Cities and nature : by Lisa Benton-Short and John Rennie Short. / txt
Oxon : Routledge , 2013Edición: Second EditionDescripción: ix, 281 p. ill. ; maps ; 25 cmTipo de contenido:- text
- unmediaded
- volume
- 9780415625562
- 307.76
- HT241 B46 2013
| Imagen de cubierta | Tipo de ítem | Biblioteca actual | Biblioteca de origen | Colección | Ubicación en estantería | Signatura topográfica | Materiales especificados | Info Vol | URL | Copia número | Estado | Notas | Fecha de vencimiento | Código de barras | Reserva de ítems | Prioridad de la cola de reserva de ejemplar | Reservas para cursos | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libro | CARIBET Biblioteca Arquitectura Colección General CARIBET | General HT241 B46 2013 (Navegar estantería(Abre debajo)) | 1 | Disponible | 91000000034827 |
Descripciones mejoradas de Syndetics:
Cities and Nature connects environmental processes with social and political actions. The book reconnects science and social science to demonstrate how the city is part of the environment and how it is subject to environmental constraints and opportunities. This second edition has been extensively revised and updated with in-depth examination of theory and critical themes. Greater discussion is given to urbanization trends and megacities; the post-industrial city and global economic changes; developing cities and slums; urban political ecology; the role of the city in climate change; and sustainability.
The book explores the historical relationship between cities and nature, contemporary challenges to this relationship, and attempts taken to create more sustainable cities. The historical context situates urban development and its impact on the environment, and in turn the environmental impact on people in cities. This provides a foundation from which to understand contemporary issues, such as urban political ecology, hazards and disasters, water quality and supply, air pollution and climate change. The book then considers sustainability and how it has been informed by different theoretical approaches. Issues of environmental justice and the role of gender and race are explored. The final chapter examines the ways in which cities are practicing sustainability, from light "greening" efforts such as planting trees, to more comprehensive sustainability plans that integrate the multiple dimensions of sustainability.
The text contains case studies from around the globe, with many drawn from cities in the developing world, as well as reviews of recent research, updated and expanded further reading to highlight relevant films, websites and journal articles. This book is an asset to students and researchers in geography, environmental studies, urban studies and planning and sustainability.
Index
Contents :
List of Figures xii --
List of Tables xv --
List of Boxes xvii --
Preface xix --
Acknowledgments xxi --
1 The city and nature 1 --
The intellectual background 3 --
The city as ecosystem 4 --
Nature and the city 9 --
Urban sustainability 12 --
A new approach 13 --
Organization of the book 15 --
Part I The urban environment in history 19 --
2 The pre industrial city 21 --
The first cities 21 --
Urban design 27 --
Disease and cities 40 --
Cities and pollution controls 50 --
Conclusions 54 --
3 The industrial city 57 --
Pollution in Coketown 58 --
Reforming the industrial city 71 --
The urban public parks movement 80 --
Garden cities 89 --
Part II The contemporary urban context 95 --
4 Global urban trends 97 --
Rapid urban growth 97 --
The rise of big cities 103 --
The development of giant urban regions 111 --
5 The postindustrial city --
Reimagining the city 125 --
Creating the postindustrial urban landscape : the example of waterfront redevelopment 127 --
Cleaning up the toxic environment 131 --
6 The developing city 143 --
Megacity 143 --
The industrial city 146 --
The greening city 153 --
Slum city 155 --
Conclusions 164 --
Part III Urban physical systems 167 --
7 Urban sites 169 --
On the beach 173 --
Cities in the desert 176 --
City on the delta 182 --
Dhaka: another city on a delta 188 --
8 Hazards and disasters 194 --
Environmental hazards 198 --
The city and disaster : a case study of Hurricane Katrina 213 --
Social hazards and vulnerability 218 --
The resilient city 223 --
Conclusion 226 --
9 Urban political ecology 229 --
Cities as circulation of flows 231 --
New urban ecological imaginaries 236 --
Urban footprints 240 --
Natural capital 248 --
Biophysical cycles and social processes 249 --
Cities as biotic communities 251 --
Ecologies of a model city region 254 --
Part IV Urban environmental issues 263 --
Part IV Urban environmental issues --
The environmental revolution : a brief context 265 --
A movement galvanizes 265 --
A global environmental revolution 271 --
Greening cities 227 --
Resistance 279 --
11 Water 281 --
Water in develop cities 281 --
Water in developing cities 306 --
Conclusions 314 --
12 Air --
Air pollution in the US 317 --
Air pollution in developing cities 344 --
Air quality trends in developing cities 344 --
Conclusions 349 --
13 Climate change 351 --
Climate science : the basic facts 351 --
Impacts of climate change 357 --
Responding to climate change : mitigation and adaptation 364 --
Conclusions 378 --
14 Garbage 379 --
Waste trends in the US 379 --
The garbage crisis? 382 --
The environmental hazards of landfills 388 --
A consuming mentality 390 --
Reducing waste 392 --
Incinerators : the solution to garbage? 396 --
Waste in the developing world 401 --
Conclusion 413 --
Part V (Re) aligning urban nature relations 415 --
15 Race, class and environmental justice 417 --
Urban environments of inequality 417 --
Environmental justice 424 --
Urban environments and social difference 429 --
Healthy cities 431 --
Conclusions 434 --
16 Urban sustainability 436 --
Intellectual roots of sustainability 436 --
Defining sustainability 439 --
Theories of sustainability 446 --
Practicing sustainability 449 --
Planning for sustainability 457 --
Implementing sustainability 461 --
Conclusions 480 --
Postscript 483 --
Notes 484 --
Index 517 --
Figures:
1.1 Gold Coast, Queensland Australia 6 --
1.2 Cheonggyecheon, Seoul South Korea 11 --
2.1 Map of Teotihuacán 30 --
2.2 Map of Cape Town 31 --
2.3 Map of Forbidden City 32 --
2.4 Savannah, Georgia in 1734 34 --
2.5 Boboli Gardens highlights the themes of formal garden design of Renaissance Florence 35 --
2.6 Versailles 37 --
2.7 Map of Washington, DC, 1791 39 --
2.8 John Snow's map of cholera 47 --
3.1a Industrial Pittsburgh view of the Point, circa 1900 60 --
3.1b View of the Strip District at 11:00 a.m. in June of 1906 60 --
3.2 Dead horse in the streets of New York City, circa 1910 67 --
3.3 The White Wings, circa 1890s 79 --
3.4 Olmsted's map of Central Park 82 --
3.5 The informal landscape of Central Park 83 --
3.6 Howard’s garden city 89 --
3.7 The garden city of Greenbelt, Maryland featured walking paths between apartment buildings and to the town center 90 --
3.8 Map of Ciudad Jardin Lomas del Palomar 93 --
4.1 Rapid large-scale urbanization in the city of Incheon, South Korea 98 --
4.2 The Kuznets environment curve 102 --
4.3 High rise development in Shanghai, one of the world's biggest and fastest growing cities 110 --
4.4 US and Canadian megapolitan areas 112 --
4.5 Spreading sprawl in Brisbane, Australia 116 --
5.1 Syracuse logo, circa 1848-1987 126 --
5.2 Syracuse logo, 1987-present 127 --
5.3 Construction at London Docklands 128 --
5.4 Residential housing at London Docklands 129 --
5.5 Baltimore’s Inner Harbor 130 --
5.6 Waterfront development in Beijing 130 --
5.7 In Baltimore, developers redesigned a brownfield, the old Proctor and Gamble factory 136 --
5.8 The grayfield suburbs of Australia: Adelaide, South Australia 141 --
6.1 Seoul, one of the world’s megacities 145 --
6.2 A green urban park in the middle of Shanghai, a megacity with environmental problems but also a site of vast improvements in environmental quality 151 --
6.3 Slum housing beside luxury living in Saigon, Vietnam 156 --
6.4 "Flying Toilets" in an open sewer in a Nairobi slum 162 --
6.5 Informal housing on precarious hillside in Roseau, Dominica 163 --
7.1 A Sydney beach 174 --
7.2 Pilgrims in Mecca 177 --
7.3 Las Vegas fountains display the city's fantasy of extravagant disregard for water 180 --
8.1 Earthquake damage in Port au Prince, Haiti 197 --
8.2 Hurricane Ivan, 2004 213 --
8.3 The effects on the ground of Hurricane Ivan 214 --
8.4 Several years after Hurricane Katrina, vast areas of the Lower Ninth Ward are still not recovered and remain vacant 218 --
9.1 Ravenswood power plant in Long Island City in Queens, New York 231 --
9.2 Nighttime traffic in Seoul, South Korea 235 --
9.3 Gantry State Park, New York 238 --
9.4 The Highline in New York City 239 --
9.5 Ecological footprint in London 241 --
9.6 The mosaic of urban ecosystems: suburban district of Rome, Italy 252 --
9.7 Urban transect 1: downtown Seoul, South Korea 256 --
9.8 Urban transect 2: inner city, Queens, New York 257 --
9.9 Urban transect 3: periurban, Anne Arundel County, Maryland 259 --
11.1 Visualizing water supply and water treatment systems 282 --
11.2 Combined sewer systems 288 --
11.3 On the Cincinnati waterfront, residents are reminded that the Ohio River is subject to combined sewer overflows 288 --
11.4 Venice, a city of islands and canals, has never maintained a main sewage system 290 --
11.5 Separate sanitary systems 291 --
11.6 Rain garden in Washington, DC helps capture stormwater run off 305 --
11.7 Beijing Bamboo Park 315 --
12.1 A smog station in Los Angeles 332 --
12.2 Traditional and autorickshaws in Hyderabad, India 338 --
12.3 Indoor air pollution 341 --
12.4 Air pollution in Shanghai 345 --
13.1 Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere by percentage volume 352 --
13.2 The greenhouse effect 354 --
13.3 Predicted flooding of Charleston, South Carolina 362 --
13.4 London's Climate Action Plan calls for a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions that exceeds UK targets 376 --
14.1 Municipal solid waste trends, 1960-2010 381 --
14.2 Docklands protest 388 --
14.3 Composition of the US waste stream, 2010 389 --
14.4 The waste management hierarchy 393 --
14.5 Recycling rates since 1960 396 --
14.6 Operations at a typical waste to energy facility, or incinerator 399 --
14.7 Many developing cities like Hanoi have significantly improved garbage and recycling programs in tourist areas and in public spaces, but still struggle to provide waste pick-up for all residential areas 401 --
14.8 Informal trash heap 410 --
14.9 Catadores in Rio's Jardim Gramacho dump 410 --
15.1 Chester, Pennsylvania 418 --
15.2 Sacred site in Alice Springs / Mparntwe 430 --
16.1 Colonial Willamsburg is an example of historic reconstruction, complete with the recreation of historic events by actors in period costumes 457 --
16.2 A power plant gets a new life as mixed use development that includes a Barnes & Noble, a Hard Rock Café and an ESPN Zone 458 --
16.3 Green roof in Vienna 467 --
16.4 The master plan for the former El Toro Marine Base, soon to be the Great Park, in Irvine, California 472 --
16.5 La Rambla is an example of a pedestrian precinct in the historic center of Barcelona 473 --
16.6 Bicycles in Amsterdam 475 --
Tables:
1.1 London's environmental inputs and outputs 5 --
3.1 Urbanization in Manchester, England 59 --
3.2 Industrial reforms and the creation of public utilities 72 --
3.3 Outline of water treatment milestones 75 --
4.1 Percentage urban population, 1950-2050 98 --
4.2 Urban population in billions, 1950-2050 99 --
4.3 Percentage urban population, 1950-2050 103 --
4.4 City growth, 1950-2011: city population (millions) 103 --
4.5 Megacities 2012 104 --
5.1 Characteristics of brownfields 134 --
8.1 Cities and hazards 195 --
8.2 Recent major urban disasters 196 --
9.1 Carbon footprints 244 --
9.2 US metros with the largest and smallest carbon footprints 245 --
10.1 Timeline of environmental revolution in the US 267 --
11.1 Challenges in wastewater treatment 292 --
11.2 Comparing Clean Water Act Priorities, 1972-2012 297 --
12.1 Ten worst ozone-polluted cities, 2011 322 --
12.2 The US EPA's Air Quality Index 325 --
12.3 Toxic air pollutants 327 --
12.4 Ten smokiest cities, particulate matter 2011 334 --
12.5 Annual mean suspended particles (PM10 ug/m3) in selected cities 334 --
12.6 Global Atmospheric Pollution Forum: partnership of international organizations and regional air pollution networks 349 --
13.1 Climate change observations 356 --
13.2 Potential climate impacts 357 --
13.3 Selected climate mitigation efforts 366 --
13.4 Examples of adaptation approaches 370 --
14.1 Sources and types of municipal solid wastes 380 --
14.2 Household hazards in landfills 390 --
14.3 Plastics in the waste stream 392 --
14.4 Source reduction activities 392 --
14.5 Comparisons of solid waste management for selected cities 402 --
16.1 Intellectual contributions on urban sustainable development 440 --
16.2 The Three E’s of sustainability 442 --
16.3 Sprawl vs. Smart Growth 451 --
16.4 Objectives of green housing and green communities 463 --
Reseñas proporcionadas por Syndetics
CHOICE Review
The core argument in this volume, part of a series on critical introductions to urbanism and the city, is that cities are an element of the ecosystem, not separate from it, and that environmental processes are filtered through social arrangements that have effects and exacerbate or ameliorate other effects. The book has three main parts, beginning with a historical view of urban development and growth in environmental context that attends to location and design, coping and reform strategies, and global urbanization. In the second part, Benton-Short (geography, George Washington Univ.) and Short (Univ. of Maryland, Baltimore County) review city-nature dynamics, including physical site characteristics, hazards as socially constructed events, cities as biophysical systems, water and air pollution, and waste generation and management. The authors conclude with an assessment of such issues as environmental justice, sprawl, developing world urbanization, and long-term urban sustainability. The book is intended as a supplemental or short-course undergraduate text and is quite accessible, although chapters are of uneven length. The book is well illustrated with both historical and global examples; understandably, it uses New Orleans and Hurricane Katrina to useful and timely advantage to illustrate many of the arguments. Summing Up: Recommended. General and undergraduate libraries. J. S. Wood University of Southern MaineNotas de autor provistas por Syndetics
Lisa Benton-Short is Associate Professor of Geography at George Washington University (GWU), Washington, DC. An urban geographer, she has research interests in environmental issues in cities, parks and public spaces, and monuments and memorials. She is also Director of Academic Programs in Sustainability at GWU.
John Rennie Short is Professor of Geography and Public Policy at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County. He has published 35 books and numerous articles and is recognized as an international authority on the study of cities.