Descripciones mejoradas de Syndetics:

This thoroughly revised and updated third edition focuses on the utilization of sustainable energy and mitigating climate change, serving as an introduction to physics in the context of societal problems. A distinguishing feature of the text is the discussion of spectroscopy and spectroscopic methods as a crucial means to quantitatively analyze and monitor the condition of the environment, the factors determining climate change, and all aspects of energy conversion.

This textbook will be invaluable to students in physics and related subjects, and supplementary materials are available on a companion website: http://www.nat.vu.nl/environmentalphysics
Instructor support material is available at: http://booksupport.wiley.com

Tabla de contenidos provista por Syndetics

• Preface(p. xiii)
• Acknowledgements(p. xv)
• 1 Introduction(p. 1)
• 1.1 A Sustainable Energy Supply(p. 1)
• 1.2 The Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change(p. 3)
• 1.3 Light Absorption in Nature as a Source of Energy(p. 4)
• 1.4 The Contribution of Science: Understanding, Modelling and Monitoring(p. 5)
• 2 Light and Matter(p. 7)
• 2.1 The Solar Spectrum(p. 7)
• 2.1.1 Radiation from a Black Body(p. 7)
• 2.1.2 Emission Spectrum of the Sun(p. 9)
• 2.2 Interaction of Light with Matter(p. 12)
• 2.2.1 Electric Dipole Moments of Transitions(p. 12)
• 2.2.2 Einstein Coefficients(p. 14)
• 2.2.3 Absorption of a Beam of Light: Lambert-Beer's Law(p. 16)
• 2.3 Ultraviolet Light and Biomolecules(p. 19)
• 2.3.1 Spectroscopy of Biomolecules(p. 20)
• 2.3.2 Damage to Life from Solar UV(p. 21)
• 2.3.3 The Ozone Filter as Protection(p. 22)
• 3 Climate and Climate Change(p. 31)
• 3.1 The Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere(p. 32)
• 3.2 The Radiation Balance and the Greenhouse Effect(p. 36)
• 3.3 Dynamics in the Climate System(p. 51)
• 3.3.1 Horizontal Motion of Air(p. 53)
• 3.3.2 Vertical Motion of Ocean Waters(p. 58)
• 3.3.3 Horizontal Motion of Ocean Waters(p. 59)
• 3.4 Natural Climate Variability(p. 59)
• 3.5 Modelling Human-Induced Climate Change(p. 62)
• 3.5.1 The Carbon Cycle(p. 63)
• 3.5.2 Structure of Climate Modelling(p. 66)
• 3.5.3 Modelling the Atmosphere(p. 67)
• 3.5.4 A Hierarchy of Models(p. 70)
• 3.6 Analyses of IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(p. 70)
• 3.7 Forecasts of Climate Change(p. 70)
• 4 Heat Engines(p. 77)
• 4.1 Heat Transfer and Storage(p. 78)
• 4.1.1 Conduction(p. 79)
• 4.1.2 Convection(p. 82)
• 4.1.3 Radiation(p. 82)
• 4.1.4 Phase Change(p. 83)
• 4.1.5 The Solar Collector(p. 84)
• 4.1.6 The Heat Diffusion Equation(p. 87)
• 4.1.7 Heat Storage(p. 90)
• 4.2 Principles of Thermodynamics(p. 91)
• 4.2.1 First and Second Laws(p. 91)
• 4.2.2 Heat and Work; Carnot Efficiency(p. 95)
• 4.2.3 Efficiency of a 'Real' Heat Engine(p. 97)
• 4.2.4 Second Law Efficiency(p. 98)
• 4.2.5 Loss of Exergy in Combustion(p. 101)
• 4.3 Idealized Cycles(p. 103)
• 4.3.1 Carnot Cycle(p. 103)
• 4.3.2 Stirling Engine(p. 104)
• 4.3.3 Steam Engine(p. 105)
• 4.3.4 Internal Combustion(p. 107)
• 4.3.5 Refrigeration(p. 110)
• 4.4 Electricity as Energy Carrier(p. 113)
• 4.4.1 Varying Grid Load(p. 114)
• 4.4.2 Co-Generation of Heat and Electricity(p. 115)
• 4.4.3 Storage of Electric Energy(p. 117)
• 4.4.4 Transmission of Electric Power(p. 123)
• 4.5 Pollution from Heat Engines(p. 125)
• 4.5.1 Nitrogen Oxides NOx(p. 125)
• 4.5.2 SO2(p. 126)
• 4.5.3 CO and CO2(p. 126)
• 4.5.4 Aerosols(p. 127)
• 4.5.5 Volatile Organic Compounds VOC(p. 128)
• 4.5.6 Thermal Pollution(p. 129)
• 4.5.7 Regulations(p. 129)
• 4.6 The Private Car(p. 129)
• 4.6.1 Power Needs(p. 130)
• 4.6.2 Automobile Fuels(p. 131)
• 4.6.3 Three-Way Catalytic Converter(p. 132)
• 4.6.4 Electric Car(p. 133)
• 4.6.5 Hybrid Car(p. 134)
• 4.7 Economics of Energy Conversion(p. 134)
• 4.7.1 Capital Costs(p. 134)
• 4.7.2 Learning Curve(p. 138)
• 5 Renewable Energy(p. 145)
• 5.1 Electricity from the Sun(p. 146)
• 5.1.1 Varying Solar Input(p. 146)
• 5.1.2 Electricity from Solar Heat: Concentrating Solar Power CSP(p. 150)
• 5.1.3 Direct Conversion of Light into Electricity: Photovoltaics PV(p. 152)
• 5.2 Energy from the Wind(p. 159)
• 5.2.1 Betz Limit(p. 160)
• 5.2.2 Aerodynamics(p. 162)
• 5.2.3 Wind Farms(p. 165)
• 5.2.4 Vertical Wind Profile(p. 165)
• 5.2.5 Wind Statistics(p. 167)
• 5.2.6 State of the Art and Outlook(p. 168)
• 5.3 Energy from the Water(p. 169)
• 5.3.1 Power from Dams(p. 169)
• 5.3.2 Power from Flowing Rivers(p. 170)
• 5.3.3 Power from Waves(p. 170)
• 5.3.4 Power from the Tides(p. 174)
• 5.4 Bio Energy(p. 175)
• 5.4.1 Thermodynamics of Bio Energy(p. 175)
• 5.4.2 Stability(p. 180)
• 5.4.3 Solar Efficiency(p. 180)
• 5.4.4 Energy from Biomass(p. 182)
• 5.5 Physics of Photosynthesis(p. 183)
• 5.5.1 Basics of Photosynthesis(p. 184)
• 5.5.2 Light-Harvesting Antennas(p. 185)
• 5.5.3 Energy Transfer Mechanism(p. 187)
• 5.5.4 Charge Separation(p. 190)
• 5.5.5 Flexibility and Disorder(p. 193)
• 5.5.6 Photoprotection(p. 193)
• 5.5.7 Research Directions(p. 195)
• 5.6 Organic Photocells: the Gratzel Cell(p. 196)
• 5.6.1 The Principle(p. 196)
• 5.6.2 Efficiency(p. 199)
• 5.6.3 New Developments and the Future(p. 202)
• 5.6.4 Applications(p. 203)
• 5.7 Bio Solar Energy(p. 203)
• 5.7.1 Comparison of Biology and Technology(p. 204)
• 5.7.2 Legacy Biochemistry(p. 207)
• 5.7.3 Artificial Photosynthesis(p. 209)
• 5.7.4 Solar Fuels with Photosynthetic Microorganisms: Two Research Questions(p. 213)
• 5.7.5 Conclusion(p. 213)
• 6 Nuclear Power(p. 221)
• 6.1 Nuclear Fission(p. 222)
• 6.1.1 Principles(p. 222)
• 6.1.2 Four Factor Formula(p. 226)
• 6.1.3 Reactor Equations(p. 229)
• 6.1.4 Stationary Reactor(p. 231)
• 6.1.5 Time Dependence of a Reactor(p. 233)
• 6.1.6 Reactor Safety(p. 234)
• 6.1.7 Nuclear Explosives(p. 237)
• 6.2 Nuclear Fusion(p. 238)
• 6.3 Radiation and Health(p. 244)
• 6.3.1 Definitions(p. 244)
• 6.3.2 Norms on Exposure to Radiation(p. 245)
• 6.3.3 Normal Use of Nuclear Power(p. 247)
• 6.3.4 Radiation from Nuclear Accidents(p. 247)
• 6.3.5 Health Aspects of Fusion(p. 247)
• 6.4 Managing the Fuel Cycle(p. 248)
• 6.4.1 Uranium Mines(p. 249)
• 6.4.2 Enrichment(p. 249)
• 6.4.3 Fuel Burnup(p. 252)
• 6.4.4 Reprocessing(p. 252)
• 6.4.5 Waste Management(p. 253)
• 6.4.6 Nonproliferation(p. 256)
• 6.5 Fourth Generation Nuclear Reactors(p. 257)
• 7 Dispersion of Pollutants(p. 261)
• 7.1 Diffusion(p. 262)
• 7.1.1 Diffusion Equation(p. 262)
• 7.1.2 Point Source in Three Dimensions in Uniform Wind(p. 267)
• 7.1.3 Effect of Boundaries(p. 269)
• 7.2 Dispersion in Rivers(p. 270)
• 7.2.1 One-Dimensional Approximation(p. 271)
• 7.2.2 Influence of Turbulence(p. 275)
• 7.2.3 Example: A Calamity Model for the Rhine River(p. 277)
• 7.2.4 Continuous Point Emission(p. 278)
• 7.2.5 Two Numerical Examples(p. 280)
• 7.2.6 Improvements(p. 281)
• 7.2.7 Conclusion(p. 282)
• 7.3 Dispersion in Groundwater(p. 282)
• 7.3.1 Basic Definitions(p. 283)
• 7.3.2 Darcy's Equations(p. 286)
• 7.3.3 Stationary Applications(p. 290)
• 7.3.4 Dupuit Approximation(p. 295)
• 7.3.5 Simple Flow in a Confined Aquifer(p. 298)
• 7.3.6 Time Dependence in a Confined Aquifer(p. 301)
• 7.3.7 Adsorption and Desorption of Pollutants(p. 302)
• 7.4 Mathematics of Fluid Dynamics(p. 304)
• 7.4.1 Stress Tensor(p. 304)
• 7.4.2 Equations of Motion(p. 308)
• 7.4.3 Newtonian Fluids(p. 309)
• 7.4.4 Navier-Stokes Equation(p. 310)
• 7.4.5 Reynolds Number(p. 311)
• 7.4.6 Turbulence(p. 313)
• 7.5 Gaussian Plumes in the Air(p. 317)
• 7.5.1 Statistical Analysis(p. 319)
• 7.5.2 Continuous Point Source(p. 321)
• 7.5.3 Gaussian Plume from a High Chimney(p. 322)
• 7.5.4 Empirical Determination of the Dispersion Coefficients(p. 323)
• 7.5.5 Semi-Empirical Determination of the Dispersion Parameters(p. 324)
• 7.5.6 Building a Chimney(p. 325)
• 7.6 Turbulent Jets and Plumes(p. 326)
• 7.6.1 Dimensional Analysis(p. 328)
• 7.6.2 Simple Jet(p. 329)
• 7.6.3 Simple Plume(p. 331)
• 8 Monitoring with Light(p. 337)
• 8.1 Overview of Spectroscopy(p. 337)
• 8.1.1 Population of Energy Levels and Intensity of Absorption Lines(p. 341)
• 8.1.2 Transition Dipole Moment: Selection Rules(p. 341)
• 8.1.3 Linewidths(p. 342)
• 8.2 Atomic Spectra(p. 345)
• 8.2.1 One-Electron Atoms(p. 345)
• 8.2.2 Many-Electron Atoms(p. 346)
• 8.3 Molecular Spectra(p. 347)
• 8.3.1 Rotational Transitions(p. 347)
• 8.3.2 Vibrational Transitions(p. 349)
• 8.3.3 Electronic Transitions(p. 353)
• 8.4 Scattering(p. 359)
• 8.4.1 Raman Scattering(p. 359)
• 8.4.2 Resonance Raman Scattering(p. 360)
• 8.4.3 Rayleigh Scattering(p. 361)
• 8.4.4 Mie Scattering(p. 362)
• 8.4.5 Scattering in the Atmosphere(p. 362)
• 8.5 Remote Sensing by Satellites(p. 362)
• 8.5.1 ENVISAT Satellite(p. 362)
• 8.5.2 SCIAMACHY's Operation(p. 362)
• 8.5.3 Analysis(p. 364)
• 8.5.4 Ozone Results(p. 368)
• 8.6 Remote Sensing by Lidar(p. 368)
• 8.6.1 Lidar Equation and DIAL(p. 369)
• 8.6.2 Range-Resolved Cloud and Aerosol Optical Properties(p. 371)
• 9 The Context of Society(p. 379)
• 9.1 Using Energy Resources(p. 380)
• 9.1.1 Energy Consumption(p. 380)
• 9.1.2 Energy Consumption and Resources(p. 382)
• 9.1.3 Energy Efficiency(p. 383)
• 9.1.4 Comparing Energy Resources(p. 384)
• 9.1.5 Energy Options(p. 387)
• 9.1.6 Conclusion(p. 388)
• 9.2 Fresh Water(p. 389)
• 9.3 Risks(p. 389)
• 9.3.1 Small Concentrations of Harmful Chemicals(p. 390)
• 9.3.2 Acceptable Risks(p. 392)
• 9.3.3 Small Probability for a Large Harm(p. 393)
• 9.3.4 Dealing with Uncertainties(p. 394)
• 9.4 International Efforts(p. 396)
• 9.4.1 Protection of the Ozone Layer(p. 396)
• 9.4.2 Protection of Climate(p. 396)
• 9.5 Global Environmental Management(p. 398)
• 9.5.1 Self-Organized Criticality(p. 398)
• 9.5.2 Conclusion(p. 401)
• 9.6 Science and Society(p. 401)
• 9.6.1 Nature of Science(p. 401)
• 9.6.2 Control of Science(p. 402)
• 9.6.3 Aims of Science(p. 402)
• 9.6.4 A New Social Contract between Science and Society(p. 404)
• Exercises and social questions(p. 405)
• Social questions(p. 405)
• References(p. 406)
• Appendix A Physical and Numerical Constants(p. 409)
• Appendix B Vector Algebra(p. 411)
• Appendix C Gauss, Delta and Error Functions(p. 419)
• Appendix D Experiments in a Student's Lab(p. 423)
• Appendix E Web Sites(p. 425)
• Appendix F Omitted Parts of the Second Edition(p. 427)
• Index(p. 429)

Notas de autor provistas por Syndetics

Egbert Boeker is a retired Professor from the Free University of Amsterdam with a career in which he taught virtually all of the undergraduate courses in physics.

Rienk van Grondelle is a Professor in the Department of Biophysics and Physics of Complex Systems at the Free University of Amsterdam. He is performing research in biophysics and teaching not only to physics students but also to biology students. He is a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences.