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St. Gregory of Nyssa wrote two works during the 380s attacking the Christological teaching of Apolinarius of Laodicea and his followers. These are the substantial treatise Refutation of the Views of Apolinarius (the Antirrheticus ) and the short letter to the Bishop of Alexandria, To Theophilus, Against the Apollinarians . The Antirrheticus is a hostile commentary on Apolinarius's work entitled The Demonstration (Apodeixis) of the Divine Enfleshment according to the Likeness of a Human Being . The Apodeixis has not survived independently, and our knowledge of it depends almost completely on Gregory.

The Antirrheticus is a neglected work, and this is the first English translation to be published. It has had a poor reputation among many modern scholars. Gregory is accused of being prolix and repetitive and of having misrepresented or misunderstood many of Apolinarius's Christological ideas. It is argued here that the work is nevertheless of considerable theological interest. It is able in fact successfully to identify the principal problems raised by Apolinarius's central concept of Christ as an "enfleshed mind," and also provides an essential insight into Gregory's own Christology and soteriology.

The translation is interweaved with a commentary to provide the reader with some guidance through the complexities of Gregory's arguments. The introduction includes an overview of the history of Apollinarianism and discusses the extent to which it is possible to reconstruct, from the fragments quoted by Gregory, the arguments of Apolinarius's Apodeixis to which he is responding. It also examines the background to and the chronology of both of Gregory's anti-Apollinarian works, and looks critically at the arguments that they deploy.

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• Abbreviations(p. xi)
• Notes to the Reader(p. xiii)
• Select Bibliography(p. xv)
• Preface(p. xvii)
• Introduction
• Introduction(p. 3)
• 1 Apohnarius of Laodicea and his Christological teachings: A Historical Sketch(p. 3)
• Some problems in the historiography of Apoillinarianism(p. 3)
• The life of Apolinarius of Laodicea(p. 5)
• The early history of Apoilinarianism(p. 7)
• Apoilinarianism at Antioch(p. 12)
• Apolinarms seeks allies(p. 17)
• Apolinarius condemned in Rome(p. 17)
• The tide begins to turn in the East, 378-381(p. 19)
• The Council of Constantinople, 381(p. 21)
• Gregory Nazianzen's struggle with Apoilinarianism, 382-387(p. 23)
• Further moves against Apoilinarianism in the East after 381(p. 25)
• The composition of the Apodeixis(p. 27)
• 2 Gregory of Nyssa and Apoilinarianism(p. 28)
• 3 The Date and Circumstances of the Composition of antirrh and Theo(p. 35)
• 4 The Method of Composition and Structure of antirrh(p. 38)
• 5 The Adequacy of Gregory's Reporting of the Text and Argumentation of the Apodeixu(p. 41)
• 6 Reconstructing the Structure and Argument of the Apodeixis(p. 43)
• Introduction: Defending an orthodox Christology against Judaizers and Hellenizers(p. 44)
• Christ both divine and human(p. 44)
• A defense of the unity of Christ's person against those who teach "two Christs"(p. 45)
• Who were those who taught "two Christs"?(p. 47)
• Why Christ's manhood cannot have been complete, that is, have included a human mind(p. 49)
• Apolinarius's trichotomous anthropology(p. 50)
• Its Christological application: Christ as "enfleshed mind"(p. 51)
• Christ's will(p. 54)
• Christ's flesh(p. 55)
• Christ's glorified body(p. 58)
• 7 Gregory's Argumentative Techniques in antirrh(p. 58)
• 8 Gregory's Use of Scripture in antirrh(p. 62)
• 9 Gregory's Critique of Apolinarius in antirrh(p. 67)
• Critique of Apolinarius's trichotomous anthropology(p. 68)
• Critique of Apolinarius's "enfleshed mind" Christology: Introduction(p. 68)
• Critique of Apolinarius's "enfleshed mind" Christology: Christ's divinity(p. 69)
• Critique of Apolinarius's "enfleshed mind" Christology: The anthropological structure of Christ's person(p. 70)
• The origin of Christ's human flesh(p. 72)
• 10 Gregory's own Christology as set out in antirrh(p. 73)
• Christ is not a "God-filled man"(p. 73)
• Christ is God(p. 74)
• Christ is fully man(p. 74)
• The unity of Christ's person: His virginal conception(p. 75)
• Christ's will(p. 78)
• The unity of Christ's person: His glorification(p. 79)
• Christ's glorified body(p. 81)
• 11 Gregory's Soteriology as set out in antirrh(p. 82)
• 12 An Overall Assessment of antirrh(p. 86)
• 13 The Christological Arguments in Theo(p. 86)
• Anti-Apollinarian Writings
• Refutation of the Views of Apolinarius: Translation and Commentary(p. 91)
• 1 Introduction(p. 91)
• 2 The title of Apolinarius's work(p. 93)
• 3 Apolinarius's critique of the notion of Christ as a "God-filled man": Introduction(p. 97)
• 4 First excursus: Gregory attacks Apolinarius's alleged theory that the divine Logos died on the cross(p. 100)
• 5 Apolinarius's critique of the notion of Christ as a "God-filled man": Its origin and its condemnation by orthodox synods(p. 102)
• 6 Apolinarius's critique of the notion of Christ as a "God-filled man": The "man from earth" and the "man from heaven"(p. 103)
• 7 Apolinarius's trichotomous anthropology and the implication for Christology(p. 107)
• 8 Apolinarius's critique of the notion of Christ as a "God-filled man": Implications of the Nicene definitions(p. 112)
• 9 The first Adam and the second Adam(p. 115)
• 10 Apolinarius's teaching on the pre-existent Christ and the identity of Jesus with him(p. 120)
• 11 Second excursus: Gregory's teaching on how we are saved through Christ's humanity(p. 126)
• 12 Apolinarius's teaching on the pre-existent Christ and the identity of Jesus with him (continued): Zechariah 13.7 and Hebrews 1.1-3(p. 130)
• 13 Third excursus: Gregory's reflections on Philippians 2.5-11(p. 136)
• 14 Apolinarius's teaching on the pre-existent Christ and the identity of Jesus with him (continued): Philippians 2.5-11(p. 140)
• 15 The divinity of Jesus: The divine mind, eternally enfleshed(p. 147)
• 16 The divinity of Jesus: "Enfleshed mind" and "God-filled man"(p. 151)
• 17 The divinity of Jesus: The divine mind, eternally enfleshed (continued)(p. 156)
• 18 The divinity of Jesus: Arguments from Scripture(p. 161)
• 19 The relationship between Christ's divinity and his humanity: Arguments from Scripture(p. 169)
• 20 The enfleshment as the assumption of a man by God(p. 175)
• 21 More on Apolinarius's trichotomous anthropology and the "enfleshed mind"(p. 177)
• 22 Christ as wisdom: The "God-filled man" again. Apolinarius's first and second syllogisms(p. 181)
• 23 Soteriological arguments for the concept of Christ as "enfleshed mind." Apolinarius's third, fourth, and fifth syllogisms(p. 189)
• 24 The unity of Christ. Apolinarius's sixth, seventh, and eighth syllogisms(p. 204)
• 25 More on Apolinarius's trichotumous anthropology and the implication for Christology(p. 219)
• 26 Christ's death and resurrection(p. 233)
• 27 The eternal Christ(p. 237)
• 28 Fourth excursus: Gregory defends his Christology(p. 238)
• 29 The eternal Christ (continued)(p. 248)
• 30 Christ's ascension and glorification(p. 251)
• 31 Final arguments(p. 254)
• 32 Conclusion(p. 258)
• To Theophilus, Against the Apollinarians: Translation and Commentary(p. 259)
• Appendix and Indices
• Appendix: A Reconstruction of the Possible Structure of the Apodeixts(p. 271)
• General Index(p. 273)
• Index of Holy Scripture(p. 283)

Notas de autor provistas por Syndetics

Robin Orton graduated in classics at Oxford University, UK and, after a career in the British civil service, studied patristics at Heythrop College, University of London, UK and at King's College, London, UK.