theft(p. 295)
• Drug Smuggling and Dealing(p. 299)
• Violent Crime(p. 301)
• Organized Crime(p. 301)
• The Mafia in the United States(p. 303)
• New Forms of Organized Crime(p. 307)
• White-Collar Crime(p. 309)
• Summary(p. 310)
• Important Terms(p. 311)
• Review Questions(p. 311)
• For Further Study(p. 312)
• 12 Community Reactions to Crime(p. 313)
• Fear of Crime(p. 314)
• Consequences of the Fear of Crime(p. 316)
• Informal Control of Crime(p. 319)
• Community and Informal Social Control(p. 319)
• Defensible Space and Informal Social Control(p. 322)
• Individual Response to Crime(p. 324)
• Bystander Responses to Crime(p. 324)
• Collective Response to Crime(p. 328)
• A Historical and Comparative Perspective(p. 329)
• Urban Patrol Groups(p. 330)
• Neighborhood Watches(p. 332)
• Community Crime-Prevention Strategies(p. 333)
• Summary(p. 334)
• Important Terms(p. 335)
• Review Questions(p. 335)
• For Further Study(p. 336)
• 13 The Criminal Justice System(p. 337)
• The Police(p. 338)
• History of the Police(p. 338)
• Police Abuses of Authority(p. 340)
• The Clearance Rate(p. 346)
• Criminal Courts(p. 347)
• The Bail System(p. 348)
• Preventive Detention(p. 348)
• Prosecutors(p. 349)
• Defense Attorneys(p. 349)
• Judges(p. 350)
• Juries(p. 350)
• Plea Bargaining(p. 350)
• Probation(p. 351)
• Sentence Disparity(p. 352)
• The Prisons(p. 358)
• History of Prisons(p. 359)
• The Prison Population(p. 359)
• Parole(p. 361)
• The Victim in the Criminal Justice System(p. 362)
• Compensation(p. 362)
• Restitution(p. 363)
• The Changing Role of the Victim(p. 364)
• Summary(p. 365)
• Important Terms(p. 366)
• Review Questions(p. 366)
• For Further Study(p. 367)
• 14 Deterrence, Incapacitation, Retribution, and Rehabilitation(p. 368)
• Deterrence(p. 368)
• Assumptions about Behavior(p. 369)
• Deterrence and Other Effects of Penalties(p. 370)
• Deterrence and the Criminal Act(p. 371)
• Deterrence and the Sanctioning Process(p. 372)
• Deterrence and the Criminal Justice System(p. 374)
• Incapacitation(p. 382)
• Selective Incapacitation(p. 382)
• Career Criminal Programs(p. 383)
• "Three Strikes and You're Out"(p. 384)
• Retribution(p. 384)
• A System of Just Deserts(p. 386)
• Retribution and the Criminal Justice System(p. 390)
• Rehabilitation(p. 397)
• Rehabilitation and the Criminal Justice System(p. 398)
• Types of Treatment(p. 400)
• Does Rehabilitation Work?(p. 402)
• Reaffirming Rehabilitation(p. 404)
• Reintegrating the Offender into Society(p. 406)
• The Future of Rehabilitation(p. 407)
• Summary(p. 408)
• Important Terms(p. 409)
• Review Questions(p. 409)
• For Further Study(p. 410)
• 15 Solving the Crime Problem(p. 411)
• Ideological Approaches to Solving the Crime Problem(p. 411)
• The Conservative Approach(p. 411)
• The Liberal Approach(p. 412)
• The Radical Approach(p. 412)
• Attitudes toward the Causes and Prevention of Crime(p. 413)
• The Politics of Crime(p. 414)
• The President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice(p. 414)
• The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration(p. 415)
• The 1968 and 1972 Presidential Elections(p. 416)
• The Crime Issue during the Reagan Administration(p. 416)
• The 1988 Presidential Election and the George H. W. Bush Administration(p. 417)
• The 1992 and 1996 Elections and the Clinton Administration(p. 417)
• The 2000 Presidential Election and the George W. Bush Administration(p. 418)
• Crime and the Criminal Justice System(p. 420)
• Overreach of the Criminal Law(p. 420)
• The Police(p. 420)
• The Courts(p. 421)
• The Prisons(p. 424)
• Situational Crime Prevention(p. 425)
• Target Hardening(p. 426)
• Self-Protective Measures(p. 426)
• Informal Social Control(p. 426)
• Community Crime Prevention(p. 427)
• Dealing with the Causes of Crime(p. 427)
• Economic Factors(p. 428)
• The Process of Social Change(p. 429)
• Political Factors(p. 429)
• Community Ties(p. 430)
• The Family(p. 430)
• The School(p. 431)
• Discrimination(p. 431)
• Conclusion(p. 432)
• Summary(p. 432)
• Important Terms(p. 433)
• Review Questions(p. 433)