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In order to distinguish between those who may and may not enter or leave, states everywhere have developed extensive systems of identification, central to which is the passport. This innovative book argues that documents such as passports, internal passports and related mechanisms have been crucial in making distinctions between citizens and non-citizens. It examines how the concept of citizenship has been used to delineate rights and penalties regarding property, liberty, taxes and welfare. It focuses on the US and Western Europe, moving from revolutionary France to the Napoleonic era, the American Civil War, the British industrial revolution, pre-World War I Italy, the reign of Germany's Third Reich and beyond. This innovative study combines theory and empirical data in questioning how and why states have established the exclusive right to authorize and regulate the movement of people.

Tabla de contenidos provista por Syndetics

• Acknowledgments(p. ix)
• Introduction(p. 1)
• 1 Coming and Going: On the State Monopolization of the Legitimate "Means of Movement"(p. 4)
• Monopolizing the legitimate means of movement(p. 6)
• Modern states: "penetrating" or "embracing"?(p. 10)
• Getting a grip: institutionalizing the nation-state(p. 14)
• The prevalence of passport controls in absolutist Europe(p. 18)
• 2 "Argus of the Patrie": The Passport Question in the French Revolution(p. 21)
• The passport problem at the end of the Old Regime(p. 21)
• The flight of the King and the revolutionary renewal of passport controls(p. 25)
• The Constitution of 1791 and the elimination of passport controls(p. 29)
• The debate over passport controls of early 1792(p. 32)
• A detailed examination of the new passport law(p. 36)
• Passports and freedom of movement under the Convention(p. 44)
• Passport concerns of the Directory(p. 51)
• 3 Sweeping Out Augeas's Stable: The Nineteenth-Century Trend Toward Freedom of Movement(p. 57)
• From the emancipation of the peasantry to the end of the Napoleonic era(p. 58)
• Prussian backwardness? A comparative look at the situation in the United Kingdom(p. 66)
• Freedom of movement and citizenship in early nineteenth-century Germany(p. 71)
• Toward the relaxation of passport controls in the German lands(p. 75)
• The decriminalization of travel in the North German Confederation(p. 81)
• Broader significance of the 1867 law(p. 88)
• 4 Toward the "Crustacean Type of Nation": The Proliferation of Identification Documents From the Late Nineteenth Century to the First World War(p. 93)
• Passport controls and state development in the United States(p. 93)
• Paper walls: Passports and Chinese exclusion(p. 96)
• The "nationalization" of immigration restriction in the United States(p. 101)
• Sovereignty and dependence: The Italian passport law of 1901(p. 103)
• The spread of identification documents for foreigners in France(p. 105)
• The resurrection of passport controls in late nineteenth-century Germany(p. 108)
• The First World War and the "temporary" reimposition of passport controls(p. 111)
• "Temporary" passport controls become permanent(p. 116)
• The United States and the end of the laissez faire era in migration(p. 117)
• 5 From National to Postnational? Passports and Constraints on Movement from the Interwar to the Postwar Era(p. 122)
• The emergence of the international refugee regime in the early interwar period(p. 124)
• Passports, identity papers, and the Nazi persecution of the Jews(p. 131)
• Loosening up: Passport controls and regional integration in postwar Europe(p. 143)
• Conclusion: A Typology of "Papers"(p. 158)
• International passports(p. 159)
• Internal passports(p. 164)
• Identity cards(p. 165)
• Notes(p. 168)
• References(p. 191)
• Index(p. 203)

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Library Journal Review

No abstract sociological text, this work is notable for its absence of jargon and its solid grounding in historical fact. Torpey (sociology, Univ. of California, Irvine) analyzes how increasingly powerful states wrested from private institutions the power to regulate the movement of citizens across internationalÄand sometimes internalÄfrontiers. Passports and identification papers played a pivotal role in this extension of state authority. Their newfound control over citizens enabled governments to extract resources from society with unprecedented efficiency. For instance, accurate identification papers helped French revolutionaries to mobilize their nation for protracted war in the 1790s. By distinguishing citizen from foreigner, identification papers evolved into a bureaucratic expression of nationality. Torpey sounds a cautionary note by pointing out that civil liberties inevitably clash with the state's efforts to "embrace" the citizenry more tightly. Although this book may have minimal appeal beyond academic circles, it would be a worthy addition to academic library collections.ÄJames Holmes, Fletcher Sch. of Law & Diplomacy, Tufts Univ., Medford, MA (c) Copyright 2010. Library Journals LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Media Source, Inc. No redistribution permitted.

Notas de autor provistas por Syndetics

John Torpey is an Assistant Professor of Sociology and Chair of the International Studies Faculty Board at the University of California, Irvine.