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Benjamin and Baker trace the professionalization of psychology, and the birth and development of modern practice, in the US from the 19th century to the present.

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• Preface(p. xiii)
• Chapter 1 The Beginnings of Psychological Practice(p. 1)
• Having Your Head Examined: Phrenology(p. 3)
• It's All in the Face: Physiognomy(p. 9)
• Psychology's Other Occult Doubles(p. 14)
• The New Psychology(p. 21)
• Selling the New Psychology(p. 24)
• Conclusion(p. 31)
• Chapter 2 Clinical Psychology(p. 32)
• Mental Asylums(p. 32)
• Clinical Research by Psychologists in the 1890s(p. 38)
• Lightner Witmer's Call for a Clinical Psychology(p. 41)
• Intelligence Testing(p. 42)
• The Early Clinical Psychologists(p. 44)
• Influences on Clinical Psychology at the Turn of the Century(p. 46)
• Freud's Visit and Psychoanalysis in America(p. 46)
• Clifford Beers and the Mental Hygiene Movement(p. 47)
• Morton Prince and Clinical Psychology(p. 48)
• Elwood Worcester and the Emmanuel Movement(p. 49)
• Clinical Psychology: Organization, Certification(p. 51)
• An Outbreak of Psychology: The 1920s(p. 54)
• An Organization for Professional Psychology(p. 56)
• Between the Wars: The Rise of Clinical Assessment(p. 57)
• Shell Shock Cases(p. 59)
• Early Personality Testing(p. 60)
• Projective Personality Testing(p. 61)
• The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)(p. 63)
• World War II and Clinical Psychology(p. 64)
• Clinical Psychology and the Scientist-Practitioner Model(p. 65)
• Psychologists and Psychotherapy(p. 67)
• Models of Psychotherapy(p. 69)
• Behavioral Therapies(p. 70)
• Cognitive Therapies(p. 72)
• Humanistic Therapies(p. 72)
• Further Evidence of a Profession(p. 73)
• Licensure for Professional Psychologists(p. 73)
• Professional Ethics(p. 74)
• Professional Journals(p. 74)
• Professional Psychologists and the APA(p. 75)
• Professional Schools of Psychology(p. 75)
• Clinical Psychology in the 1960s(p. 76)
• Community Mental Health Centers(p. 78)
• Independent Practice(p. 78)
• Conclusion(p. 79)
• Chapter 3 School Psychology(p. 81)
• Education and Democracy(p. 81)
• Child Development and the Legacy of G. Stanley Hall(p. 83)
• Hall's Recapitulation Theory(p. 84)
• Estimating IQs(p. 85)
• Terman and the Study of the Gifted(p. 87)
• Arnold Gesell: The First School Psychologist(p. 88)
• Individual Case Study and the Legacy of Lightner Witmer(p. 89)
• New York in Applied Psychology(p. 90)
• Witmer and the Influence of the Environment(p. 92)
• Special Education and School Psychology(p. 93)
• Psychology in the Schools(p. 94)
• Organization and Identity(p. 96)
• The American Association of Clinical Psychologists(p. 96)
• New Associations(p. 96)
• Recognition(p. 98)
• Entry-level Issue in School Psychology(p. 98)
• Shape and Definition for School Psychology(p. 99)
• Expanding Roles(p. 100)
• School Psychology at Mid-Century(p. 101)
• National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) and School Psychology(p. 101)
• The Thayer Conference(p. 102)
• Recommendations for Training(p. 106)
• Expansion(p. 107)
• Legislation that Impacted School Psychology(p. 109)
• Back to the Future(p. 110)
• The National Association of School Psychologists(p. 111)
• NASP and Division 16(p. 112)
• Conclusion(p. 113)
• Chapter 4 Industrial-Organizational Psychology(p. 115)
• The Salience of the Workplace(p. 116)
• The New Psychology and the Business of Advertising(p. 118)
• Scott and the Power of Suggestion(p. 119)
• Harry Hollingworth and the Effectiveness of Advertising(p. 120)
• Watson's Behavioristic Approach to Advertising(p. 121)
• Hugo Munsterberg and the "Founding" of Industrial Psychology(p. 122)
• Carnegie Tech's Division of Applied Psychology(p. 124)
• The Bureau of Salesmanship Research(p. 126)
• The End of the Division of Applied Psychology(p. 127)
• The One Right Way: Scientific Management(p. 127)
• Problems with Scientific Management(p. 129)
• Workers Are Not Machines(p. 130)
• World War I and Its Aftermath(p. 131)
• Personnel Psychology in the 1920s(p. 132)
• Journal of Applied Psychology(p. 133)
• Psychological Consulting Firms(p. 133)
• Establishing Scientific Legitimacy(p. 135)
• Industrial Psychology Monthly(p. 136)
• Steady Growth(p. 136)
• The Great Depression and the Beginnings of Organizational Psychology(p. 138)
• The Hawthorne Studies(p. 139)
• Attitudes, Leadership, and Worker Satisfaction(p. 141)
• Organizing Industrial Psychologists(p. 142)
• World War II and Its Aftermath(p. 144)
• Human Factors Psychology(p. 145)
• Personnel Psychology after the War(p. 147)
• The Evolution of Graduate Training(p. 148)
• Organizational Psychology Comes of Age(p. 148)
• Lewin's Continuing Influence(p. 148)
• Industrial Strife(p. 149)
• Contemporary I/O Psychology(p. 150)
• Contemporary Personnel Issues(p. 151)
• Training(p. 152)
• Organizational Psychology(p. 152)
• Organizational Development(p. 153)
• Organizational Climate(p. 153)
• Conclusion(p. 154)
• Chapter 5 Counseling Psychology(p. 156)
• A Context for Counseling Psychology(p. 156)
• A More Perfect Union(p. 157)
• Seeking Guidance(p. 158)
• The Work of Frank Parsons(p. 159)
• The Expansion of Guidance(p. 162)
• Education and Psychology(p. 163)
• Brewer and Belief in an Experiential Approach(p. 164)
• Importance of Schools in Vocational Counseling(p. 164)
• Vocational Psychology(p. 166)
• Testing and the Times(p. 167)
• Civilian Applications(p. 167)
• Testing and the Great Depression(p. 168)
• The Emergence of Counseling Psychology(p. 170)
• Preludes to Boulder(p. 171)
• The Meaning of Boulder(p. 172)
• Constructing Counseling Psychology(p. 173)
• A Model of Training(p. 173)
• Influences on Identity(p. 176)
• Carl Rogers and Nondirective Counseling(p. 177)
• Association between Counseling Psychology and Psychology(p. 178)
• Sputnik and the NDEA(p. 179)
• Objections to Testing and Guidance(p. 179)
• NDEA Institutes(p. 180)
• The Question of Identity(p. 181)
• Committee on Status of Counseling Psychology(p. 182)
• Reaction to Committee Report(p. 182)
• Consolidation(p. 184)
• Recent Developments(p. 185)
• Organizational Structure(p. 186)
• Social Action(p. 187)
• Conclusion(p. 188)
• Chapter 6 The Psychological Profession in the 21st Century(p. 189)
• Managed Care(p. 189)
• A Hypothetical Case Study(p. 191)
• The Impact of Managed Care on Psychology(p. 192)
• Ethical Concerns(p. 193)
• The Resocialization of Practitioners(p. 194)
• Farewell My Lovely(p. 195)
• Prescription Privileges for Psychologists(p. 197)
• Opposition to Prescription Privileges(p. 197)
• Clinical Trials for Psychologists(p. 198)
• Proponents for Prescription Privileges(p. 199)
• New Practice Specialities(p. 200)
• Forensic Psychology(p. 200)
• Munsterberg and the Psychology of the Courtroom(p. 200)
• Contemporary Forensic Psychology(p. 202)
• Clients for Forensic Psychology(p. 203)
• The Psychological Autopsy(p. 203)
• Growth of Forensic Psychology(p. 204)
• Sport Psychology(p. 204)
• Coleman Griffith: Founder of Sport Psychology(p. 205)
• Modern Practice of Sport Psychology(p. 207)
• The Work of Sport Psychologists(p. 208)
• Health Psychology(p. 210)
• The Practice of Health Psychologists(p. 211)
• Interventions(p. 212)
• Health Psychology in Hospitals(p. 212)
• Science and the Practice of Psychology(p. 213)
• Contemporary Concerns About Professional Schools of Psychology(p. 214)
• The "Myth" of Professional Psychology(p. 215)
• Doing and Applying Research(p. 216)
• Practice Guidelines(p. 217)
• Conflict Over Guidelines(p. 218)
• The Future of the Profession(p. 219)
• Growth in Health Psychology(p. 220)
• Growth in Psychological Services to Minorities(p. 221)
• Changing Roles for Psychologists(p. 221)
• A Final Comment(p. 222)
• Endnotes(p. 224)
• Index(p. 257)