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The Polish Revolution cast off the Russian hegemony that had kept the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth impotent for most of the eighteenth century. Before being overthrown by the armies of Catherine the Great, the Four Years' Parliament of 1788-92 passed wide-ranging reforms, culminating in

Europe's first written constitution on 3 May 1791.



In some respects its policies towards the Catholic Church of both rites (Latin and Ruthenian) were more radical than those of Joseph II, and comparable to some of those adopted in the early stages of the French Revolution. Policies included taxation of the Catholic clergy at more than double the

rate of the lay nobility, the confiscation of episcopal estates, the equalization of dioceses, and controversial concessions to Orthodoxy. But the monastic clergy escaped almost unscathed. A method of explaining political decisions in a republican polity is developed in order to show how and why the

Commonwealth went to the verge of schism with Rome in 1789-90, before drawing back. Pope Pius VI could then bless the 'mild revolution' of 3 May 1791, which Poland's clergy and monarch presented to the nobility as a miracle of Divine Providence. The stresses would be eclipsed by dechristianization

in France, the dismemberment of the Commonwealth, and subsequent incarnations of unity between the Catholic Church and the Polish nation.



Probing both 'high politics' and political culture', Richard Butterwick draws on diplomatic and politicalcorrespondence, speeches, pamphlets, sermons, pastoral letters, proclamations, records of local assemblies, and other sources to explore a volatile relationship between altar, throne, and

nobility at the end of Europe's Ancien Regime.

Tabla de contenidos provista por Syndetics

• Getting Started
• How to Use This Book Making the Most of Your Reading Taking
• Notes
• Learning the Writing Process Writing an Outline Gathering Information
• The Making of a Student Essay: From Prewriting to Proofreading
• Section I Organization and Development
• Chapter 1 The Central Idea Identifying the Central Idea Writing a Preliminary Topic Sentence or Thesis Statement
• Some Tips on Writing
• Topic Sentences and Thesis Statements
• Controlling Unity and Development
• Revising the Central Idea
• Practice Writing Central Ideas
• Four Paragraphs for Analysis "Still on the Point"
• "Three Passions I Have Lived For"
• "Echoes"
• Chapter 2 Unity and Coherence Creating
• Unity Maintaining Coherence Visualizing
• Unity and Coherence Revising to Improve
• Unity and Coherence Practicing
• Unity and Coherence From "Waste"
• "Writing and Its Rewards"
• "Study Calculus!"
• "Is Justice Served?"
• Chapter 3 Development Determining
• How Much a Paragraph or Essay
• Should Contain Choosing the Best Method of Development Deciding
• How to Arrange the Ideas and Details in a Paragraph
• Visualizing Paragraph Development
• "The Last Safe Haven"
• "Exile and Return"
• Chapter 4 Introductions and Conclusions Writing Introductions
• Writing Conclusions Visualizing Ways to Write Introduction and Conclusions
• Revising Introductions and Conclusions "How to Keep Air Clean"
• "I Was Just Wondering"
• "A Prayer for the Days of Awe"
• "The Transformation of Maria Fernandez"
• Section II Word Choice and Sentence Patterns
• Chapter 5 Word Choice: Using Concrete, Specific and Vivid Language
• Making Your Writing Concrete
• Making Your Writing Specific
• Making Your Writing Vivid Visualizing Concrete, Specific, and Vivid Details
• Revising to Include Concrete, Specific, and Vivid Language
• "Those Winter Sundays"
• "The San Francisco Earthquake"
• "Of Famine and Green Beer"
• "The Mentally Ill and Human Experimentation: Perfect Together"
• Chapter 6 Word Choice: Using Figurative Language Simile Metaphor Personification Visualizing
• Figurative Language Revising to Include
• Figurative Language Practicing Creating Simile, Metaphor, and Personification
• "January Wind"
• "Joy of an Immigrant, A Thanksgiving" and "Old Man Timochenko"
• "Back from the Brink"
• "The Gift"
• "Music"
• Chapter 7 Sentence Structure: Creating Emphasis and Variety Emphasis
• Variety Visualizing Sentence Structure
• Revising to Create Variety and Emphasis
• Practicing Combining Sentences
• "The Vices of Age"
• "Why We Celebrate Father''s Day: Two Short Essays"
• "A Longing"
• "The Buried Sounds of Children Crying"
• "The Band from Hell"
• Section III Description
• Chapter 8 Describing Places and Things
• Using Proper Nouns
• Using Effective Verbs
• Including Action and People in the Description of a Place
• Visualizing Details that Describe Places and Things
• Revising Descriptive Essays Practicing
• Techniques that Describe Places and Things
• "Watching the Reapers"
• "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas"
• "Subway Station"
• "If at First You Do Not See..."
• Chapter 9 Describing People Describing Your Subject''s
• Appearance and Speech Revealing
• What You Know About Your Subject
• Revealing What Others Say About Your Subject
• Visualizing Details
• That Describe People
• Revising Descriptive
• Essays Practicing Techniques
• That Describe People
• "Photograph of My Father in His Twenty-second Year"
• "Mothers and Fathers"
• "Two Gentlemen of the Pines"
• "Oma: Portrait of a Heroine"
• Section IV Narration
• Chapter 10 Personal Reflection and Autobiography
• Visualizing Details and Techniques
• Important to Personal Reflection and Autobiography
• Revising Autobiographical Essays Practicing
• Skills of Personal Reflection and Autobiography
• "Cry: The Story of a Comfort Woman"
• Edgar Lee Masters
• "The Day I Was Fat"
• "Death of an Officer"
• Chapter 11 Reporting Events
• Visualizing Narrative Elements
• Revising Narrative Skills
• Practicing Narrative Skills
• "Child of the Romans"
• "What the Gossips Saw"
• "The Colossus in the Kitchen"
• Adrienne Schwartz (Student Essay)
• From "Faith of the Father"
• "Frederick Douglass: The Path to Freedom"
• Chapter 12 The Short Story
• Visualizing Narrative Elements in Fiction
• "House Opposite"
• "The Hammon and the Beans"
• America Paredes
• "The Son from America"
• Isaac Bashevis Singer
• "A Worn Path"
• Section V: Exposition and Persuasion
• Explaining Through Illustration
• Explaining Through Comparison and Contrast
• Explaining Through Process Analysis Persuading
• Chapter 13 Illustration
• Specific Facts, Instances, or Occurrences Statistics
• Specific People, Places, or Things Anecdotes Visualizing Examples
• Revising Illustration Essays Practicing Illustration
• "Why Not Real Awards for Real Achievements?"
• "On the Home Front"
• "Wolf"
• "The Death of Common Sense"
• Chapter 14
• Visualizing Methods of Comparison
• Revising Comparison/Contrast Papers
• Practicing Comparison and Contrast
• "The Road from Ixopo"
• "New Blood for Cities"
• "Temptations of Old Age"
• "The Militiaman, the Yuppie, and Me"
• "Columbus and the Moon"
• Chapter 15 Process Analysis Organization, Purpose, and Thesis Clarity and Directness
• Visualizing Process Analysis
• Revising Process
• Analysis Papers Practicing Process
• Analysis "Drawing Electricity from Clouds"
• "How to Fight a Duel"
• "The Measure of Eratosthenes"
• "How I Came Out to My Parents"
• Chapter 16 Persuasion Beginning with an Argument
• Developing Ideas in an Argument Going Beyond Argument
• Addressing Opposing Arguments
• Visualizing Strategies for Persuasion
• Revising Persuasion
• Papers Practicing Strategies for Persuasion
• "Desperate to Learn English"
• "The Right to Be Let Alone"
• "The Media''s Image of Arabs"
• "What''s Wrong with this Picture"
• Glossary
• Index