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The energy used to operate buildings is one of the most significant sources of greenhouse gas emissions. To lessen the human impact on climate, it is necessary to reduce these building-related emissions. New legislation, as well as market and financial pressures, are driving architects and developers to create low-carbon buildings. While it is possible to achieve many of these reductions through appropriate climate-responsive design, many architects are not trained to do this.

Filling an urgent need for a design reference in this emerging field, Carbon-Neutral Architectural Designdescribes how to reduce building-related greenhouse gas emissions through appropriate design techniques. This full-color book presents strategies and methods to achieve CO2reductions, with an emphasis on control of energy flows through the building envelope and passive heating and cooling strategies.

Examining climate change and its relationship with buildings, the book begins with a look at the sources of emissions and how these are produced as a result of interactions between buildings and the surrounding environment. It then introduces a carbon-neutral architectural design process (CNDP) and a roadmap that can be adjusted for different types of projects.

Discussing climate analysis and solar geometry, the book explores how understanding the climate where a building is located helps to identify the design strategies that are best suited to that location--whether warm and humid, warm and dry, temperate, or cold. It looks at psychrometrics and how to achieve thermal comfort with minimum emissions. The book also explains how building fabric can be used to control energy flows by conduction, radiation, and convection--helping to reduce overheating and overcooling--and how to incorporate passive cooling and heating systems through appropriate design.

The book includes useful references, equations, and illustrations, as well as a comparison of free carbon counting tools that can be used for residential building design. Drawing on the author's extensive experience in teaching and practice, this is a valuable resource for anyone who wants to reduce the carbon footprint of buildings.

Find more study resources at the American Institute of Architects' Carbon Neutral Design Project web site.

What's next for green building? See what Dr. La Roche has to say in this video on the HMC Architects blog.

Tabla de contenidos provista por Syndetics

• Preface(p. xi)
• Acknowledgments(p. xv)
• Introduction(p. xiii)
• Chapter 1 Buildings and Greenhouse Gas Emissions(p. 1)
• 1.1 Buildings and Greenhouse Gas Emissions(p. 1)
• 1.2 Anthropogenic Emissions and Climate Change(p. 1)
• 1.3 Effects of Anthropogenic Emissions on Climate Change(p. 3)
• 1.4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Buildings(p. 7)
• 1.4.1 Operation Emissions (O e )(p. 9)
• 1.4.2 Construction Emissions (C e )(p. 9)
• 1.4.3 Emissions from Water (W e )(p. 10)
• 1.4.4 Emissions from Waste (W a )(p. 10)
• 1.5 Carbon-Counting Tools(p. 10)
• 1.6 Comparison of Carbon-Counting Tools(p. 11)
• 1.6.1 Selection of Carbon-Counting Tools(p. 11)
• 1.6.2 Comparing Emissions from Natural Gas and Electricity(p. 12)
• 1.6.3 Recommended Carbon-Counting Tools(p. 14)
• Chapter 2 Carbon-Neutral Architectural Design(p. 17)
• 2.1 Architectural Design Process(p. 17)
• 2.1.1 Traditional Architectural Design Process(p. 17)
• 2.1.2 Computer-Aided Architectural Design Process(p. 18)
• 2.2 Carbon-Neutral Architectural Design Process(p. 18)
• 2.2.1 Operation and Energy(p. 23)
• 2.2.2 Construction(p. 23)
• 2.2.3 Water(p. 24)
• 2.2.4 Waste(p. 24)
• 2.3 Implementation of the Carbon-Neutral Design Process in Academia(p. 25)
• 2.3.1 Carbon-Neutral Architectural Design Process in Beginning-Year Studios(p. 25)
• 2.3.2 Carbon-Neutral Architectural Design in Advanced Studios(p. 28)
• 2.4 Integration(p. 60)
• 2.5 Carbon-Neutral Architectural Design Process in Practice(p. 61)
• Chapter 3 Thermal Comfort(p. 75)
• 3.1 Psychrometrics(p. 75)
• 3.2 Thermal Comfort(p. 78)
• 3.2.1 Heat Balance(p. 79)
• 3.2.2 Variables That Affect Thermal Comfort(p. 82)
• 3.3 Environmental and Comfort Indices(p. 86)
• 3.4 Comfort Models(p. 89)
• 3.4.1 Physiological Comfort Model(p. 89)
• 3.4.2 Adaptive Comfort Model(p. 90)
• 3.5 The Perception of Comfort(p. 95)
• Chapter 4 Climate and Architecture(p. 97)
• 4.1 Climate(p. 97)
• 4.2 Climate and Architecture(p. 97)
• 4.3 Climate Zones(p. 100)
• 4.4 Climate Zones and Energy Codes(p. 103)
• 4.5 Climate Analysis(p. 106)
• 4.5.1 Building Bioclimatic Chart(p. 106)
• 4.5.2 Givoni's Building Bioclimatic Chart(p. 108)
• 4.5.3 Digital Climate Analysis Tools(p. 111)
• 4.5.4 The Comfort Triangles Chart(p. 114)
• 4.6 Vernacular Architecture(p. 114)
• 4.6.1 Vernacular Architecture in Warm, Humid Climates(p. 115)
• 4.6.2 Vernacular Architecture in Warm and Dry Climates(p. 119)
• 4.6.3 Vernacular Architecture in Temperate Climates(p. 124)
• 4.6.4 Vernacular Architecture in the Cold Climates(p. 128)
• 4.7 Effects of Climate on Emissions(p. 129)
• 4.7.1 Assumptions for Simulations(p. 130)
• 4.7.2 Operation(p. 130)
• 4.7.3 Construction(p. 133)
• 4.7.4 Waste(p. 133)
• 4.7.5 Water(p. 133)
• 4.7.6 Transportation(p. 134)
• 4.7.7 Carbon Emissions in the Four Climates(p. 134)
• Chapter 5 Solar Geometry(p. 137)
• 5.1 The Sun in the Sky Vault(p. 137)
• 5.1.1 Solar Declination and Hour Angle(p. 137)
• 5.1.2 Solar Azimuth and Altitude(p. 139)
• 5.2 Solar Charts(p. 140)
• 5.2.1 Vertical Sun Path Diagram(p. 141)
• 5.2.2 Horizontal Sun Path Diagram(p. 142)
• 5.3 Shading the Building(p. 144)
• 5.4 Design of the Shading System(p. 146)
• 5.4.1 Horizontal Shadow Angle(p. 146)
• 5.4.2 Vertical Shadow Angle(p. 146)
• 5.4.3 Shadow Angle Protractor(p. 149)
• 5.4.4 Example Design Process to Shade a South-Facing Window(p. 150)
• 5.4.5 Example Design of a Shading for a Southeast-Facing Window(p. 155)
• 5.5 Sundials(p. 157)
• 5.6 Site Analysis(p. 158)
• 5.7 Calculating the Impact of Radiation on Surfaces(p. 161)
• 5.8 Orientation of Buildings(p. 162)
• Chapter 6 Heat Exchange through the Building Envelope(p. 165)
• 6.1 Heat Transfer through the Building Envelope(p. 165)
• 6.2 Heat Transfer in Buildings(p. 171)
• 6.2.1 Sensible Heat(p. 171)
• 6.2.2 Latent Heat(p. 171)
• 6.2.3 Radiant Heat(p. 174)
• 6.3 Heat Transfer by Conduction(p. 174)
• 6.3.1 Conductivity(p. 175)
• 6.3.2 Conductance(p. 175)
• 6.3.3 Resistance(p. 176)
• 6.3.4 Thermal Transmittance (U-Value)(p. 177)
• 6.3.5 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat Capacity(p. 178)
• 6.3.6 Time Lag(p. 179)
• 6.3.7 Decrement Factor(p. 179)
• 6.3.8 Heat Flow by Conduction(p. 180)
• 6.3.8.1 Use of Insulating Material in Walls, Ceilings, and Floors(p. 184)
• 6.3.8.2 Use of Air Spaces in Walls, Ceilings, and Floors(p. 185)
• 6.3.8.3 Increase the Outer Surface Resistance of Walls and Roofs(p. 185)
• 6.3.8.4 Increase Thermal Resistance of Windows(p. 185)
• 6.3.8.5 Use of the Thickness of the Architectural Elements as a Regulator of the Building's Indoor Temperature(p. 186)
• 6.3.8.6 Energy Storage Capacity of Materials(p. 187)
• 6.3.8.7 Reduce the Temperature Swing Using Materials with High Density and Thermal Capacity(p. 187)
• 6.3.8.8 Reducing the Surface Area of the Building(p. 188)
• 6.4 Heat Transfer by Radiation(p. 190)
• 6.4.1 Concepts(p. 190)
• 6.4.2 Factors That Affect Solar Radiation(p. 191)
• 6.4.3 Effects of Solar Radiation(p. 194)
• 6.4.4 Opaque Components(p. 195)
• 6.4.4.1 Use of Shading Devices(p. 197)
• 6.4.4.2 Types of Solar Protection(p. 198)
• 6.4.4.3 Building Volume(p. 200)
• 6.4.4.4 Opaque Surface Finish(p. 201)
• 6.4.4.5 Selection of Absorptive, Reflective, and Emissive Materials for Exterior Surfaces(p. 201)
• 6.4.4.6 Building Components That Are Transparent to Solar Radiation(p. 202)
• 6.4.4.7 Appropriate Window Selection to Control Solar Radiation(p. 202)
• 6.4.4.8 Orientation of Buildings and Openings(p. 207)
• 6.4.4.9 Glazing-to-Surface Ratio(p. 209)
• 6.4.4.10 Use of Shading Devices(p. 209)
• 6.5 Heat Transfer by Convection(p. 210)
• 6.5.1 Definition(p. 210)
• 6.5.2 Air Movement and Infiltration(p. 211)
• 6.5.3 Controlling the Exchange of Air(p. 213)
• 6.5.3.1 Seal the Building When T e > T i(p. 214)
• 6.5.3.2 Open the Building When Outdoor Temperature Is Lower than Indoor Temperature (T e(p. 214)
• Chapter 7 Passive Cooling Systems(p. 221)
• 7.1 Definition of a Passive Cooling System(p. 221)
• 7.2 Classification of Passive Cooling Systems(p. 221)
• 7.3 Ambient Air as a Heat Sink (Sensible Component)(p. 223)
• 7.3.1 Comfort Ventilation(p. 224)
• 7.3.2 Nocturnal Ventilative Cooling(p. 226)
• 7.3.3 Smart Ventilation(p. 231)
• 7.3.4 Effect of Shading on Smart Ventilation(p. 235)
• 7.3.5 Alternative Methods to Night Ventilate: Green Cooling(p. 236)
• 7.4 Ambient Air as a Heat Sink (Latent Component: Evaporative Cooling)(p. 242)
• 7.4.1 Direct Evaporative Cooling(p. 243)
• 7.4.2 Indirect Evaporative Cooling(p. 246)
• 7.4.2.1 Givoni-La Roche Roof Pond at UCLA(p. 250)
• 7.4.2.2 Roof Ponds in a Hot and Humid Climate(p. 253)
• 7.4.2.3 Cal Poly Pomona Smart Roof Pond with Floating Insulation(p. 254)
• 7.4.2.4 Cal Poly Pomona Modular Roof Pond(p. 255)
• 7.4.2.5 University of Nevada, Las Vegas Roof Pond(p. 256)
• 7.5 The Upper Atmosphere as a Heat Sink: Radiant Cooling(p. 258)
• 7.5.1 Principles of Radiant Cooling System(p. 258)
• 7.5.2 UCLA Radiant Cooling System(p. 260)
• 7.5.3 Zomeworks Double-Play System(p. 263)
• 7.6 The Earth as a Heat Sink: Earth Coupling(p. 263)
• 7.6.1 Ground Cooling of the Building by Direct Contact(p. 264)
• 7.6.2 Ground Cooling of the Building by Earth-to-Air Heat Exchangers(p. 265)
• 7.6.3 Cooling the Earth(p. 267)
• 7.7 Applicability of Passive Cooling Systems(p. 267)
• Chapter 8 Passive Heating(p. 269)
• 8.1 Applicability of Passive Heating(p. 269)
• 8.2 Control of Heat Loss(p. 269)
• 8.3 Passive Solar Heating(p. 270)
• 8.4 Types of Passive Heating Systems(p. 273)
• 8.4.1 Direct Gain Systems(p. 273)
• 8.4.2 Indirect Gain Systems(p. 275)
• 8.5 Effects of Design Strategies on Emissions(p. 284)
• References(p. 289)
• Index(p. 301)

Notas de autor provistas por Syndetics

Pablo La Rocheis Professor in the Department of Architecture and Adjunct Professor at the Lyle Center for Regenerative Studies at California State Polytechnic University Pomona, where he has coordinated and taught design studios, environmental control systems, advanced electives, and seminars. In 2008 he led an interdisciplinary team of faculty and students that won the National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (NCARB) Grand Prize for the Department of Architecture.

He has a Bachelors in Architecture and a Masters of Science in Architecture from Universidad del Zulia, Venezuela, and a PhD in Architecture from the University of California, Los Angeles. Dr La Roche has extensive international experience in designing passive cooling systems, low-energy sustainable architecture, and affordable housing, and has published more than 120 papers on these topics in conferences and journals in the Americas, Europe, Asia, and Australia. He has also been a technical reviewer for many international scientific conferences in the Americas, Europe, and India. Dr. La Roche is the principal author of Keeping Cool: Guidelines to Avoid Overheating in Buildings(2001), the sixth book in a series published by the Passive Low Energy Architecture Association (PLEA).

Dr. La Roche is also the Director of Sustainable Design at HMC Architects, where he leads this California-based architecture firm's ArchLab group, dedicated to advancing high-performance low-carbon architecture. He is a registered architect in Venezuela and a LEED BD+C accredited professional in the USA. His projects, emphasizing sustainability and affordability, have been published or received awards in Latin America and Europe.

For more information about Dr. La Roche, see Dr. La Roche's web site at Cal Poly Pomona, Zero Carbon Design, and HMC Architects.