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Provides concise coverage of the field, beginning with molecular and cellular principles that determine the function of the immune system, after which these principles are integrated to form the "big picture" with tissues and organs. Sharon (pathology and laboratory medicine, Boston U. School of Medicine) focuses on the basic concepts of immunology in an efficient manner, supporting her presentation with 250-plus illustrations. Intended for medical students and graduate and undergraduate students in biological and medical sciences, as well as scientists whose primary expertise is not in immunology. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR

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• One-Letter and Three-Letter Codes for Amino Acids
• Preface(p. vii)
• Acknowledgments(p. ix)
• List of Tables and Summary Figures(p. xi)
• Part I Components of the Immune System(p. 1)
• Chapter 1 On Microbes and Host Defense(p. 3)
• 1.1 Function of the Immune System(p. 3)
• 1.2 Categories of Microbes(p. 3)
• 1.2a Bacteria(p. 3)
• 1.2b Fungi(p. 4)
• 1.2c Parasites(p. 4)
• 1.2d Viruses(p. 4)
• 1.3 Self-Tolerance and Specificity of the Immune System(p. 5)
• 1.4 Antigens and Immune Responses(p. 5)
• 1.5 Molecular Recognition of Antigens(p. 6)
• 1.6 Receptors for Antigen Recognition(p. 6)
• 1.7 General Structure of Antibodies(p. 7)
• 1.8 Antibody Fragments and Valence(p. 8)
• 1.9 Three-Dimensional Structure of Antibodies and Antigen Contact(p. 8)
• 1.10 Affinity, Avidity, and Cross-Reactivity of Antibodies(p. 10)
• 1.11 Cross-Linking of Antigens by Antibodies(p. 11)
• 1.12 Concluding Remarks(p. 12)
• Study Questions(p. 14)
• Chapter 2 The Major Histocompatibility Complex and Antigen Presentation to T Cells(p. 15)
• 2.1 Form of Antigen Recognized by T Cells(p. 15)
• 2.2 MHC Molecules(p. 16)
• 2.3 MHC Loci(p. 16)
• 2.4 Structure of MHC Molecules(p. 18)
• 2.5 Peptide Binding to MHC Molecules(p. 19)
• 2.5a MHC Class I(p. 19)
• 2.5b MHC Class II(p. 19)
• 2.6 Antigen-Presenting Cells(p. 20)
• 2.7 Antigen Processing and MHC Association(p. 20)
• 2.7a Endogenous Antigens(p. 21)
• 2.7b Exogenous Antigens(p. 22)
• 2.8 MHC Polymorphism and Immune Responses(p. 22)
• 2.9 Nonclassical MHC Molecules(p. 23)
• 2.10 Concluding Remarks(p. 23)
• Study Questions(p. 24)
• Chapter 3 T-Cell Activation by Antigen(p. 25)
• 3.1 Categories of T Cells(p. 25)
• 3.2 Structure of T-Cell Receptors(p. 25)
• 3.3 Antigen Recognition by T-Cell Receptors(p. 27)
• 3.3a Recognition of Peptide-MHC Complexes(p. 27)
• 3.3b Recognition of Other Antigen Forms(p. 27)
• 3.4 Molecules that Enhance the TCR-Peptide-MHC Interaction(p. 28)
• 3.4a The CD3 Complex(p. 28)
• 3.4b The CD4 and CD8 Coreceptors(p. 28)
• 3.4c Adhesion Molecules(p. 29)
• 3.5 T-Cell Activation(p. 29)
• 3.5a Signal Transduction(p. 29)
• 3.5b Progressive Activation(p. 30)
• 3.6 T-Cell Proliferation and Clonal Selection(p. 31)
• 3.7 Helper T Lymphocytes(p. 32)
• 3.8 Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes(p. 32)
• 3.9 Suppression of the Immune Response by T Lymphocytes(p. 33)
• 3.10 Generation of T-Cell Memory(p. 33)
• 3.11 Concluding Remarks(p. 34)
• Study Questions(p. 35)
• Chapter 4 B-Cell Activation by Antigen(p. 37)
• 4.1 Immunoglobulin Isotypes(p. 37)
• 4.2 Immunoglobulin Allotypes(p. 38)
• 4.3 General Structure of Antibodies of Different Isotypes(p. 38)
• 4.4 Membrane Versus Secreted Immunoglobulin(p. 40)
• 4.5 Molecules that Enhance the mIg-Antigen Interaction(p. 40)
• 4.5a The B-Cell Receptor Complex(p. 40)
• 4.5b Coreceptors in Antigen Binding by B Cells(p. 41)
• 4.6 B-Cell Activation(p. 41)
• 4.6a T-Dependent Antigens and Haptens(p. 42)
• 4.6b T-Independent Antigens(p. 43)
• 4.7 B-Cell Proliferation and Clonal Selection(p. 44)
• 4.8 B-Cell Differentiation and Antibody Secretion(p. 44)
• 4.8a Ig Class Switching(p. 44)
• 4.8b Somatic Hypermutation and Affinity Maturation(p. 45)
• 4.9 Generation of B-Cell Memory(p. 46)
• 4.10 Characteristics of Primary and Secondary Antibody Responses(p. 47)
• 4.11 Concluding Remarks(p. 47)
• Study Questions(p. 49)
• Chapter 5 Generation of Antibody and T-Cell Receptor Diversity(p. 51)
• 5.1 Relevant Characteristics of Antibodies and T-Cell Receptors(p. 51)
• 5.2 Segmentation and Duplication of Genetic Information(p. 52)
• 5.3 Location of Antibody and T-Cell Receptor Loci(p. 53)
• 5.4 The Antibody Loci(p. 53)
• 5.4a The Germline Configuration(p. 53)
• 5.4b Rearrangement of Ig Loci(p. 54)
• 5.4c Expression of Membrane and Secreted Antibodies(p. 55)
• 5.4d Immunoglobulin Class Switching(p. 58)
• 5.4e Association of Heavy and Light Chains and Antibody Production(p. 59)
• 5.4f Somatic Hypermutation(p. 59)
• 5.5 T-Cell Receptor Loci(p. 60)
• 5.6 The Process of V(D)J Recombination(p. 61)
• 5.6a Alignment of Gene Segments(p. 62)
• 5.6b Mechanism of DNA Cleavage and Rejoining(p. 62)
• 5.6c Generation of Junctional Diversity(p. 63)
• 5.7 Temporal Sequence of V(D)J Recombination(p. 64)
• 5.7a Sequence of Rearrangements in Antibody Loci(p. 64)
• 5.7b Sequence of Rearrangements in T-Cell Receptor Loci(p. 65)
• 5.8 V Gene Families(p. 66)
• 5.9 Concluding Remarks(p. 66)
• Study Questions(p. 67)
• Chapter 6 Maturation and Circulation of B and T Lymphocytes(p. 69)
• 6.1 The Main Sites of B- and T-Lymphocyte Maturation(p. 69)
• 6.2 T-Cell Maturation in the Thymus(p. 70)
• 6.2a Positive Selection of Thymocytes(p. 71)
• 6.2b Negative Selection of Thymocytes and Central Tolerance(p. 72)
• 6.3 B-Cell Maturation in the Bone Marrow(p. 73)
• 6.3a Positive Selection of Developing B Cells(p. 73)
• 6.3b Negative Selection of Developing B Cells and Central Tolerance(p. 74)
• 6.4 Peripheral Tolerance(p. 75)
• 6.4a T-Cell Anergy(p. 75)
• 6.4b B-Cell Anergy(p. 75)
• 6.4c Elimination of Self-Reactive B and T Cells by Activation-Induced Cell Death(p. 76)
• 6.5 Peripheral Lymphoid Organs and the Circulatory System(p. 76)
• 6.5a The Circulatory System(p. 77)
• 6.5b Lymph Nodes(p. 78)
• 6.5c The Spleen(p. 78)
• 6.5d Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissues(p. 79)
• 6.6 Intraepithelial and Subepithelial Lymphocytes(p. 79)
• 6.7 Transport of Antigens to Peripheral Lymphoid Tissues(p. 79)
• 6.8 Circulation of Mature Lymphocytes(p. 80)
• 6.9 Lymphocyte Response to Antigen Encounter(p. 81)
• 6.9a Organization of Germinal Centers and B-Cell Selection(p. 83)
• 6.10 Development of B and T Lymphocytes Outside the Central Lymphoid Organs(p. 83)
• 6.10a CD5[subscript +] B (B-1) Cells(p. 84)
• 6.10b Extrathymic T Cells(p. 84)
• 6.11 Concluding Remarks(p. 84)
• Study Questions(p. 85)
• Chapter 7 Innate and Antibody-Mediated Effector Functions(p. 87)
• 7.1 Cooperation Between Innate and Adaptive Immunity(p. 87)
• 7.2 Cell Types in Innate and Antibody-Mediated Immunity(p. 87)
• 7.3 Phagocytic Cell Functions(p. 89)
• 7.4 Cytotoxic Cell Functions(p. 90)
• 7.4a Killing by Natural Killer Cells(p. 90)
• 7.4b Killing by Eosinophils(p. 92)
• 7.4c Killing by Monocytes/Macrophages and Neutrophils(p. 92)
• 7.5 Inflammatory Cell Functions Triggered by IgE(p. 92)
• 7.6 Fc Receptors(p. 94)
• 7.7 The Complement System(p. 95)
• 7.7a The Classical Pathway of Complement Activation(p. 95)
• 7.7b The Alternative Pathway of Complement Activation(p. 98)
• 7.7c Regulation of the Complement System(p. 99)
• 7.7d Complement Receptors(p. 100)
• 7.7e Summary of the Complement System(p. 100)
• 7.8 Distribution and Transport of Immunoglobulin Classes(p. 100)
• 7.8a Transepithelial and Transplacental Transport of Immunoglobulins(p. 101)
• 7.8b Immunoglobulins in Blood and in External Secretions(p. 102)
• 7.9 Immune Complexes and Antigen Presentation(p. 102)
• 7.10 Antibody Regulation of Antibody Responses(p. 103)
• 7.10a Antibody Binding to Fc Receptors on B Cells(p. 103)
• 7.10b Anti-idiotypic Antibodies(p. 103)
• 7.11 Concluding Remarks(p. 103)
• Study Questions(p. 105)
• Chapter 8 Cytokines and Inflammation(p. 107)
• 8.1 General Features of Inflammation(p. 107)
• 8.2 General Features of Cytokines(p. 108)
• 8.3 Interleukins(p. 108)
• 8.3a Interleukin-1(p. 108)
• 8.3b Interleukin-2(p. 109)
• 8.3c Interleukin-4(p. 110)
• 8.4 Interferons(p. 110)
• 8.4a Type I ([alpha]/[beta]) Interferon(p. 111)
• 8.4b Type II ([gamma]) Interferon(p. 111)
• 8.5 Tumor-Necrosis Factor(p. 112)
• 8.6 Colony-Stimulating Factors(p. 112)
• 8.7 Chemokines(p. 113)
• 8.8 Cytokines at a Glance(p. 114)
• 8.9 Families of Cytokine Receptors and of Cytokines(p. 114)
• 8.10 Cytokine Inhibitors(p. 115)
• 8.11 Molecular and Cellular Interactions in Inflammation(p. 118)
• 8.11a Initiation of the Inflammatory Response(p. 118)
• 8.11b Cell Trafficking in and Progression of the Inflammatory Response(p. 119)
• 8.11c Termination of the Inflammatory Response(p. 120)
• 8.12 Cytokine Profiles of T-Cell Subsets(p. 121)
• 8.13 Concluding Remarks(p. 122)
• Study Questions(p. 123)
• Summary to Part I(p. 125)
• Electron Micrographs of Cells in the Immune System(p. 127)
• Part II Function, Malfunction, and Manipulation of the Immune System
• Chapter 9 Immunity to Infection(p. 131)
• 9.1 General Characteristics of Host-Microbe Interactions(p. 131)
• 9.2 Microbial Mechanisms of Infection and Survival(p. 136)
• 9.2a Crossing of Epithelial Barriers(p. 136)
• 9.2b Multiplication and Spread(p. 136)
• 9.2c Invasion of Host Cells(p. 137)
• 9.3 First Barriers to Infection(p. 137)
• 9.3a Physical, Mechanical, and Chemical/Biochemical Barriers(p. 137)
• 9.3b The Normal Flora(p. 139)
• 9.3c Immunoglobulin A(p. 139)
• 9.3d Intraepithelial Lymphocytes(p. 139)
• 9.4 The Second Line of Defense and the Inflammatory Response(p. 140)
• 9.5 Innate Immunity to Infection(p. 141)
• 9.5a Collectins(p. 142)
• 9.5b Products Released from Activated Phagocytes(p. 142)
• 9.5c Acute-Phase Proteins(p. 143)
• 9.6 Adaptive Immunity to Infection(p. 144)
• 9.6a Adaptive Immunity to Bacteria(p. 145)
• 9.6b Adaptive Immunity to Fungi(p. 146)
• 9.6c Adaptive Immunity to Parasites(p. 146)
• 9.6d Adaptive Immunity to Viruses(p. 147)
• 9.7 Microbial Mechanisms for Evasion of Innate and Adaptive Immunity(p. 147)
• 9.7a Evasion by Bacteria(p. 148)
• 9.7b Evasion by Fungi(p. 149)
• 9.7c Evasion by Parasites(p. 149)
• 9.7d Evasion by Viruses(p. 151)
• 9.8 Dynamics of the Interaction Between Microbes and the Immune System(p. 152)
• 9.8a Progression of Influenza Infection: An Example of Host-Microbe Interaction(p. 152)
• 9.9 Superantigens(p. 154)
• 9.10 Septic Shock(p. 154)
• 9.11 Factors that Influence Immune Responses(p. 155)
• 9.11a Factors in the Immune System(p. 155)
• 9.11b Immune-Neuroendocrine Interactions(p. 156)
• 9.11c Nutrition(p. 156)
• 9.11d Age(p. 156)
• 9.11e Pregnancy(p. 157)
• 9.11f Drug Abuse(p. 157)
• 9.11g Preexisting Infections(p. 157)
• 9.12 Treatment of Microbial Infections(p. 157)
• 9.13 Summary and Concluding Remarks(p. 158)
• Study Questions(p. 162)
• Chapter 10 Methods in Clinical and Experimental Immunology(p. 163)
• 10.1 Types of Methods(p. 163)
• 10.2 Sources and Preparation of Antibodies(p. 164)
• 10.2a Immunization(p. 165)
• 10.2b Serum Antibodies(p. 165)
• 10.2c Antibodies to Antibodies(p. 166)
• 10.2d Hybridoma Antibodies(p. 167)
• 10.2e Genetically Engineered Antibodies(p. 167)
• 10.3 Purification of Antibodies and Antigens(p. 167)
• 10.3a Purification of Antibodies(p. 167)
• 10.3b Biochemical Preparation of Antibody Fragments(p. 168)
• 10.3c Use of Antibodies to Purify Antigens(p. 168)
• 10.4 Detection Methods Involving Antibodies(p. 168)
• 10.4a Immunoprecipitation(p. 168)
• 10.4b Direct and Indirect Agglutination(p. 169)
• 10.4c Immunoassays Using Labels(p. 171)
• 10.4d Electrophoresis-Dependent Detection(p. 173)
• 10.4e In Situ Detection(p. 175)
• 10.4f Flow Cytometry(p. 176)
• 10.5 Affinity and Avidity Measurements(p. 177)
• 10.6 Cell-Separation Methods(p. 177)
• 10.6a Separation Based on Size or Density(p. 177)
• 10.6b Separation Based on Surface Markers(p. 177)
• 10.7 Lymphoid Cell Lines(p. 178)
• 10.8 Bioassays(p. 178)
• 10.8a Proliferation Assays(p. 178)
• 10.8b Cytotoxicity Assays(p. 178)
• 10.9 Single-Cell Detection Assays(p. 179)
• 10.10 Therapy and Prophylaxis with Immunobiologics(p. 179)
• 10.10a Passive Immunization(p. 179)
• 10.10b Active Immunization(p. 179)
• 10.11 Study of the Immune System in Vivo(p. 181)
• 10.11a Experimental Animals(p. 181)
• 10.11b Adoptive Transfer Experiments(p. 182)
• 10.11c Clinical Trials(p. 182)
• 10.12 Summary and Concluding Remarks(p. 182)
• Study Questions(p. 183)
• Chapter 11 Hypersensitivity(p. 185)
• 11.1 General Features of Hypersensitivity(p. 185)
• 11.2 Type I Hypersensitivity(p. 185)
• 11.2a Local Type I Reactions(p. 186)
• 11.2b Systemic Type I Reactions(p. 187)
• 11.2c Sensitization for Type I Reactions(p. 187)
• 11.2d Stages of Type I Hypersensitivity(p. 188)
• 11.2e Factors Predisposing to Type I Hypersensitivity(p. 188)
• 11.2f Detection of Type I Hypersensitivity(p. 189)
• 11.2g Therapy for Type I Hypersensitivity(p. 189)
• 11.3 Type II Hypersensitivity(p. 190)
• 11.3a Transfusion Reactions(p. 190)
• 11.3b Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn(p. 192)
• 11.3c Autoimmune Diseases(p. 193)
• 11.3d Detection of Type II Hypersensitivity(p. 193)
• 11.3e Therapy for Type II Hypersensitivity(p. 194)
• 11.4 Type III Hypersensitivity(p. 194)
• 11.4a Local Type III Reactions(p. 194)
• 11.4b Systemic Type III Reactions(p. 195)
• 11.4c Detection of Type III Hypersensitivity(p. 197)
• 11.4d Therapy for Type III Hypersensitivity(p. 197)
• 11.5 Type IV Hypersensitivity(p. 197)
• 11.5a Sensitization for Type IV Hypersensitivity(p. 198)
• 11.5b Detection of Type IV Hypersensitivity(p. 199)
• 11.5c Therapy for Type IV Hypersensitivity(p. 199)
• 11.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks(p. 199)
• Study Questions(p. 202)
• Chapter 12 Transplantation(p. 205)
• 12.1 General Features of Transplantation(p. 205)
• 12.2 Genetic Considerations in Allotransplantation(p. 206)
• 12.3 Allograft Rejection(p. 206)
• 12.3a Solid Organ Allografts(p. 206)
• 12.3b Bone Marrow Transplantation(p. 209)
• 12.4 Matching of Allografts and Recipients(p. 209)
• 12.4a Tissue-Typing Methods(p. 209)
• 12.4b Cross Matching(p. 211)
• 12.5 Treatment of Allograft Rejection(p. 211)
• 12.5a Generalized Immunosuppression(p. 211)
• 12.5b Antigen-Specific Immunosuppression(p. 212)
• 12.6 The Fetus as a Tolerated Allograft(p. 213)
• 12.7 Xenotransplantation(p. 213)
• 12.8 Summary and Concluding Remarks(p. 214)
• Study Questions(p. 215)
• Chapter 13 Autoimmunity(p. 217)
• 13.1 Autoimmune Diseases(p. 217)
• 13.2 Mechanisms for Development of Autoimmunity(p. 220)
• 13.3 Animal Models of Autoimmunity(p. 222)
• 13.4 Diagnosis of Autoimmunity(p. 223)
• 13.5 Treatment of Autoimmunity(p. 223)
• 13.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks(p. 224)
• Study Questions(p. 224)
• Chapter 14 Cancer Immunology(p. 225)
• 14.1 General Characteristics and Types of Cancer(p. 225)
• 14.1a Cancers of the Immune System(p. 227)
• 14.2 Tumor Antigens(p. 227)
• 14.3 Immune Responses to Cancer(p. 228)
• 14.3a Evasion of the Immune System by Cancer Cells(p. 229)
• 14.4 Cancer Detection and Diagnosis(p. 229)
• 14.5 Therapy for Cancer(p. 229)
• 14.5a Conventional Therapy(p. 229)
• 14.5b Immunotherapy(p. 230)
• 14.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks(p. 232)
• Study Questions(p. 233)
• Chapter 15 Immunodeficiency(p. 235)
• 15.1 Immunodeficiency Diseases(p. 235)
• 15.2 Diagnosis and Treatment of Immunodeficiency(p. 235)
• 15.3 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome(p. 238)
• 15.3a Structure, Genetic Organization, and the Infectious Cycle of HIV(p. 238)
• 15.3b Clinical Course of HIV Disease(p. 241)
• 15.3c HIV Pathogenesis and the Immune Response to HIV(p. 241)
• 15.3d Detection of HIV Infection(p. 243)
• 15.3e Therapeutic and Preventive Approaches Against HIV(p. 243)
• 15.4 Summary and Concluding Remarks(p. 243)
• Study Questions(p. 244)
• Sources(p. 245)
• Answers to Study Questions(p. 255)
• Appendices
• I. Lymphocyte Receptors at a Glance(p. 263)
• II. Nobel Prizes in Immunology(p. 271)
• III. Addendum to Chapter 10(p. 273)
• Figure and Table Credits(p. 291)
• Index(p. 295)
• List of Abbreviations