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James/Whisenhunt/Myer's CRISIS INTERVENTION STRATEGIES, 9th Edition, presents the latest skills and techniques for handling crisis situations. The text features the authors' task and triage assessment model, which illustrates and explains the process of dealing with people in crisis. Using this model, the authors build specific strategies for assessing and handling different crisis situations, accompanied in many cases with dialogue that a practitioner might use when working with the individual in crisis. Updates include new LASER protocol for ethical decision-making, world view of crisis beyond the U.S. border and detail changes in intervention procedures due to COVID-19. The 9th edition also includes videos demonstrating crisis intervention techniques for students who must understand the theoretical underpinnings of crisis intervention theories and apply them in crisis situations.

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• 1 Basic Training: Crisis Intervention Theory and Application(1)
• Chapter 1 Approaching Crisis Intervention(2)
• A Brief History of Crisis Intervention(2)
• Grassroots Movements(4)
• The Importance of Volunteerism(5)
• The Need for Institutionalism(5)
• The Media and the Societal Impetus for Crisis Intervention(6)
• COVID-19 and the Rise of Telebehavioral Health(8)
• A Positive Shift in Attitude(8)
• The Case Against Too Much "Helping"(8)
• Definitions of Crisis(9)
• Individual Crisis Definitions(9)
• Behavioral Emergencies(10)
• Systemic Crisis Definitions(10)
• Mega Crisis(11)
• Metastasizing Crisis(12)
• Characteristics of Crisis(12)
• Transcrisis States(13)
• Transcrisis Differentiated from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder(14)
• Transcrisis Points(15)
• Theories of Crisis and Crisis Intervention(15)
• Basic Crisis Intervention Theory(15)
• Expanded Crisis Theory(16)
• Applied Crisis Theory(20)
• Crisis Intervention Models(21)
• The Equilibrium Model(21)
• The Cognitive Model(21)
• The Psychosocial Transition Model(21)
• The Develop mental-Ecological Model(22)
• The Contextual-Ecological Model(22)
• Psychological First Aid(22)
• The ACT Model(23)
• Playbook/Game Plan Model(24)
• Eclectic/Integrated Crisis Intervention Theory(24)
• Characteristics of Effective Crisis Workers(25)
• Life Experiences(25)
• Personal Characteristics(26)
• Rewards(27)
• Summary(28)
• Chapter 2 Culturally Effective Helping in Crisis(30)
• Multicultural Perspectives in Crisis Intervention(30)
• Core Multicultural Attributes(32)
• Culturally Biased Assumptions(33)
• Universal Versus Focused Views(35)
• Working on the Individualist/Collectivist-High/ Low-Context Continuum(36)
• Emic Versus Eric Models of Multiculturalism(38)
• Awareness of Both Ecology and Multicultural Competencies(42)
• Toward Culturally Effective Helping During a Crisis(43)
• Culturally Effective Helping(44)
• Positive Aspects of an Effective Multicultural Counselor(46)
• When in Rome, Italy … or Georgia(47)
• Language Barriers(48)
• Religion and Spirituality(48)
• Support Systems(50)
• Occupation as a Cultural Barrier(51)
• Geographic Locale as a Cultural Barrier(51)
• The Dilemma of Local Consultation(52)
• The Necessity of Acting(53)
• Training(53)
• Where It Stands Now … Sorta(53)
• Summary(54)
• Chapter 3 The Intervention and Assessment Models(55)
• Introduction(55)
• A Hybrid Model of Crisis Intervention(56)
• Task 1 Predispositioning/Engaging/Initiating Contact(57)
• Task 2 Problem Exploration: Defining the Crisis(59)
• Task 3 Providing Support(59)
• Default Task: Safety(61)
• Task 4 Examining Alternatives(61)
• Task 5 Planning in Order to Reestablish Control(62)
• Task 6 Obtaining Commitment(64)
• Task 7 Follow-up(64)
• Assessment in Crisis Intervention(65)
• Assessing the Severity of Crisis(66)
• The ABCs of Assessing in Crisis Intervention(66)
• The Triage Assessment System(67)
• The Triage Assessment Form(67)
• Alternate Forms of the TAF(75)
• Default Drug Assessment(76)
• Default Lethality Potential Assessment(77)
• Assessing the Client's Current Emotional Functioning(77)
• Assessing Alternatives, Coping Mechanisms, and Support Systems(79)
• Assessing for Legal and Ethical Issues(79)
• Assessment(81)
• Setting(81)
• Ethical Principles(82)
• Resolution(83)
• Summary(83)
• Chapter 4 The Tools of the Trade(85)
• Introduction(85)
• Listening in Crisis Intervention(85)
• Open-Ended Questions(85)
• Closed-Ended Questions(86)
• Restatement and Summary Clarification(87)
• Owning Feelings(87)
• Facilitative Listening(90)
• Basic Strategies of Crisis Intervention(92)
• Climate of Client Growth(94)
• Communicating Empathy(94)
• Communicating Genuineness(98)
• Communicating Acceptance(99)
• In the Field(100)
• Acting in Crisis Intervention(101)
• Directive Intervention(102)
• Collaborative Counseling(102)
• Nondirective Counseling(103)
• Action Strategies for Crisis Workers(103)
• Summary(108)
• Chapter 5 Crisis Case Handling(109)
• Handling Crisis Cases Versus Long-Term Cases(109)
• Case Handling at Walk-In Crisis Facilities(110)
• Types of Presenting Crises(110)
• Case Handling at a Community Mental Health Clinic(114)
• Police and Crisis Intervention(116)
• Changing Role of the Police(117)
• Police and People with Mental Health Crises(117)
• The Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) Program(118)
• Sequential Intercept Model (SIM)(123)
• Transcrisis Handling in Long-Term Therapy(125)
• Anxiety Reactions(125)
• Regression(126)
• Problems of Termination(127)
• Crisis in the Therapy Session(127)
• Psychotic Breaks(128)
• People With Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)(129)
• Counseling Difficult Clients(134)
• Ground Rules for Counseling Difficult Clients(134)
• Confronting Difficult Clients(135)
• Confidentiality in Case Handling(135)
• Summary(136)
• Chapter 6 Telephone and Online Crisis Counseling(137)
• Introduction(137)
• Case Handling on Telephone Crisis Lines(138)
• Telephone Counseling Strategies(140)
• Making Psychological Contact(140)
• Defining the Problem(141)
• Ensuring Safety and Providing Support(142)
• Considering Alternatives and Making Plans(143)
• Obtaining Commitment(143)
• Errors and Fallacies(144)
• Regular, Extremely Distressed, and Abusive Callers(145)
• Understanding the Regular Caller's Agenda(146)
• Handling the Extremely Distressed Caller(148)
• Other Problem Callers(151)
• Handling the Problem Callers(153)
• Hotlines(155)
• Tele-Behavioral Health Growing Role in Crisis Intervention(156)
• The Appeal of Online Counseling(158)
• Problems of Legal and Ethical Issues in Tele-behavioral Health(159)
• Netiquette(161)
• Predispositioning/Making Contact(162)
• Need for Training(164)
• Does It Work?(165)
• Summary(165)
• 2 Handling Specific Crises: Going Into the Trenches(167)
• Chapter 7 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder(168)
• Introduction(168)
• History(169)
• Terminology(169)
• Summary of Diagnostic Criteria(172)
• Complex PTSD(175)
• The Question of Preexisting Psychopathology(176)
• Neurophysiological Responses(177)
• Affective-State-Dependent Retention(178)
• Children and Neuropathology(178)
• Incidence, Impact, and Trauma Type(178)
• Incidence(178)
• Residual Impact(179)
• Importance of Trauma Type(180)
• Vietnam: The Combat Archetype(180)
• Intrusive-Repetitive Ideation(185)
• Denial/Numbing(185)
• Increased Nervous Symptom Arousal(186)
• Dissociation(186)
• Social Supports(187)
• Maladaptive Patterns Characteristic of PTSD(188)
• The Traumatic Wake of Iraq and Afghanistan(190)
• The Comprehensive Solider Fitness Program(191)
• Components of Treatment for Adults(192)
• Assessment(192)
• Phases of Recovery(197)
• Importance of Acceptance(197)
• Risks of Treatment(199)
• Multiphasic/Multimodal Treatment(199)
• Psychotropic Medication(203)
• Individual Intervention Stages(203)
• Emergency/Outcry(203)
• Extinguishing Intrusive Images(204)
• Numbing/Denial(204)
• Reflection and Transition(207)
• Integration(208)
• Group Treatment(208)
• Support Groups(209)
• The Life Adjustment Group(215)
• Family Treatment(215)
• Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)(216)
• The Controversy over EMDR(216)
• EMDR Therapy(217)
• Children and PTSD(220)
• Diagnostic Criteria for Children(220)
• Support Systems(221)
• Types of Trauma(222)
• Etched Memories(222)
• Developmental Issues(223)
• Other Responses to Type I Trauma(224)
• Type II Traumas(225)
• Intervention Strategies(225)
• Therapy(226)
• Final Words on the Case of Carlos(228)
• Moving Beyond the Trauma(229)
• Summary(230)
• Chapter 8 Crisis of Lethality(232)
• Background(232)
• The Scope of the Suicide Crisis(233)
• Suicide and the Moral Dilemma(234)
• Euthanasia(235)
• The Dynamics of Suicide(236)
• Psychological Theories(236)
• Sociological Theory(237)
• Other Explanations(238)
• Characteristics of People Who Complete Suicide(240)
• Similarities Between Suicide and Homicide(240)
• Analyzing Suicide/Homicide Notes(241)
• Myths About Suicide(242)
• Assessment(244)
• Suicide Clues(244)
• Warning Signs(244)
• Risk Factors(245)
• Assessment Instruments(246)
• Using the Triage Assessment Form in Addressing Lethality(248)
• Intervention Strategies(250)
• The Three I's(250)
• Crisis Management(254)
• Older Adults(261)
• Guidelines for Family, Friends, and Associates(264)
• Some "Don'ts" and a Few "Dos."(265)
• The Psychological Autopsy(266)
• Postvention(267)
• Child Survivors(267)
• Parent Survivors(268)
• Support Groups(268)
• Transcrisis Postvention(269)
• Losing a Client to Suicide(271)
• Summary(271)
• Chapter 9 Sexual Assault(273)
• The Scope of the Problem(273)
• Underreporting(275)
• Defining Rape: The Unique Situation of Sexual Abuse/Rape Survivors(275)
• The Dynamics of Rape(276)
• Social/Cultural Factors(276)
• Personal and Psychological Factors(276)
• Myths About Rape(277)
• Date and Acquaintance Rape(280)
• Candy Is Dandy, but Liquor Is Quicker-and More Violent(281)
• Preventing Date, Acquaintance, and Other Forms of Rape(281)
• Intervention Strategies for Rape and Battery: The Case of Melody(283)
• Immediate Aftermath(283)
• Using Support Systems and Stopping Secondary Victimization(286)
• Responses(288)
• The Following Three Months(288)
• PTSD(288)
• Critical Supports(289)
• Adult Survivors of Childhood Sexual Abuse(290)
• Psychological Trauma and Sequelae(290)
• False Memories(291)
• Intervention Strategies for Adult Survivors: The Case of Heath(292)
• Assessment(293)
• Support Groups for Adult Survivors(301)
• Religiosity and Spirituality(301)
• Sexual Abuse in Childhood(302)
• The Numbers(302)
• Dynamics of Sexual Abuse in Childhood(303)
• Dynamics of Sexual Abuse in Families(304)
• Phases of Child Sexual Abuse(306)
• Intervention Strategies with Children(308)
• Therapeutic Options(308)
• Intervention Strategies for Child Sexual Abuse: The Case of Elizabeth(312)
• Disclosure(312)
• Prosecuting the Perpetrator(315)
• Aftermath(317)
• Counseling(317)
• Group Support Work with Nonoffending Parents(317)
• Summary(319)
• Chapter 10 Partner Violence(320)
• Introduction(320)
• The Incidence of Partner Violence(321)
• Emerging Approaches to Partner Violence(323)
• Dynamics of Partner Violence(324)
• Psychosocial and Cultural Dynamics(324)
• Psychological Factors(327)
• Myths About IPV(330)
• Profiling the IPV Perpetrator(331)
• The Cycle of Violence(331)
• Realities for Abused Individuals(332)
• Intervention Strategies(333)
• Assessment(333)
• Crisis Lines(335)
• Components of Intervention(336)
• Shelters(344)
• Shelter Dynamics(345)
• Follow-Up(348)
• Intervention with Children(348)
• Teen Dating Violence(351)
• Stalking(351)
• Cyberstalking(352)
• Treating IPV Perpetrators(353)
• The Duluth Model(354)
• Summary(356)
• Chapter 11 Family Crisis Intervention(357)
• Introduction(357)
• Definition of Family Crisis(358)
• Transcrisis(360)
• Research on Family Crisis(360)
• Medical Crises(361)
• Disaster Recovery(361)
• Family Crisis Models(362)
• Types of Crisis Families Encounter(365)
• Dynamics of Family Intervention(367)
• Case Vignette(371)
• Hybrid Model Applied to Families(371)
• Stages of Family Resolution of Crises(385)
• Cultural Issues(391)
• Summary(391)
• Chapter 12 Personal Loss Bereavement and Grief(392)
• Introduction(392)
• Terms Critical to Understanding Loss(394)
• Dynamics of Bereavement(397)
• Cultural Dynamics(397)
• Sociocukural Mores(398)
• Spirituality and Religion(399)
• Conceptual Approaches to Bereavement(400)
• Stage/Phase Models(400)
• A Counterpoint to Traditional Models(401)
• Assessment Tools(403)
• Types of Loss(404)
• Death of a Spouse(404)
• Loss Due to Caregiving(405)
• Death by Euthanasia(406)
• Death of a Child(407)
• Bereavement in Childhood(408)
• Intervention and Treatment(409)
• Bereavement in Adolescence(410)
• Bereavement in Older People(411)
• COVID Isolation(412)
• Job Loss(413)
• Separation and Divorce(414)
• Death of a Pet(414)
• Prolonged Grief Disorder, Bereavement, and Mourning Reaction(415)
• Intervention Strategies(417)
• Being There for Grievers: A Worker Imperative(417)
• Fitting Technique to Style of Grief(418)
• Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches(420)
• Constructivist Approaches(420)
• Attachment Theory and Therapy(420)
• Dealing With Loss(420)
• Sudden Death of a Spouse(420)
• Traumatic Death of a Child(424)
• First Crisis Session 3 Months After Gene's Death(425)
• Second Crisis Session 1 Week Later(428)
• Third Crisis Session a Week Later(429)
• Bereavement in Childhood(430)
• Separation and Divorce(433)
• Death of a Pet(437)
• Bereavement in Older People(439)
• Complicated Grief: Death of a Mother(441)
• The Crisis Worker's Own Grief(445)
• Is There Any Lemonade in All These Sour Lemons?(446)
• Summary(447)
• Chapter 13 Crises in Schools(449)
• The New-Millennium, Violence-Proof School Building(449)
• Conflicting Statistics(452)
• Violence and Youth(454)
• Gangs(455)
• Types of Gangs(455)
• Emergence of Suburban and Rural Gangs(456)
• Gang Intervention/Prevention Programs(457)
• School Resource Officer(461)
• Bullying(464)
• Cyberbullying(465)
• Bystander Training(467)
• The Estranged Violent Juvenile Offender(469)
• A Comparison of Traits, Characteristics, and Behaviors of SVJOs and EVJOs(470)
• Case Study: Seung-hui Cho(475)
• Screening the EVJO(475)
• Interviewing the Potential EVJO(477)
• Acting(481)
• School-Based Suicide Prevention and Intervention(481)
• Risk Factors/Predictors/Cues(483)
• Preadolescent Suicide(484)
• Child and Adolescent Cases of Suicidal Ideation(484)
• Postvention(487)
• Crisis Intervention and the Tier System(491)
• Planning for a Crisis with the SORT(492)
• The School Crisis Response Team (SCRT)(495)
• Implementing the Crisis Plan(497)
• Physical Requirements(497)
• Logistics(497)
• Responding to the Crisis(498)
• Grief and Memorializing Schools(501)
• Group Work(503)
• Defining the Boundaries(505)
• Transcrisis Intervention with Individuals and the Total School System(505)
• The Case of Josh(506)
• Epilogue(508)
• Summary(510)
• 3 On the Home Front: Crisis in the Human Services Workplace(511)
• Chapter 14 Violent Behavior in Institutions(512)
• Warning(512)
• Precipitating Factors(514)
• Institutional Culpability(516)
• Universities and Their Counseling Centers(516)
• Denial(517)
• Staff Culpability(518)
• Ethical and Legal Liability(519)
• Dynamics of Violence in Human Services Settings(520)
• Violence Potential Assessment Instruments(520)
• Structured Professional Judgment(521)
• Bases for Violence(523)
• Intervention Strategies(527)
• Security Planning(527)
• Threat Assessment Teams(528)
• Training(530)
• Record Keeping and Program Evaluation(534)
• Stages of Intervention(534)
• The Violent Older Client(544)
• Mild Disorientation: The Case of Cliff(545)
• Distinguishing Between Illusions and Hallucinations(548)
• Disorientation with Dementia: The Case of Grace(550)
• Follow-up With Staff Victims(551)
• Summary(553)
• Chapter 15 Human Services Workers in Crisis Burnout, Vicarious Traumatization, and Compassion Fatigue(554)
• Burnout(554)
• Helping Professionals: Prime Candidates(555)
• Dynamics of Burnout(556)
• Cornerstones of Burnout(557)
• Research on Burnout Dynamics(558)
• Myths That Engender Burnout(559)
• Symptoms of Burnout(560)
• Levels of Burnout(560)
• Stages of Burnout(560)
• Worker-Client Relationships(562)
• The Culpability of Organizations(566)
• Self-Recognition of Burnout(567)
• Assessment(567)
• Intervention Strategies(568)
• Private Practitioners and Burnout(578)
• Intervention with the Individual: A Case Study(579)
• The Client(580)
• Ethical Issues(581)
• Assessment(582)
• Intervention(583)
• The Next Week(586)
• Vignette Summary(588)
• Summary(590)
• 4 No Man's Land: Facing Disaster(591)
• Chapter 16 Disaster Response(593)
• Types of Disasters(593)
• A Brief History of Disaster Mental Health Provision(595)
• Where the World Is(599)
• International Terrorism and Human-Made Disasters(599)
• New Directions and New Visions(601)
• System Overview(603)
• Microsystem(603)
• Mesosystem(603)
• Exosystem(607)
• Macrosystem(607)
• Chronosystem(608)
• The Society(611)
• Defining Principles of a Crisis Intervention Ecosystem(612)
• National Crisis Response Teams(614)
• Mental Health Components of Local EMAs(621)
• What Happened With Katrina?(622)
• What about COVID-19?(624)
• Psychological First Aid and Psychosocial Support as Applied to Disaster Survivors(625)
• When More Than PFA Is Needed(625)
• The Current State of Affairs(626)
• The People of Disasters: Responders and Survivors(628)
• Crisis Workers at the Disaster(628)
• Thoughts of a Mental Health Worker on Katrina One Year Later(628)
• Lessons I Learned From Katrina(631)
• 9/11 What No Class Prepared Me For(632)
• Case Study of the Benefield Family(633)
• Tuesday, April 21, 14:00 Hours Military Time (2:00 p.m. CDT)(633)
• April 21, 14:15 Hours Military Time (2:15 p.m., 15 minutes After the Tornado)(634)
• April 21, 14:25 Hours, Emergency Command Center(634)
• April 21, 14:35 Hours, Midville Middle School, School Crisis Response Team Meeting in Cafeteria(634)
• April 21, 15:05 Hours, above Midville in a helicopter(635)
• April 21, 15:21 Hours, Command Center(636)
• April 21, 15:51 Hours, Midville Elementary School(636)
• April 21, 15:30 Hours, EOC Command Center(637)
• April 21, 15:35 Hours(637)
• April 21, 17:12 Hours(638)
• April 21, 18:23 Hours(638)
• April 21, 19:02 Hours, Midville Civic Center(638)
• April 21, 19:22 Hours, Civic Center Reception and Clearing Area(640)
• April 22, 08:35 Hours, National Guard Armory Disaster Shelter(640)
• April 22, 09:42 Hours, Seabrook Packing Plant Temporary Morgue(641)
• April 24, 11:00 Hours, Hatchie County Mental Health Center(642)
• April 25, 18:00 Hours, High School Gymnasium(642)
• April 30, 16:00 Hours, Hatchie County Mental Health Center(644)
• May 8, 09:00 Hours, Midville Baptist Church (Temporary Site for Midville Elementary School)(645)
• May 15, 16:00 Hours, Hatchie County Mental Health Center(646)
• May 22, 16:00 Hours, Hatchie County Mental Health Center(646)
• April 25 (1 year and 4 days after the tornado), 16:00 Hours, Hatchie County Mental Health Center(647)
• Multiculturalism at Work(648)
• Spiritualism/religion(649)
• Focus on the Worker(650)
• Debriefing Models(650)
• Debriefing Emergency Workers(651)
• Debriefing Crisis Workers(653)
• Final Thoughts(656)
• Summary(656)
• References(658)
• Glossary(754)
• Index(762)