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Provides an objective overview of what the ESA says and means, based upon the language of the statute itself and the regulations that implement it, as well as the judicial decisions interpreting each. Specific chapters cover critical habitat designation, conservation, prohibited acts and penalties, Section 7 consultation, incidental take permits, the Section 7 exemption process, state and federal interactions, international application, experimental populations, and citizen suits. Appendixes define acronyms, answer frequently asked questions, and describe key cases. A glossary is also included. Sullins is an attorney-advisor for the United State Department of the Interior Solicitor's Office in Boise, Idaho. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

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• Acknowledgments(p. xi)
• About the Author(p. xiii)
• Foreword(p. xv)
• 1.0 Executive Summary(p. 1)
• 1.1 Overview(p. 1)
• 1.2 Purposes of the Endangered Species Act(p. 2)
• 1.3 Basic Structure of the ESA(p. 3)
• 2.0 Listing and Critical Habitat Designation(p. 5)
• 2.1 Overview(p. 5)
• 2.2 What Is a Species?(p. 6)
• 2.2.1 Distinct Population Segments (DPSs)(p. 8)
• 2.3 Listing Criteria(p. 11)
• 2.3.1 "Best Scientific and Commercial Data Available"(p. 13)
• 2.4 Candidate Species(p. 15)
• 2.5 The Petition Process(p. 16)
• 2.5.1 The 90-Day Finding(p. 18)
• 2.5.2 12-Month Finding(p. 19)
• 2.6 Rulemaking Procedures Necessary to List a Species(p. 20)
• 2.6.1 Proposed Listing Contents(p. 21)
• 2.6.2 Notice and Comment(p. 22)
• 2.6.3 The Final Rule(p. 23)
• 2.7 Emergency Listings(p. 24)
• 2.8 Critical Habitat(p. 26)
• 2.8.1 Prudent and Determinable(p. 27)
• 2.8.2 Critical Habitat Designation and Revision(p. 28)
• 3.0 Conservation: Section 7(a)(1) and Recovery Planning(p. 29)
• 3.1 Overview(p. 29)
• 3.2 Section 7(a)(1) Conservation Obligations(p. 31)
• 3.2.1 Section 7(a)(1) Obligations: Mandatory or Voluntary?(p. 32)
• 3.3 Recovery Plans(p. 34)
• 3.3.1 Discretion of FWS/NMFS in Recovery Plan Preparation and Content(p. 36)
• 3.3.2 Federal Agency Discretion in Implementing Recovery Plans(p. 36)
• 4.0 Prohibited Acts and Penalties (ESA Sections 9 and 11)(p. 39)
• 4.1 Overview(p. 39)
• 4.1.1 Conduct Prohibited(p. 40)
• 4.1.2 Threatened Species and Section 4(d) Rules(p. 42)
• 4.1.3 Plants(p. 43)
• 4.1.4 Prohibited "Take" and the "Harm" Debate(p. 44)
• 4.1.4.1 Palila I and II: Habitat Modification May Result in Prohibited Harm(p. 45)
• 4.1.4.2 Sweet Home: "Harm" Definition Upheld(p. 46)
• 4.1.4.3 Causation: The New Era of Section 9 Litigation(p. 49)
• 4.1.4.4 Injury(p. 52)
• 4.2 Section 11 Penalties: Overview(p. 54)
• 4.2.1 Monetary Penalties, Imprisonment, Forfeiture(p. 54)
• 4.2.2 Scienter(p. 55)
• 4.2.3 Bodily Harm Defense(p. 57)
• 5.0 Section 7 Consultation(p. 59)
• 5.1 Overview(p. 59)
• 5.2 Agency "Action"(p. 61)
• 5.2.1 "Incremental Step" Consultation(p. 63)
• 5.2.2 The Role of Private "Applicants"(p. 64)
• 5.3 Effects of the Action(p. 67)
• 5.3.1 The Environmental Baseline(p. 68)
• 5.3.2 Direct and Indirect Effects(p. 69)
• 5.3.3 Interrelated and Interdependent Activities(p. 70)
• 5.4 The Consultation Process(p. 71)
• 5.4.1 Step One: Screening the "Action"(p. 72)
• 5.4.1.1 Species or Critical Habitat Present in Action Area?(p. 72)
• 5.4.1.2 "Major Construction Activity"?(p. 73)
• 5.4.1.3 "May Affect"?(p. 73)
• 5.4.2 Step Two: Biological Assessment Preparation or Informal Consultation(p. 74)
• 5.4.2.1 Informal Consultation(p. 74)
• 5.4.2.2 Biological Assessments(p. 75)
• 5.4.3 Step Three: Formal Consultation(p. 76)
• 5.4.3.1 Biological Opinion(p. 77)
• 5.4.3.2 Jeopardy, Adverse Modification, and Reasonable and Prudent Alternatives(p. 78)
• 5.4.3.3 Incidental Take Statements(p. 80)
• 5.4.4 Reinitiation of Consultation(p. 82)
• 5.5 Cumulative Effects(p. 82)
• 5.6 Irreversible/Irretrievable Commitments of Resources(p. 83)
• 5.6.1 Not All Irreversible or Irretrievable Commitments of Resources Are Prohibited(p. 84)
• 5.7 Conferencing(p. 86)
• 6.0 Incidental Take Permits and Other Allowable Take(p. 87)
• 6.1 Overview(p. 87)
• 6.2 Incidental Take Permits(p. 88)
• 6.3 Habitat Conservation Plans(p. 89)
• 6.3.1 Scope of an HCP(p. 90)
• 6.3.2 HCP Mitigation Requirements(p. 91)
• 6.3.3 No-Surprises Policy(p. 93)
• 6.3.4 Consultation Requirement(p. 95)
• 6.4 Enhancement of Survival and "Safe Harbor" Permits(p. 96)
• 6.5 Miscellaneous Taking Exceptions(p. 99)
• 6.6 Candidate Conservation Agreements with Assurances(p. 100)
• 7.0 The Section 7 Exemption Process(p. 103)
• 7.1 Overview(p. 103)
• 7.2 Applying for an Exemption(p. 104)
• 7.2.1 Who May Apply for an Exemption(p. 104)
• 7.2.2 When to Apply for an Exemption(p. 105)
• 7.2.3 Contents of the Exemption Application(p. 105)
• 7.2.4 Initial Secretarial Action on the Application(p. 106)
• 7.3 The Exemption Process: Phase I (Consideration by the Secretary)(p. 107)
• 7.3.1 Threshold Determinations(p. 107)
• 7.3.2 Hearings(p. 108)
• 7.3.3 The Secretary's Report(p. 109)
• 7.4 The Exemption Process: Phase II (The Endangered Species Committee)(p. 110)
• 7.4.1 The Committee(p. 110)
• 7.4.2 The Exemption Decision(p. 111)
• 7.4.3 Mitigation and Enhancement(p. 112)
• 7.5 Special Cases(p. 112)
• 8.0 State/Federal Interactions under the ESA(p. 115)
• 8.1 Overview(p. 115)
• 8.2 The ESA as a Valid Exercise of Congressional Commerce Power(p. 117)
• 8.2.1 Preemption of State Law(p. 118)
• 8.3 Section 6 Cooperative Agreements(p. 119)
• 8.4 1994 NMFS/FWS Policy Regarding States' Roles(p. 120)
• 9.0 International Application of the ESA(p. 121)
• 9.1 Overview(p. 121)
• 9.2 International Cooperation(p. 122)
• 9.3 International Applicability of Various ESA Provisions(p. 123)
• 9.3.1 Listing of Species(p. 123)
• 9.3.2 Designation of Critical Habitat(p. 124)
• 9.3.3 Section 7 Consultation(p. 124)
• 9.3.4 Recovery Planning(p. 125)
• 9.3.5 Prohibited Acts(p. 125)
• 9.4 Implementation of CITES and the Western Hemisphere Convention(p. 126)
• 9.4.1 CITES(p. 126)
• 9.4.2 Western Hemisphere Convention(p. 128)
• 10.0 Experimental Populations(p. 131)
• 10.1 Overview(p. 131)
• 10.2 Experimental Population Establishment(p. 132)
• 10.2.1 Geographic Separation(p. 133)
• 10.2.2 Essential versus Nonessential Experimental Populations(p. 135)
• 10.2.2.1 Critical Habitat(p. 135)
• 10.2.2.2 Section 7 Consultation(p. 136)
• 10.2.3 Special Rules with Respect to Experimental Populations(p. 136)
• 11.0 Citizen Suits, Standing, and Procedure(p. 139)
• 11.1 Overview(p. 139)
• 11.2 Scope of ESA Section 11(g)(p. 139)
• 11.3 60-Day Notice Requirement(p. 140)
• 11.4 APA Review as an Alternative to an ESA Citizen Suit(p. 143)
• 11.5 Standing(p. 144)
• 11.5.1 Article III Standing(p. 145)
• 11.5.1.1 Prong 1: "Injury in Fact"(p. 145)
• 11.5.1.2 Prong 2: "Causation"(p. 147)
• 11.5.1.3 Prong 3: "Redressability"(p. 148)
• 11.5.2 Prudential Standing(p. 149)
• 11.6 Miscellaneous(p. 150)
• Appendices
• Appendix A Acronym List(p. 151)
• Appendix B Frequently Asked Questions(p. 153)
• Appendix C Key Cases(p. 167)
• Glossary(p. 175)
• Bibliography(p. 189)
• Index(p. 193)