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A study of environmental soil science. This second edition presents new material on: abiotic, biological and biochemical weathering of minerals in soils; microbial compounds such as enzymes, hormones, mucigel, and extracellular polysaccharides; electric double layer theory; desertification and soil degradation as well as natural processes of ageing; low-input sustainable agriculture; schemes for cultivating crops in outer space; and more.

Tabla de contenidos provista por Syndetics

• Preface to the Second Edition(p. iii)
• Preface to the First Edition(p. ix)
• Chapter 1 Soils and the Environment(p. 1)
• 1.1 Definition and Concept of Soils(p. 1)
• 1.2 Pedologic Concept of Soils(p. 3)
• 1.3 Soil Orders(p. 8)
• 1.3.1 Entisols(p. 10)
• 1.3.2 Gelisols(p. 11)
• 1.3.3 Inceptisols(p. 12)
• 1.3.4 Mollisols(p. 13)
• 1.3.5 Spodosols(p. 14)
• 1.3.6 Alfisols(p. 15)
• 1.3.7 Ultisols(p. 15)
• 1.3.8 Oxisols(p. 16)
• 1.3.9 Aridisols(p. 17)
• 1.3.10 Vertisols(p. 18)
• 1.3.11 Andisols(p. 20)
• 1.3.12 Histosols(p. 23)
• 1.4 Relation of Soil Orders with the Environment(p. 24)
• Chapter 2 Inorganic Soil Constituents(p. 28)
• 2.1 Soil Composition(p. 28)
• 2.2 Inorganic Constituents(p. 31)
• 2.3 Mineral Composition(p. 32)
• 2.4 Primary Minerals(p. 35)
• 2.4.1 Quartz(p. 35)
• 2.4.2 Feldspars(p. 37)
• 2.4.3 Mica(p. 38)
• 2.4.4 Ferromagnesians(p. 39)
• 2.4.5 Magnesium Silicates(p. 40)
• 2.4.6 Phosphate Minerals(p. 41)
• 2.4.7 Carbonates(p. 42)
• 2.5 Weathering of Primary Minerals(p. 44)
• 2.5.1 Abiotic Weathering of Primary Minerals(p. 44)
• 2.5.2 Biological Weathering(p. 49)
• 2.5.3 Environmental Factors in Weathering(p. 55)
• 2.5.4 Physical Properties of the Minerals(p. 56)
• 2.5.5 Chemical Characteristics and Crystal Chemistry(p. 58)
• 2.5.6 Saturation of the Environment(p. 59)
• 2.6 Secondary Minerals(p. 60)
• 2.6.1 Major Types of Secondary Minerals(p. 61)
• 2.6.2 Weathering of Secondary Minerals(p. 78)
• Chapter 3 Organic Soil Constituents(p. 80)
• 3.1 Soil Organic Matter(p. 80)
• 3.1.1 Beneficial Effect of Soil Organic Matter(p. 82)
• 3.1.2 Allelophaty(p. 83)
• 3.2 Humus(p. 84)
• 3.2.1 Environmental Significance of Humus(p. 86)
• 3.3 Soil Biomass(p. 87)
• 3.3.1 Macrofaunae(p. 88)
• 3.3.2 Microfaunae(p. 90)
• 3.3.3 Macroflorae(p. 93)
• 3.3.4 Microflorae(p. 96)
• 3.4 Biochemical Reactions of Soil Microorganisms(p. 108)
• 3.4.1 Carbon Cycle(p. 109)
• 3.4.2 Decomposition and Mineralization(p. 109)
• 3.4.3 Nitrogen Cycle(p. 112)
• 3.4.4 Nitrogen Fixation(p. 112)
• 3.4.5 Ammonification(p. 117)
• 3.4.6 Nitrification(p. 119)
• 3.4.7 Denitrification(p. 121)
• 3.4.8 Chemodenitrification(p. 122)
• 3.4.9 Assimilatory Denitrification(p. 123)
• 3.4.10 Immobilization(p. 123)
• 3.5 Nonhumified Organic Matter(p. 124)
• 3.5.1 Carbohydrates(p. 124)
• 3.5.2 Amino Acids and Protein(p. 128)
• 3.5.3 Lipids(p. 130)
• 3.5.4 Nucleic Acids(p. 131)
• 3.5.5 Lignin(p. 132)
• 3.5.6 Organic Acids(p. 134)
• 3.6 Humified Organic Matter(p. 135)
• 3.6.1 Types of Humic Matter(p. 137)
• 3.6.2 Chemical Composition(p. 138)
• 3.6.3 Chemical Reactions(p. 139)
• 3.6.4 Spectral Characteristics(p. 140)
• 3.6.5 Effect of Humic Matter on Soils and the Environment(p. 142)
• Chapter 4 Gas Phase in Soils(p. 145)
• 4.1 Soil Air(p. 145)
• 4.2 Soil Aeration(p. 148)
• 4.2.1 Determination of Soil Air Quality(p. 149)
• 4.3 Biochemical Effect of Aeration(p. 152)
• 4.3.1 Biochemistry in Aerobic Conditions and Its Role in Environmental Quality(p. 153)
• 4.3.2 Biochemistry in Anaerobic Conditions and Its Role in Environmental Quality(p. 156)
• 4.4 Biological Effect of Aeration(p. 157)
• 4.4.1 Effect on Plant Growth(p. 157)
• 4.4.2 Water Uptake(p. 162)
• 4.4.3 Nutrient Uptake(p. 162)
• 4.4.4 Microorganisms(p. 163)
• 4.4.5 Decomposition of Organic Matter and Its Effect on Environmental Quality(p. 164)
• 4.5 Chemical Effect of Aeration(p. 166)
• Chapter 5 Liquid Phase(p. 168)
• 5.1 Soil Solution(p. 168)
• 5.1.1 Forces Attracting Water in Soils(p. 169)
• 5.1.2 Classification of Soil Water(p. 172)
• 5.1.3 Environmental Significance of Soil Moisture Constants(p. 175)
• 5.2 Movement of Soil Water(p. 176)
• 5.2.1 Movement of Liquid Water(p. 176)
• 5.2.2 Unsaturated Flow(p. 177)
• 5.2.3 Saturated Flow(p. 178)
• 5.2.4 Movement of Water as Water Vapor(p. 179)
• 5.2.5 Environmental Significance of Water Movement(p. 181)
• 5.3 Water Losses(p. 182)
• 5.3.1 Vapor Loss(p. 183)
• 5.3.2 Liquid Loss(p. 185)
• 5.4 Dissolved Solid Substances(p. 187)
• 5.4.1 Aluminum(p. 187)
• 5.4.2 Iron(p. 191)
• 5.4.3 Silicon(p. 193)
• 5.4.4 Nitrogen(p. 199)
• 5.4.5 Phosphorus(p. 202)
• 5.4.6 Sodium and Potassium(p. 205)
• 5.4.7 Calcium(p. 206)
• 5.4.8 Magnesium(p. 208)
• 5.4.9 Sulfur(p. 209)
• 5.4.10 Manganese(p. 210)
• 5.4.11 Soil Colloids(p. 211)
• 5.5 Dissolved Gas(p. 215)
• 5.5.1 Henry's Law(p. 215)
• 5.5.2 Dissolved CO[subscript 2] Gas(p. 217)
• 5.5.3 Dissolved Oxygen(p. 219)
• 5.5.4 Oxygen Demand(p. 221)
• Chapter 6 Soil Physics in the Environment(p. 224)
• 6.1 Physical Properties(p. 224)
• 6.2 Soil Texture(p. 226)
• 6.2.1 Soil Separates(p. 226)
• 6.2.2 Soil Texture(p. 227)
• 6.2.3 Environmental Significance of Soil Texture(p. 229)
• 6.3 Soil Structure(p. 233)
• 6.3.1 Types of Soil Structure(p. 233)
• 6.3.2 Environmental Significance of Soil Structure(p. 235)
• 6.4 Soil Density and Soil Porosity(p. 239)
• 6.4.1 Bulk Density(p. 239)
• 6.4.2 Particle Density(p. 241)
• 6.4.3 Pore Spaces(p. 242)
• 6.4.4 Environmental Significance of Soil Density and Soil Porosity(p. 243)
• 6.5 Soil Consistence(p. 243)
• 6.5.1 Types of Soil Consistence(p. 244)
• 6.5.2 Atterberg's Plasticity Index(p. 245)
• 6.5.3 Environmental Significance of Consistence(p. 246)
• 6.6 Soil Temperature(p. 248)
• 6.6.1 Thermal Properties of Soils(p. 248)
• 6.6.2 Significance of Environmental Factors for Soil Temperature(p. 250)
• Chapter 7 Electrochemical Properties of Solid Constituents(p. 252)
• 7.1 Electrical Charges(p. 252)
• 7.2 Soil Clays(p. 253)
• 7.2.1 Isomorphous Substitution and Permanent Negative Charges(p. 253)
• 7.2.2 Isomorphous Substitution and Permanent Positive Charges(p. 255)
• 7.2.3 Dissociation of Exposed Hydroxyl Groups(p. 256)
• 7.2.4 Protonation of Exposed Hydroxyl Groups(p. 257)
• 7.2.5 Zero Point of Charge(p. 257)
• 7.2.6 Electric Double Layers in the Environment(p. 259)
• 7.2.7 Cation Exchange Capacity(p. 262)
• 7.28 Environmental Importance of Cation Exchange(p. 264)
• 7.3 Anion Exchange Capacity(p. 266)
• 7.3.1 Environmental Significance of Anion Exchange(p. 269)
• 7.4 Soil Organic Matter(p. 270)
• 7.4.1 Amino Acids(p. 271)
• 7.4.2 Humic Matter(p. 273)
• 7.5 Soil Reaction(p. 277)
• 7.5.1 Concept of Soil Reaction(p. 277)
• 7.5.2 Types of Soil Reactions(p. 279)
• 7.5.3 Sources and Types of Soil Acidity(p. 280)
• 7.5.4 Effect of Soil Reaction on Plant Growth(p. 282)
• Chapter 8 Soils and Crop Production(p. 285)
• 8.1 Clearing New Lands(p. 286)
• 8.1.1 Nutrient Cycling(p. 288)
• 8.2 Soil Degradation(p. 290)
• 8.2.1 Physical Degradation(p. 290)
• 8.2.2 Chemical Degradation(p. 293)
• 8.2.3 Biological Degradation(p. 294)
• 8.3 Environmental Changes(p. 296)
• 8.3.1 Regional Climatic Changes(p. 297)
• 8.3.2 Effect of Increased CO[subscript 2] Emission(p. 298)
• 8.3.3 The Issue of Biodiversity(p. 299)
• 8.4 Plantation Agriculture and Agroforestry(p. 300)
• 8.5 Intensifying Soil Productivity(p. 306)
• 8.5.1 Green Revolution(p. 306)
• 8.5.2 Hybrid Corn(p. 308)
• 8.5.3 Use of Fertilizers(p. 309)
• 8.6 Residue- or No-Till Farming(p. 312)
• 8.7 Organic Farming(p. 314)
• 8.8 Low-Input Sustainable Agriculture(p. 315)
• Chapter 9 Soilless Agriculture(p. 317)
• 9.1 Hydroponics(p. 317)
• 9.1.1 Water Requirements(p. 318)
• 9.1.2 Nutrient Solutions(p. 319)
• 9.1.3 The Issue of Crop Yield(p. 322)
• 9.1.4 Significance in Food Production(p. 323)
• 9.2 Aeroponics(p. 325)
• 9.3 Nutrient Film Technique(p. 327)
• 9.4 Artificial Soil(p. 328)
• 9.4.1 Orchid Medium(p. 329)
• 9.5 Aquaculture(p. 330)
• 9.5.1 Freshwater Aquaculture(p. 331)
• 9.5.2 Marine Aquaculture(p. 332)
• 9.6 Aquaculture in the United States(p. 332)
• 9.6.1 Salmon Ranching(p. 332)
• 9.6.2 Channel Catfish Farming(p. 333)
• 9.7 The Law of the Sea(p. 334)
• Chapter 10 Biotechnology in Soil Science and Agriculture(p. 335)
• 10.1 Food Biotechnology(p. 336)
• 10.2 Agricultural Biotechnology(p. 337)
• 10.2.1 Crop Production(p. 337)
• 10.2.2 Environmentally Friendly Pesticides(p. 338)
• 10.3 Tissue Culture(p. 339)
• 10.3.1 Nutrient Solutions(p. 340)
• 10.3.2 Meristem Culture of Orchids(p. 341)
• 10.4 Environmental Significance of Tissue Cultures(p. 342)
• 10.5 Soil Biotechnology(p. 344)
• 10.5.1 Biofertilizers(p. 345)
• 10.5.2 Biomedicines(p. 347)
• 10.5.3 Microbial Genetic Engineering(p. 347)
• Chapter 11 Soil and Pollution(p. 349)
• 11.1 Definition and Concept of Waste(p. 349)
• 11.2 Agricultural Waste(p. 350)
• 11.2.1 Fertilizers(p. 351)
• 11.2.2 Pesticides(p. 352)
• 11.2.3 Crop Residue(p. 355)
• 11.2.4 Animal Waste(p. 356)
• 11.2.5 Compost(p. 358)
• 11.2.6 Forest Waste(p. 359)
• 11.3 Industrial Waste(p. 362)
• 11.3.1 Carbon Monoxide(p. 362)
• 11.3.2 Carbon Dioxide(p. 363)
• 11.3.3 Nitrogen Oxides(p. 365)
• 11.3.4 Sulfur and Sulfur Oxide(p. 367)
• 11.4 Waste from Food Processing Plants(p. 369)
• 11.4.1 Solid Waste(p. 370)
• 11.4.2 Liquid Waste (Effluent)(p. 370)
• 11.5 Municipal Waste(p. 371)
• 11.5.1 Municipal Refuse(p. 371)
• 11.5.2 Environmental Problems in Disposal of Municipal Refuse(p. 372)
• 11.5.3 Sewage Sludge(p. 373)
• 11.6 Detoxification of Waste(p. 379)
• 11.6.1 Soil Remediation(p. 380)
• 11.6.2 Natural Attenuation(p. 382)
• 11.7 Environmental Impact of Agricultural and Industrial Waste(p. 385)
• 11.7.1 Greenhouse Effect(p. 385)
• 11.7.2 Acid Rain(p. 386)
• 11.7.3 Destruction of the Ozone Shield(p. 389)
• Appendix A Atomic Weights of the Major Elements in Soils(p. 393)
• Appendix B International System of Units (SI); Factors for Converting US Units into SI Units(p. 396)
• Appendix C US Weights and Measures(p. 399)
• References and Additional Readings(p. 401)
• Index(p. 421)

Notas de autor provistas por Syndetics

Kim H. Tan is Professor Emeritus of Agronomy at the University of Georgia, Athens, where he has taught soil chemistry for more than 25 years. He is also engaged in teaching soil chemistry at various universities overseas. He is the recipient of numerous awards and honors for excellence in teaching, such as the University of Georgia College of Agriculture Alumni Award and the D. W. Brooks Award. Professor Tan is a Fellow of the American Society of Agronomy and the Soil Science Society of America, and a member of the International Soil Science Society, the International Association for the Study of Clays, and the International Environmental Biogeochemistry Association, among others. He received the M.S. degree (1955) in agronomy and the Ph.D. degree (1958) in soil science from the University of Indonesia, Jakarta. Professor Tan also completed postdoctoral training at North Carolina State University at Raleigh, and Cornell University, Itaca, New York.