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The Islamic world--defined as those regions in which Islam is the dominant or single most important religion--covers territories as far apart as Morocco and Indonesia, Somalia, and Bosnia and includes an extraordinary range of societies and cultures. In A Modern History of the Islamic World, eminent scholar Reinhard Schulze charts the history of these societies in the twentieth century, revealing what they have in common as well as their equally profound differences.
Rather than stringing together individual studies of different countries, the book is structured chronologically, tracing political change in the context of culture and society. Schulze opens with a survey of the impact of colonialism and its attendant modernizing effects on the Islamic world. He then moves on to examine the rise of bourgeois nationalism in the 1920s and 1930s, the era of independence movements, the relationship between Islamic cultures and the "republican" political culture of the Third World, the reassertion of Islamic ideologies in the 1970s and 1980s and, finally, the issues surrounding the relationship between Islamic culture and civil society that dominated debate in the 1990s.
A Modern History of the Islamic World provides a clear overview of the ways in which twentieth century modernism affected the societies of the Islamic world and how modernism was developed from an Islamic perspective.

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• Acknowledgements(p. x)
• Introduction(p. 1)
• 1. Islamic Culture and Colonial Modernism, 1900-1920(p. 14)
• 1. The Vision of an Islamic Sovereignty(p. 14)
• 2. The Upheaval of 1905-1909: The Nation State and Constitutionalism(p. 22)
• The Islamic World Around 1900(p. 22)
• A Muslim Intellectual Looks at the Islamic World(p. 24)
• The Arabian Peninsula at the Beginning of the 20th Century(p. 26)
• Hegemonic Conflicts(p. 27)
• Colonial Crisis and Constitutionalism(p. 30)
• Political Ideologies on the Eve of the First World War(p. 32)
• Constitutional Demands(p. 34)
• 3. The Years of War, 1909-1919(p. 36)
• Militarization and Colonialism(p. 37)
• Italy in Libya and the Rise of Turkish Nationalism(p. 38)
• The Ottoman Empire in the First World War(p. 40)
• The Conflict Between the City and the Countryside(p. 42)
• Islamic Nationalism and the Promise of Independence(p. 43)
• Islam and the Political Public(p. 46)
• 4. The Period of Revolts 1919-1923(p. 48)
• The End of the Ottoman Empire(p. 48)
• Rebellions in Egypt(p. 53)
• The Arab Revolt 1916-1920(p. 54)
• 2. Bourgeois Nationalism and Political Independence, 1920-1939(p. 60)
• 1. The Caliphate Between Republicanism and Royalism(p. 60)
• The Tripolitanian Republic(p. 60)
• The Rif Republic(p. 62)
• The Abolition of the Caliphate(p. 65)
• Indian Reactions(p. 68)
• The Struggle for the Hijaz, 1924-1926(p. 69)
• The Search for a New Caliph(p. 73)
• 2. Islamic National Policy and the de-Islamization of the Political Public(p. 73)
• Turkestan under Soviet Rule(p. 74)
• The Basmachi Uprising(p. 77)
• Islamic National Communism in the Ussr(p. 79)
• The New Order in Afghanistan(p. 81)
• The Preservation of Monarchy in Persia(p. 84)
• Islamic Policy in Algeria(p. 85)
• Indonesian Forms of Islamic Policy(p. 86)
• 3. The World Economic Crisis and the New Islamic Movements(p. 89)
• The International Economic Crisis in the Islamic World(p. 91)
• The Foundation of The Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood(p. 93)
• Islamic Politics and Palestine(p. 97)
• The Political Transformation of the Islamic Public(p. 101)
• Fascism in the Islamic Public(p. 107)
• 3. The Period of Restoration, 1939-1958(p. 111)
• 1. The Islamic World During the Second World War(p. 111)
• Sequels of War(p. 112)
• Changing Alliances(p. 114)
• One India or Two?(p. 115)
• Islam as the Framework of a State Ideology: Indonesia(p. 118)
• The Political Turning-point in Morocco and Algeria(p. 121)
• 2. An Arab or an Islamic Nation?(p. 123)
• The Beginnings of an Arab Policy(p. 125)
• A Trans-national Islamic Policy(p. 127)
• The Establishment of New States in the Islamic World(p. 129)
• 3. The 'Liberal Decade' or the Revolt Against the Old System(p. 138)
• The Egyptian Republic(p. 138)
• The Islamic Liberation Party in Palestine(p. 139)
• National Policy in Iran 1951-1953(p. 141)
• The End of the 'Liberal Decade'(p. 143)
• Saudi Arabia(p. 145)
• 4. Islamic Culture and Third-World Republicanism, 1956-73(p. 148)
• 1. The Triumph of the Third World(p. 148)
• Suez 1956(p. 149)
• Islam as the Culture of National Liberation(p. 151)
• The Decline of Royalism(p. 152)
• Lebanon and Syria 1958(p. 153)
• Iraq 1958(p. 156)
• Republicanism in the Yemen(p. 157)
• 2. The Culture of National Liberation(p. 158)
• Algeria at War(p. 158)
• Islamic National Policy in North Africa(p. 163)
• Regionalism and Revolution in Indonesia(p. 167)
• Algeria on the Road to a One-Party State(p. 169)
• 3. The Islamic Bloc and the Beginning of Saudi Hegemony(p. 170)
• Saudi Arabia and the New Islamic Public(p. 170)
• Islam as an Ideology of Social Liberation(p. 174)
• Islamic Dissidents in Iran(p. 176)
• The Proxy War in Yemen(p. 179)
• The Ba'th in Power(p. 181)
• 4. The Decline of Third World Republicanism(p. 183)
• A New Palestinian National Policy and the Six-Day War(p. 184)
• The Assertion of Saudi Hegemony(p. 187)
• The Withdrawal from the Yemen(p. 189)
• The Success of the PLO(p. 190)
• Islamic Republicanism in Libya(p. 192)
• 5. The Ascendancy of Islamic Ideologies 1973-1989(p. 194)
• 1. The Crisis of the Years 1973 and 1974(p. 194)
• The Start of Political Secession(p. 194)
• The Secession of Bangladesh(p. 196)
• The New Reconstruction of the Islamic Public(p. 198)
• Transnational Complexities(p. 200)
• State Reactions, the October War and the Oil Boom(p. 202)
• The Policy of Economic Opening(p. 204)
• Islamic Avant-Gardes in Egypt(p. 206)
• 2. Ethnicity and the Completion of Islamic Ideologies(p. 207)
• Ethnicity and Liberation Movements in the Islamic World(p. 210)
• A Change of Perspective in the Political Domain(p. 212)
• The War in Lebanon(p. 214)
• Islam and the Restoration of the Nation State: Malaysia and Sudan(p. 216)
• Islamic Policy in Malaysia(p. 216)
• Political Particularism in Sudan(p. 217)
• New Fronts: The Conclusion of Peace Between Egypt and Israel(p. 218)
• The Islamic Revolution in Iran(p. 220)
• 3. Anni Horribiles in the Islamic World, 1979-1989(p. 225)
• The Crisis of Mecca in 1979(p. 226)
• The War in Afghanistan(p. 229)
• The War Between Iran and Iraq(p. 233)
• The Impasse of Islamic Movements(p. 237)
• The Failure of Islamization in the Sudan(p. 240)
• Bread Riots in the 1980s(p. 242)
• The Re-evaluation of Islamic Ideologies(p. 244)
• 6. Islamic Culture and Civil Society, 1989-1993(p. 247)
• 1. A Mythical Revival of Nationalism?(p. 247)
• The Collapse of the Ideological World(p. 247)
• The Upheaval in Israel/Palestine(p. 250)
• The End of War in Lebanon(p. 253)
• Afghanistan and the New Central Asian Republics(p. 255)
• 2. The Islamic World After the End of the East--West Conflict: Another Conflict of Systems?(p. 260)
• Reversed Fronts: The War For Kuwait 1990/91(p. 264)
• The Plea For an 'Open Islamic Society'(p. 267)
• Algerian Strivings For Democracy(p. 268)
• 3. The End of the Hope For Islamic Sovereignty(p. 272)
• A New Royalism?(p. 272)
• The Ethnification of Islam: War in Bosnia-Herzegovina(p. 274)
• The Loss of National Sovereignty: Somalia(p. 276)
• Islam and Group Nationalism(p. 278)
• Epilogue: Islamic Culture and Civil Society, 1989-1998(p. 281)
• Post-Islamism(p. 281)
• The Fragmentation of Politics in Algeria(p. 282)
• Islamic Democratization in Iran(p. 285)
• The Crisis in Indonesia(p. 286)
• Islamic National Cultures(p. 288)
• Palestinian Autonomy(p. 289)
• Prospects(p. 291)
• Chronology(p. 293)
• Glossary(p. 298)
• Notes(p. 303)
• Bibliography(p. 338)
• Index of Names and Places(p. 364)
• List of Maps
• 1. The Islamic World in 1900(p. xi)
• 2. North Africa in 1945(p. xii)
• 3. South-East Asia 1950-1980(p. xiii)
• 4. The Indian Ocean in 1970(p. xiv)
• 5. States in the Caucasus and Central Asia 1993(p. xv)
• 6. The Islamic World 1993(p. xvi)

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