The conservation and structural restoration of architectural heritage : Giorgio Croci. txt

Por:

Crossi,Giorgio, 1936-

Idioma: Español Series International Series on Advances in Architecture 1368-1435; v.1Southampton, UK ; Boston : Wit Press, 2007Descripción: xv, 251p. ill. ; plans ; 31cmTipo de contenido:

text

Tipo de medio:

unmediaded

Tipo de soporte:

volume

ISBN:

1853124826

Tema(s):

Clasificación LoC:

NA105 C76 2007

Contenidos:

Preface -- Part One -- The Scientific approach to the study of architectural heritage 1 -- Chapter 1The role of structure in the history of architecture 3 -- 1 Introduction 3 -- 2 The first steps - Egyptian and Greek architecture 3 -- 2.1 The first materials 3 -- 2.2 The first constructions 3 -- 3 Roman architecture 8 -- 3.1 The new techniques, technologies and structural conception 8 -- 3.2 The Roman works 11 -- 4 From the Byzantine to the Romanesque in Europe 14 -- 4.1 The Byzantine period 14 -- 4.2 Romanesque architecture 17 -- 5 Architecture in Asia 19 -- 5.1 India and South Asia 19 -- 5.2 China and Japan 21 -- 6 Islamic Architecture 23 -- 6.1 Basic Structural aspects 23 -- 6.2 Islamic architecture in the Middle East 23 -- 6.3 Turkey and Asia 26 -- 7 Gothic 27 -- 7.1 The new structural concept 27 -- 7.2 Major and minor cathedrals 29 -- 8 Renaissance and Baroque architecture 31 -- 8.1 Renaissance 31 -- 8.2 Baroque and neo classicism 33 -- 8.3 Dwellings 36 -- 9 The 10th and 20th centuries 36 -- 9.1 The Buildings 36 -- 9.2 The new materials 38 -- 9.3 The structural evolution of bridges 39 -- Chapter 2 The decay of materials and structural damage 41 -- 1 Introduction 41 -- 1.1 Damage and Decay 41 -- 1.2 The origins of damage and decay 41 -- 1.3 Lowering of the strength: stress ratio 42 -- 1.3.1 The actions 42 -- 1.3.2 The materials 42 -- 1.3.3 The structural behavior 43 -- 2 Decay of materials 43 -- 2.1 Environmental conditions 43 -- 2.1.1 Moisture and the crystallization of salts 43 -- 2.1.2 Air 45 -- 2.1.3 Soil deposits and biological and botanical factors 45 -- 2.1.4 Water 45 -- 2.1.5 Temperature 46 -- 2.1.6 Human intervention 46 -- 2.2 Materials 47 -- 2.2.1 Masonry 47 -- 2.2.1.1 Type of Masonry 47 -- 2.2.1.2 Stone 49 -- 2.2.1.3 Bricks 50 -- 2.2.1.4 Mortars 51 -- 2.2.2 Wood 52 -- 2.2.3 Metal Elements 53 -- 2.2.4 Reinforced and prestressed concrete 54 -- 3 Damage to buildings 54 -- 3.1 Introduction 54 -- 3.2 Kinds of Damage 54 -- 3.2.1 The visible signs 54 -- 3.2.2 Cracks and crack patterns 55 -- 3.2.3 Crushing 56 -- 3.3 Damage in different structural elements 57 -- 3.3.1 Pillars and walls 57 -- 3.3.2 Towers, bell towers and minarets 58 -- 3.3.3 Beams, Floors and roofs 59 -- 3.3.4 Arches and Vaults 59 -- 3.3.5 Buildings 63 -- 4 Diagnosis 63 -- Chapter 3 Acquisition of information and data 65 -- 1 Introduction 65 -- 2 Historical research 66 -- 3 Survey 66 -- 3.1 The aim of surveys 66 -- 3.2 Survey drawings 66 -- 3.3 Photographic surveys 67 -- 3.4 Survey of the structure and its damage 67 -- 3.5 Survey of materials and their decay 67 -- 4 Investigations 67 -- 4.1 The aim of testing 67 -- 4.2 Sampling and laboratory test 67 -- 4.2.1 Sampling 67 -- 4.2.2 Mechanical tests 67 -- 4.2.3 Physio chemical tests 68 -- 4.2.3.1Information to be acquired 68 -- 4.2.3.2 Techniques of analysis 68 -- 4.3 In situ test 69 -- 4.3.1 Endoscopic examination 69 -- 4.3.2 Sonic and ultrasonic tests 70 -- 4.3.3 Relaxation tests 70 -- 4.3.4 Pull out tests 73 -- 4.3.5 Sclerometric and penetration test 73 -- 4.3.6 Static load tests 73 -- 4.3.7 Thermography 74 -- 4.3.8 Magnetometry 74 -- 4.3.9 Dynamic Tests 74 -- 5 Monitoring 74 -- 6 Controls and acceptance 77 -- Chapter 4 Criteria and techniques for conservation and restoration 79 -- 1 The philosophy of structural restoration 79 -- 1.1 The decision to restore 79 -- 1.2 Historical importance and safety 79 -- 1.3 Reversibility 80 -- 1.4 Traditional techniques 80 -- 1.5 Modern techniques 82 -- 1.6 Guidelines for design 88 -- 2 Masonry as a material 89 -- 2.1 General criteria 89 -- 2.2 Partial substitution and reintegration of material 90 -- 2.3 Refixing fragments, sealing, etc. 90 -- 2.4 Rainwater systems and regulation 90 -- 2.5 Protection against rising water 91 -- 2.6 Consolidation of the masonry 92 -- 2.6.1 Chemical Treatments 92 -- 2.6.2 Grout injections 93 -- 2.7 Cleaning 94 -- 2.8 Protection of the surfaces 94 -- 2.9 Maintenance 94 -- 3.0 Masonry as a structure 95 -- 3.1 General Criteria 95 -- 3.2 Improvement of the tensile and shear resistance 95 -- 3.2.1 Masonry built with mortar 95 -- 3.2.2 Dry stone masonry 96 -- 3.2.3 Connections 97 -- 3.3 Walls and pillars 97 -- 3.4 Towers, bell towers and minarets 99 -- 3.5 Floor and roof structures 99 -- 3.6 Arches and vaults 102 -- 3.7 Lintels and architraves 106 -- 3.8 Staircases 107 -- 3.9 Repairs on secondary elements 109 -- 4 Structural repairs on reinforced and prestressed concrete 109 -- 6 Methods of shoring and the correction of permanent deformation 111-- Chapter 5 Soil settlement and remedial measures 115 -- 1 Introduction 115 -- 2 The soils 115 -- 2.1 Types of soils 115 -- 2.2 Rocks 115 -- 2.3 Loose rocks and shale 115 -- 2.3.1 Non-cohesive soils (gravel and sand) 115 -- 2.3.2 Cohesive soils (silt and clay)115 -- 2.4 Peat 116 -- 2.5 Fill Material 116 -- 3 The water 116 -- 4 Soil settlement 116 -- 4.1 Generally 116 -- 4.2 Types of settlements 116 -- 4.2.1 Uniform and non-uniform settlements 117 -- 4.2.2 Instantaneous, delayed and sudden deformation 118 -- 4.2.2.1 The basic types of deformation 118 -- 4.2.2.2 Instantaneous deformations 119 -- 4.2.2.3 Delayed Deformation 119 -- 4.2.2.4 Sudden Deformation 119 -- 4.3 The origin of settlements 119 -- 4.3.1 Increase of the loads on the foundation 119 -- 4.3.2 Variation of the loads on the area surrounding the building 120 -- 4.3.4 Dynamic effects 121 -- 5 Damage to buildings 122 -- 5.1 Linear settlement 123 -- 5.2 Non-Linear settlement 127 -- 6 Preventive Measures 127 -- 6.1 Generally 127 -- 6.2 Large excavations 128 -- 6.3 Small excavations close to surfaces foundations 129 -- 6.4 Underground mining for tunnel construction 129 -- 7 Remedial measures 129 -- 7.1 Generally 129 -- 7.2 Actions to improve the soil’s behavior 131 -- 7.2.1 Generally 131 -- 7.2.2 Improving the soil characteristics 131 -- 7.2.3 Regulation of site water conditions 132 -- 7.2.4 Increasing the soil deformability (underexcavation) 133 -- 7.2.5 Additional works 133 -- 7.3 Actions to modify the pressure under foundations 135 -- 7.3.1 Generally 135 -- 7.3.2 Modification of the loads 135 -- 7.3.2.1 Reduction of the loads 135 -- 7.3.2.2 Increase of the loads 135 -- 7.3.2.3 Redistribution of the loads 139 -- 7.3.3 Enlargements of the foundations 140 -- 7.3.4 Underpinning 142 -- 7.4 Actions to modify the building’s behavior 143 -- 7.4.1 Generally 143 -- 7.4.2 Measures to follow settlements 144 -- 7.4.3 Strengthening to counter the settlement 144 -- 8 The recovery of the deformations 146 -- Chapter 6 Seismic actions and remedial measures 147 -- 1 Introduction 147 -- 2 The dynamic behavior 147 -- 2.1 Natural period and frequency 147 -- 2.2 Dynamic effects 147 -- 2.2.1 Periodic and non-periodic actions 147 -- 2.2.2 Forced and free vibrations 147 -- 2.3 The modes of vibration 149 -- 2.4 Ductility 150 -- 3 Earthquakes 151 -- 3.1 The seismic actions 151 -- 3.2 The effect of the soil 152 -- 3.3 The response spectrum 152 -- 3.3.1 The elastic spectrum related to a specific earthquake 152 -- 3.3.2 The normalized elastic spectrum 153 -- 3.3.3 The design spectrum 153 -- 3.3.4 Modal analysis 154 -- 4 Damage to buildings 154 -- 4.1 Generally 154 -- 4.2 Masonry buildings 157 -- 4.2.1 The materials 157 -- 4.2.2 The global behavior 160 -- 4.2.3 Colums and pillars 161 -- 4.2.4 Walls 163 -- 4.3 Reinforced concrete and prestressed structures 171 -- 5 Preventive and remedial measures 174 -- 5.1 Generally 174 -- 5.2 Improvement of the structural behavior 175 -- 5.2.1 Strengthening of the materials 175 -- 5.2.2 Strengthening of structural elements 176 -- 5.2.3 Strengthening the building as a whole 178 -- 5.2.4 Stiffening of the foundations 181 -- 5.2.5 Stabilisation of structural performance 181 -- 5.2.6 Limitation of displacements 181 -- 5.3 Reduction of the seismic effects 182 -- 5.3.1 Reduction of the transferred energy 182 -- 5.3.2 Reduction of the induced forces 183 -- 6 Case History 183 -- 6.1 The damage 183 -- 6.2 Preventive measures that could have reduced the damage 184 -- 6.3 Remedial actions 184 -- Chapter 7 Diagnosis and safety evaluation 185 -- 1 Introduction 185 -- 2 Birth and development of the science 185 -- 2.1 The first steps 185 -- 2.2 The St Peter’s studies 186 -- 2.3 Inductive and deductive processes 189 -- 2.4 Kant’s scheme 191 -- 3 The procedures for diagnosis and safety evaluation 191 -- 3.1 Position of the problem 191 -- 3.2 The historical-critical criterion 191 -- 3.3 The empirical-qualitative criterion 192 -- 3.4 The analytical-quantative criterion 192 -- 3.5 The experimental criterion 193 -- 3.6 The “judgement” on safety levels 193 -- Part Two Structural analysis of masonry buildings 197 -- Chapter 8 Structural analysis of masonry buildings: general aspects 199 -- 1 Introduction 199 -- 2 The actions 199 -- 3 The masonry characteristics 200 -- 3.1 Introduction 200 -- 3.2 The components 200 -- 3.2.1 The bricks 200 -- 3.2.2 The Stones 200 -- 3.2.3 The mortars 200 -- 3.3 Masonry types 200 -- 3.3.1 Brick masonry 200 -- 3.3.2 Stone masonry 201 -- 3.3.3 Dry block masonry 201 -- 3.4 The strength domain 202 -- 3.4.1 Introduction 202 -- 3.4.2 Plane strength domains 203 -- 3.4.2.1 Normal stress/shear stresses strength domain 203 -- 3.4.2.2 Principal stress strength domain 203 -- 3.4.2.3 The intrinsic curve 205 -- 3.4.3 Space strength domain 205 -- 3.4.4 The use of the strength domain in the structural analysis 206 -- 4 The structural schemes 206 -- 4.1 The need of approximations 206 -- 4.2 Criterion of the global and local effects 207 -- 4.3 Criterion of the zones of influence 208 -- 4.4 Criterion of the collaborating zones 208 -- 4.5 Criterion of the global resultant 209 -- 4.6 Criterion of the distribution of the loads or stresses 210 -- 5 The structural analysis 211 -- 5.1 The difficulties of an exact analysis 211 -- 5.2 Elastic analysis 211 -- 5.3 Non linear analysis 214 -- 5.4 The limit analysis 214 -- 5.4.1 Generally 214 -- 5.4.2 The static and kinematic theorems 215 -- 5.4.3 Application and consequences of the limit analysis 216 -- 5.5 Dynamic analysis and calculations 217 -- 5.5.1 Introduction 217 -- 5.5.2 Distribution of the loads throughout the height of a building 219 -- 5.5.3 Distribution of the loads amongst the building structure’s walls 219 -- 5.6 Soil-structure interaction 221 -- Chapter 9 Structural analysis of masonry buildings: specific calculations 223 -- 1 Introduction 223 -- 2 Pillars and walls subjected to vertical loads 223 -- 2.1 Boundary conditions and structural schemes 223 -- 2.2 Increase of bearing capacity due to containment of lateral expansion 224 -- 2.3 Evaluation of the stress-state near openings 226 -- 3 Walls subjected to horizontal actions perpendicular to the middle plain 227 -- 3.1 Boundary conditions and structural schemes 227 -- 3.2 Limit analysis and the “arch effect” 228 -- 3.3 Improving the strength of the wall 230 -- 4 Walls subjected to horizontal actions parallel to the medium plane 230 -- 4.1 Boundary conditions and structural schemes 230 -- 4.2 Limit analysis of a wall panel 231 -- 4.2.1 The panels 231 -- 4.2.2 Application of the static theorem 232 -- 4.2.3 Application of the Kinematic Theorem 232 -- 4.4 Improving the strength of the wall 233 -- 5 Walls subjected to generic horizontal forces 235 -- 6 The building 235 -- 6.1 The global behavior 235 -- 6.2 Floors and roof 235 -- 6.2.1 Vertical loads 235 -- 6.2.2 Horizontal loads 235 – 6.3 The staircases 235 -- 7 Curve structures 236 -- 7.1 The behavior due to the curvature 236 -- 7.2 The equilibrium equations 238 -- 7.3 Isostatic lines and stress flow 239 -- 8 Arches and cables 240 -- 8.1 Arches 240 -- 8.2 Cables 240 -- 9 Domes and vaults 242 -- 9.1 Domes 242 -- 9.2 Vaults 243 -- 10 Shoring and methods of correcting permanent deformation 244 -- 10.1 Introduction 244 -- 10.2 The calculation of the shoring 244 -- 10.3 The recovery of deformations 244 -- References 247 -- Author’s Report -- Dramatic rescue of the tympanum of the Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi 249 --

Existencias ( 1 )
Notas de título ( 3 )

Existencias
Imagen de cubierta	Tipo de ítem	Biblioteca actual	Biblioteca de origen	Colección	Ubicación en estantería	Signatura topográfica	Materiales especificados	Info Vol	URL	Copia número	Estado	Notas	Fecha de vencimiento	Código de barras	Reserva de ítems	Prioridad de la cola de reserva de ejemplar	Reservas para cursos
	Libro Col. General CARIBET	CARIBET Biblioteca Arquitectura Colección General CARIBET				General NA105 C76 2007 (Navegar estantería(Abre debajo))				1	Disponible			91000000000448

Total de reservas: 0

Descripciones mejoradas de Syndetics:

Structural analysis of architectural heritage is a growing branch of engineering. This first volume, of a two-volume set, aims to contribute to the development of new approaches in the areas of the history of architecture, material characteristics, and instruments and techniques for investigations, diagnosis and restoration. These areas are all vital for the correct understanding of structural behaviour and the ability to make correct decisions for repair and strengthening techniques.

Includes Bibliographical references (p.247)

Preface --
Part One --
The Scientific approach to the study of architectural heritage 1 --
Chapter 1The role of structure in the history of architecture 3 --
1 Introduction 3 --
2 The first steps - Egyptian and Greek architecture 3 --
2.1 The first materials 3 --
2.2 The first constructions 3 --
3 Roman architecture 8 --
3.1 The new techniques, technologies and structural conception 8 --
3.2 The Roman works 11 --
4 From the Byzantine to the Romanesque in Europe 14 --
4.1 The Byzantine period 14 --
4.2 Romanesque architecture 17 --
5 Architecture in Asia 19 --
5.1 India and South Asia 19 --
5.2 China and Japan 21 --
6 Islamic Architecture 23 --
6.1 Basic Structural aspects 23 --
6.2 Islamic architecture in the Middle East 23 --
6.3 Turkey and Asia 26 --
7 Gothic 27 --
7.1 The new structural concept 27 --
7.2 Major and minor cathedrals 29 --
8 Renaissance and Baroque architecture 31 --
8.1 Renaissance 31 --
8.2 Baroque and neo classicism 33 --
8.3 Dwellings 36 --
9 The 10th and 20th centuries 36 --
9.1 The Buildings 36 --
9.2 The new materials 38 --
9.3 The structural evolution of bridges 39 --
Chapter 2 The decay of materials and structural damage 41 --
1 Introduction 41 --
1.1 Damage and Decay 41 --
1.2 The origins of damage and decay 41 --
1.3 Lowering of the strength: stress ratio 42 --
1.3.1 The actions 42 --
1.3.2 The materials 42 --
1.3.3 The structural behavior 43 --
2 Decay of materials 43 --
2.1 Environmental conditions 43 --
2.1.1 Moisture and the crystallization of salts 43 --
2.1.2 Air 45 --
2.1.3 Soil deposits and biological and botanical factors 45 --
2.1.4 Water 45 --
2.1.5 Temperature 46 --
2.1.6 Human intervention 46 --
2.2 Materials 47 --
2.2.1 Masonry 47 --
2.2.1.1 Type of Masonry 47 --
2.2.1.2 Stone 49 --
2.2.1.3 Bricks 50 --
2.2.1.4 Mortars 51 --
2.2.2 Wood 52 --
2.2.3 Metal Elements 53 --
2.2.4 Reinforced and prestressed concrete 54 --
3 Damage to buildings 54 --
3.1 Introduction 54 --
3.2 Kinds of Damage 54 --
3.2.1 The visible signs 54 --
3.2.2 Cracks and crack patterns 55 --
3.2.3 Crushing 56 --
3.3 Damage in different structural elements 57 --
3.3.1 Pillars and walls 57 --
3.3.2 Towers, bell towers and minarets 58 --
3.3.3 Beams, Floors and roofs 59 --
3.3.4 Arches and Vaults 59 --
3.3.5 Buildings 63 --
4 Diagnosis 63 --
Chapter 3 Acquisition of information and data 65 --
1 Introduction 65 --
2 Historical research 66 --
3 Survey 66 --
3.1 The aim of surveys 66 --
3.2 Survey drawings 66 --
3.3 Photographic surveys 67 --
3.4 Survey of the structure and its damage 67 --
3.5 Survey of materials and their decay 67 --
4 Investigations 67 --
4.1 The aim of testing 67 --
4.2 Sampling and laboratory test 67 --
4.2.1 Sampling 67 --
4.2.2 Mechanical tests 67 --
4.2.3 Physio chemical tests 68 --
4.2.3.1Information to be acquired 68 --
4.2.3.2 Techniques of analysis 68 --
4.3 In situ test 69 --
4.3.1 Endoscopic examination 69 --
4.3.2 Sonic and ultrasonic tests 70 --
4.3.3 Relaxation tests 70 --
4.3.4 Pull out tests 73 --
4.3.5 Sclerometric and penetration test 73 --
4.3.6 Static load tests 73 --
4.3.7 Thermography 74 --
4.3.8 Magnetometry 74 --
4.3.9 Dynamic Tests 74 --
5 Monitoring 74 --
6 Controls and acceptance 77 --
Chapter 4 Criteria and techniques for conservation and restoration 79 --
1 The philosophy of structural restoration 79 --
1.1 The decision to restore 79 --
1.2 Historical importance and safety 79 --
1.3 Reversibility 80 --
1.4 Traditional techniques 80 --
1.5 Modern techniques 82 --
1.6 Guidelines for design 88 --
2 Masonry as a material 89 --
2.1 General criteria 89 --
2.2 Partial substitution and reintegration of material 90 --
2.3 Refixing fragments, sealing, etc. 90 --
2.4 Rainwater systems and regulation 90 --
2.5 Protection against rising water 91 --
2.6 Consolidation of the masonry 92 --
2.6.1 Chemical Treatments 92 --
2.6.2 Grout injections 93 --
2.7 Cleaning 94 --
2.8 Protection of the surfaces 94 --
2.9 Maintenance 94 --
3.0 Masonry as a structure 95 --
3.1 General Criteria 95 --
3.2 Improvement of the tensile and shear resistance 95 --
3.2.1 Masonry built with mortar 95 --
3.2.2 Dry stone masonry 96 --
3.2.3 Connections 97 --
3.3 Walls and pillars 97 --
3.4 Towers, bell towers and minarets 99 --
3.5 Floor and roof structures 99 --
3.6 Arches and vaults 102 --
3.7 Lintels and architraves 106 --
3.8 Staircases 107 --
3.9 Repairs on secondary elements 109 --
4 Structural repairs on reinforced and prestressed concrete 109 --
6 Methods of shoring and the correction of permanent deformation 111--
Chapter 5 Soil settlement and remedial measures 115 --
1 Introduction 115 --
2 The soils 115 --
2.1 Types of soils 115 --
2.2 Rocks 115 --
2.3 Loose rocks and shale 115 --
2.3.1 Non-cohesive soils (gravel and sand) 115 --
2.3.2 Cohesive soils (silt and clay)115 --
2.4 Peat 116 --
2.5 Fill Material 116 --
3 The water 116 --
4 Soil settlement 116 --
4.1 Generally 116 --
4.2 Types of settlements 116 --
4.2.1 Uniform and non-uniform settlements 117 --
4.2.2 Instantaneous, delayed and sudden deformation 118 --
4.2.2.1 The basic types of deformation 118 --
4.2.2.2 Instantaneous deformations 119 --
4.2.2.3 Delayed Deformation 119 --
4.2.2.4 Sudden Deformation 119 --
4.3 The origin of settlements 119 --
4.3.1 Increase of the loads on the foundation 119 --
4.3.2 Variation of the loads on the area surrounding the building 120 --
4.3.4 Dynamic effects 121 --
5 Damage to buildings 122 --
5.1 Linear settlement 123 --
5.2 Non-Linear settlement 127 --
6 Preventive Measures 127 --
6.1 Generally 127 --
6.2 Large excavations 128 --
6.3 Small excavations close to surfaces foundations 129 --
6.4 Underground mining for tunnel construction 129 --
7 Remedial measures 129 --
7.1 Generally 129 --
7.2 Actions to improve the soil’s behavior 131 --
7.2.1 Generally 131 --
7.2.2 Improving the soil characteristics 131 --
7.2.3 Regulation of site water conditions 132 --
7.2.4 Increasing the soil deformability (underexcavation) 133 --
7.2.5 Additional works 133 --
7.3 Actions to modify the pressure under foundations 135 --
7.3.1 Generally 135 --
7.3.2 Modification of the loads 135 --
7.3.2.1 Reduction of the loads 135 --
7.3.2.2 Increase of the loads 135 --
7.3.2.3 Redistribution of the loads 139 --
7.3.3 Enlargements of the foundations 140 --
7.3.4 Underpinning 142 --
7.4 Actions to modify the building’s behavior 143 --
7.4.1 Generally 143 --
7.4.2 Measures to follow settlements 144 --
7.4.3 Strengthening to counter the settlement 144 --
8 The recovery of the deformations 146 --
Chapter 6 Seismic actions and remedial measures 147 --
1 Introduction 147 --
2 The dynamic behavior 147 --
2.1 Natural period and frequency 147 --
2.2 Dynamic effects 147 --
2.2.1 Periodic and non-periodic actions 147 --
2.2.2 Forced and free vibrations 147 --
2.3 The modes of vibration 149 --
2.4 Ductility 150 --
3 Earthquakes 151 --
3.1 The seismic actions 151 --
3.2 The effect of the soil 152 --
3.3 The response spectrum 152 --
3.3.1 The elastic spectrum related to a specific earthquake 152 --
3.3.2 The normalized elastic spectrum 153 --
3.3.3 The design spectrum 153 --
3.3.4 Modal analysis 154 --
4 Damage to buildings 154 --
4.1 Generally 154 --
4.2 Masonry buildings 157 --
4.2.1 The materials 157 --
4.2.2 The global behavior 160 --
4.2.3 Colums and pillars 161 --
4.2.4 Walls 163 --
4.3 Reinforced concrete and prestressed structures 171 --
5 Preventive and remedial measures 174 --
5.1 Generally 174 --
5.2 Improvement of the structural behavior 175 --
5.2.1 Strengthening of the materials 175 --
5.2.2 Strengthening of structural elements 176 --
5.2.3 Strengthening the building as a whole 178 --
5.2.4 Stiffening of the foundations 181 --
5.2.5 Stabilisation of structural performance 181 --
5.2.6 Limitation of displacements 181 --
5.3 Reduction of the seismic effects 182 --
5.3.1 Reduction of the transferred energy 182 --
5.3.2 Reduction of the induced forces 183 --
6 Case History 183 --
6.1 The damage 183 --
6.2 Preventive measures that could have reduced the damage 184 --
6.3 Remedial actions 184 --
Chapter 7 Diagnosis and safety evaluation 185 --
1 Introduction 185 --
2 Birth and development of the science 185 --
2.1 The first steps 185 --
2.2 The St Peter’s studies 186 --
2.3 Inductive and deductive processes 189 --
2.4 Kant’s scheme 191 --
3 The procedures for diagnosis and safety evaluation 191 --
3.1 Position of the problem 191 --
3.2 The historical-critical criterion 191 --
3.3 The empirical-qualitative criterion 192 --
3.4 The analytical-quantative criterion 192 --
3.5 The experimental criterion 193 --
3.6 The “judgement” on safety levels 193 --
Part Two Structural analysis of masonry buildings 197 --
Chapter 8 Structural analysis of masonry buildings: general aspects 199 --
1 Introduction 199 --
2 The actions 199 --
3 The masonry characteristics 200 --
3.1 Introduction 200 --
3.2 The components 200 --
3.2.1 The bricks 200 --
3.2.2 The Stones 200 --
3.2.3 The mortars 200 --
3.3 Masonry types 200 --
3.3.1 Brick masonry 200 --
3.3.2 Stone masonry 201 --
3.3.3 Dry block masonry 201 --
3.4 The strength domain 202 --
3.4.1 Introduction 202 --
3.4.2 Plane strength domains 203 --
3.4.2.1 Normal stress/shear stresses strength domain 203 --
3.4.2.2 Principal stress strength domain 203 --
3.4.2.3 The intrinsic curve 205 --
3.4.3 Space strength domain 205 --
3.4.4 The use of the strength domain in the structural analysis 206 --
4 The structural schemes 206 --
4.1 The need of approximations 206 --
4.2 Criterion of the global and local effects 207 --
4.3 Criterion of the zones of influence 208 --
4.4 Criterion of the collaborating zones 208 --
4.5 Criterion of the global resultant 209 --
4.6 Criterion of the distribution of the loads or stresses 210 --
5 The structural analysis 211 --
5.1 The difficulties of an exact analysis 211 --
5.2 Elastic analysis 211 --
5.3 Non linear analysis 214 --
5.4 The limit analysis 214 --
5.4.1 Generally 214 --
5.4.2 The static and kinematic theorems 215 --
5.4.3 Application and consequences of the limit analysis 216 --
5.5 Dynamic analysis and calculations 217 --
5.5.1 Introduction 217 --
5.5.2 Distribution of the loads throughout the height of a building 219 --
5.5.3 Distribution of the loads amongst the building structure’s walls 219 --
5.6 Soil-structure interaction 221 --
Chapter 9 Structural analysis of masonry buildings: specific calculations 223 --
1 Introduction 223 --
2 Pillars and walls subjected to vertical loads 223 --
2.1 Boundary conditions and structural schemes 223 --
2.2 Increase of bearing capacity due to containment of lateral expansion 224 --
2.3 Evaluation of the stress-state near openings 226 --
3 Walls subjected to horizontal actions perpendicular to the middle plain 227 --
3.1 Boundary conditions and structural schemes 227 --
3.2 Limit analysis and the “arch effect” 228 --
3.3 Improving the strength of the wall 230 --
4 Walls subjected to horizontal actions parallel to the medium plane 230 --
4.1 Boundary conditions and structural schemes 230 --
4.2 Limit analysis of a wall panel 231 --
4.2.1 The panels 231 --
4.2.2 Application of the static theorem 232 --
4.2.3 Application of the Kinematic Theorem 232 --
4.4 Improving the strength of the wall 233 --
5 Walls subjected to generic horizontal forces 235 --
6 The building 235 --
6.1 The global behavior 235 --
6.2 Floors and roof 235 --
6.2.1 Vertical loads 235 --
6.2.2 Horizontal loads 235 –
6.3 The staircases 235 --
7 Curve structures 236 --
7.1 The behavior due to the curvature 236 --
7.2 The equilibrium equations 238 --
7.3 Isostatic lines and stress flow 239 --
8 Arches and cables 240 --
8.1 Arches 240 --
8.2 Cables 240 --
9 Domes and vaults 242 --
9.1 Domes 242 --
9.2 Vaults 243 --
10 Shoring and methods of correcting permanent deformation 244 --
10.1 Introduction 244 --
10.2 The calculation of the shoring 244 --
10.3 The recovery of deformations 244 --
References 247 --
Author’s Report --
Dramatic rescue of the tympanum of the Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi 249 --

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