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The past two decades have seen unparalleled developments in our knowledge of the brain and mind. However, these advances have forced us to confront head-on some significant ethical issues regarding our application of this information in the real world - whether using brain images to establish guilt within a court of law, or developing drugs to enhance cognition. Historically, any consideration of the ethical, legal, and social implications of emerging technologies in science and medicine has lagged behind the discovery of the technology itself. These delays have caused problems in the acceptability and potential applications of biomedical advances and posed significant problems for the scientific community and the public alike - for example in the case of genetic screening and human cloning. The field of Neuroethics aims to proactively anticipate ethical, legal and social issues at the intersection of neuroscience and ethics, raising questions about what the brain tells us about ourselves, whether the information is what people want or ought to know, and how best to communicate it.A landmark in the academic literature, the Oxford Handbook of Neuroethics presents a pioneering review of a topic central to the sciences and humanities. It presents a range of chapters considering key issues, discussion, and debate at the intersection of brain and ethics. The handbook contains more than 50 chapters by leaders from around the world and a broad range of sectors of academia and clinical practice spanning the neurosciences, medical sciences and humanities and law. The book focuses on and provides a platform for dialogue of what neuroscience can do, what we might expect neuroscience will do, and what neuroscience ought to do. The major themes include: consciousness and intention; responsibility and determinism; mind and body; neurotechnology; ageing and dementia; law and public policy; and science, society and international perspectives. Tackling some of the most significant ethical issues that face us now and will continue to do so over the coming decades, the Oxford Handbook of Neuroethics will be an essential resource for the field of neuroethics for graduate students and postdoctoral fellows, basic scientists in the neurosciences and psychology, scholars in humanities and law, as well as physicians practising in the areas of primary care in neurological medicine.

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• Preface
• Foreword
• Consciousness and Intention: Decoding Mental States and Decision Making
• Brain Reading: Decoding Mental States from Brain Activity in Humans
• The Neurobiology of Pleasure and Happiness
• The Neurobiological Basis of Morality
• Development of the Adolescent Brain: Neuroethical Implications for the Understanding of Executive Function and Social Cognition
• Neural Foundations to Conscious and Volitional Control of Emotional Behaviour: A Mentalistic Perspective
• Neural Correlates of Deception
• Understanding Disorders of Consciousness
• Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Covert Awareness, and Brain Injury
• Responsibility and Determinism
• Genetic Determinism, Neuronal Determinism, and Determinism Tout Court
• The Rise of Neuroessentialism
• A Neuroscientific Approach to Addiction: Ethical Concerns
• The Neurobiology of Addiction: Implications for Voluntary Control of Behaviour
• Neuroethics of Free Will
• Mind and Body
• Pharmaceutical Cognitive Enhancement
• Cognitive Enhancement
• Chemical Cognitive Enhancement: Is it Unfair, Unjust, Discriminatory or Cheating for Healthy Adults to Use Smart Drugs?
• Cognitive Enhancement in Courts
• Neuroethics and the Extended Mind
• Does Cognitive Enhancement Fit with the Physiology of our Cognition?
• ADHD: Defining a Spectrum Disorder and Considering Neuroethical Implications
• Neurotechnology
• Why Neuroethicists are Needed
• Intersecting Complexities in Neuroimaging and Neuroethics
• Pediatric Neuroimaging Research
• Ethical Issues in Functional Neurosurgery: Emerging Applications and Controversies
• Noninvasive Brain Stimulation as a Therapeutic and Investigative Tool: An Ethical Appraisal
• DBS for Treatment-Resistant Neuropsychiatric Disorders
• The Ethical Issues of Trials of Neural Grafting in Patients with Neurodegenerative Conditions
• The Ethics of Nano/Neuro Convergence
• Aging and Dementia
• Neurobiological and Neuroethical Perspectives on the Contribution of Functional Neuroimaging to the Study of Aging in the Brain
• Clinical Research on Conditions Affecting Cognitive Capacity
• Ethical Concerns and Pitfalls in Neurogenetic Testing
• Neuroethical Issues in Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease
• The Neuroethics of Cognitive Reserve
• Ethical Issues in the Management of Parkinson's Disease
• The Other Ethical Challenge of Neurodegenerative Diseases
• Future Scoping: Ethical Issues in Ageing and Dementia
• Law and Public Policy
• Incidental Findings in Neuroscience Research: A Fundamental Challenge to the Structure of Bioethics and Health Law
• What Will Be the Limits of Neuroscience-Based Mindreading in the Law?
• For the Law, Neuroscience Changes Nothing and Everything
• New Directions in Neuroscience Policy
• Women's Neuroethics
• Public Representations of Neurogenetics
• Brain Trust: Neuroscience and National Security in the Twenty-First Century
• Science, Society, and International Perspectives
• Neuroplasticity, Culture and Society
• Neuroscience and Neuroethics in the 21st Century
• Neuroscience and the Media: Ethical Challenges and Opportunities
• Ethical Issues in Educational Neuroscience: Raising Children in a Brave New World
• From the Internationalization to the Globalization of Neuroethics: Some Perspectives and Challenges
• Global Health Ethics
• Ethical Perspectives: Clinical Drug Trials in Developing Countries
• Learning about Neuroethics Through Health Sciences Online: A Model for Global Dissemination
• Epilogue: Neuroethics and the Lure of Technology

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CHOICE Review

The "technological imperative" is pervasive: if people have new forms of technology, they want to use them. This handbook's goal is to make readers more fully aware of both the marvels and pitfalls of recent advances in the neurosciences. All too often, for instance, people are uncritical advocates of the latest, fastest, highest-resolution brain imagery and its various medical and research implications. While doubt should not be cast upon the marvels that allow for, and the patients that benefit from, deep brain stimulation, functional MRIs, and advanced neuropharmaceuticals, people nevertheless need to be cautious about uncritical enthusiasm. This volume, which is wide-ranging in its importance yet precise in detail, offers cautious enthusiasm. Many of the world's leading researchers discuss the nature and ramifications of their research, addressing topics such as decoding mental states, advances in neurotechnology, challenges for mind and body, implications for free will and responsibility, and various legal, social, and political perspectives. This is a must-have acquisition for both developing and well-established neuroscience programs. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Lower-level undergraduates and above; general readers. H. Storl Augustana College (IL)

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Dr. Illes is Professor of Neurology and Canada Research Chair in Neuroethics at the University of British Columbia. She is Director of the National Core for Neuroethics at UBC, and faculty in the Brain Research Centre at UBC and the Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute. She also holds affiliate appointments in the School of Population and Public Health and the School of Journalism at UBC, and in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the University of Washington in Seattle, WA, USA. Dr. Illes' research focuses on ethical, legal, social and policy challenges specifically at the intersection of the neurosciences and biomedical ethics. This includes studies on stem cells and regenerative medicine, functional neuroimaging in basic and clinical research dementia, addiction, neurodevelopmental disorders and the commercialization of cognitive neuroscience. Barbara J Sahakian is Professor of Clinical Neuropsychology at the University of Cambridge Department of Psychiatry, and the Medical Research Council/Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute. She is also a Clinical Psychologist. She has an international reputation in the fields of cognitive psychopharmacology, neuroethics, neuropsychology, neuropsychiatry and neuroimaging. She is co-inventor of the CANTAB computerised neuropsychological tests, which are in use world-wide. She is probably best known for her research work on cognition and depression, cognitive enhancement using pharmacological treatments, neuroethics and early detection of Alzheimer's disease. She has over 300 publications covering these topics in various scientific journals. Her current programme of research, investigates the neurochemical modulation of impulsive and compulsive behaviour in neuropsychiatric disorders, such as unipolar and bipolar depression.