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• Preface(p. xiii)
• 1 Recreation and Leisure: The Current Scene(p. 1)
• Introduction(p. 1)
• Varied Views of Recreation and Leisure(p. 2)
• Social Factors Promoting the Recreation and Park Movement(p. 3)
• Challenges Facing the Leisure-Service Field(p. 19)
• Purposes of This Text(p. 20)
• Summary(p. 21)
• Questions for Class Discussion or Essay Examinations(p. 21)
• Endnotes(p. 21)
• 2 Basic Concepts: Philosophical Analysis of Play, Recreation, and Leisure(p. 23)
• Introduction(p. 23)
• The Meaning of Play(p. 24)
• Early Theories of Play(p. 24)
• Twentieth-Century Concepts of Play(p. 26)
• Psychological Analysis of Play(p. 29)
• The Meaning of Leisure: Six Views(p. 32)
• The Meaning of Recreation(p. 38)
• Contemporary Definitions(p. 38)
• Relationships among Play, Leisure, and Recreation(p. 45)
• Summary(p. 46)
• Questions for Class Discussion or Essay Examinations(p. 47)
• Endnotes(p. 47)
• 3 Early History of Recreation and Leisure(p. 49)
• Introduction(p. 49)
• The Play of Early Societies(p. 50)
• Recreation and Leisure in Pre-Christian Civilizations(p. 53)
• Early Christian Era: Dark and Middle Ages(p. 57)
• The Renaissance(p. 60)
• Influence of the Protestant Reformation(p. 61)
• Development of Parks and Recreation Areas(p. 62)
• Recreation in America: The Colonial Period(p. 64)
• Nineteenth Century Changes: Impact of Industrial Revolution(p. 67)
• Growth of Popular Participation in Recreation(p. 69)
• Changing Attitudes toward Play(p. 71)
• Growth of Commercial Amusements(p. 72)
• The Beginning Recreation Movement(p. 73)
• Effects of Racial and Ethnic Discrimination(p. 79)
• Recreation and Parks: Early Twentieth Century(p. 80)
• Emergence of the Recreation Movement: Three Pioneers(p. 80)
• Emerging New Lifestyles(p. 82)
• Public Concerns about the Use of Leisure(p. 83)
• Major Forces Promoting Organized Recreation Services(p. 85)
• Role of the Schools(p. 86)
• Impact of the Great Depression(p. 87)
• A Nation at War(p. 89)
• Summary(p. 89)
• Questions for Class Discussion or Essay Examinations(p. 91)
• Endnotes(p. 91)
• 4 Recreation and Leisure in the Modern Era(p. 93)
• Introduction(p. 93)
• Post-World War II Expectations(p. 94)
• Expansion of Recreation and Leisure(p. 94)
• Trends in Program Sponsorship(p. 95)
• Counterculture: Youth in Rebellion(p. 101)
• Drives for Equality by Disadvantaged Groups(p. 104)
• Era of Austerity and Fiscal Cutbacks(p. 106)
• Expansion of Other Recreation Programs(p. 109)
• Trends in the 1990s(p. 110)
• Summary(p. 120)
• Questions for Class Discussion or Essay Examinations(p. 120)
• Endnotes(p. 121)
• 5 Personal Leisure Perspectives: Motivations, Values, and Age Group Factors(p. 123)
• Introduction(p. 123)
• Motivations for Recreational Participation(p. 124)
• Personal Values of Recreational Involvement(p. 126)
• Play as Emotional Release(p. 131)
• Social Values of Recreation(p. 133)
• Intellectual Values of Recreation(p. 135)
• Spiritual Values of Recreation and Leisure(p. 137)
• Recreation as an Integrative Experience: Holistic Wellness(p. 137)
• Influence of Demographic Factors: Age Groupings(p. 138)
• Play in the Lives of Children(p. 140)
• Recreation in the Lives of Adolescents(p. 143)
• Adult Leisure Needs and Involvements(p. 147)
• Recreation and the Elderly(p. 150)
• Summary(p. 153)
• Questions for Class Discussion or Essay Examinations(p. 154)
• Endnotes(p. 155)
• 6 Gender and Racial/Ethnic Factors Affecting Leisure(p. 157)
• Introduction(p. 157)
• Gender Factors Influencing Leisure(p. 158)
• Impact of Feminist Movement(p. 159)
• Men and Leisure(p. 163)
• Homosexuality and Leisure(p. 166)
• Influence of Race and Ethnicity(p. 169)
• A Final Concern: Whites as Minority Group Members(p. 177)
• Progress in the New Millennium(p. 178)
• Summary(p. 179)
• Questions for Class Discussion or Essay Examinations(p. 180)
• Endnotes(p. 181)
• 7 Social Functions of Community Recreation(p. 183)
• Introduction(p. 183)
• New Emphasis on Community Benefits(p. 184)
• Function No. 1 Enriching the Quality of Life(p. 186)
• Function No. 2 Contributing to Personal Development(p. 186)
• Function No. 3 Making the Community a More Attractive Place to Live(p. 188)
• Function No. 4 Preventing Antisocial Uses of Leisure(p. 191)
• Function No. 5 Improving Intergroup and Intergenerational Relations(p. 194)
• Function No. 6 Strengthening Neighborhood and Community Ties(p. 195)
• Function No. 7 Meeting the Needs of Special Populations(p. 198)
• Function No. 8 Maintaining Economic Health and Community Stability(p. 199)
• Function No. 9 Enriching Community Cultural Life(p. 201)
• Function No. 10 Promoting Health and Safety(p. 203)
• Need for a Coherent Philosophy of Service(p. 205)
• Summary(p. 205)
• Questions for Class Discussion or Essay Examinations(p. 206)
• Endnotes(p. 206)
• 8 The Leisure-Service System: Governmental, Nonprofit, and Commercial Recreation Agencies(p. 209)
• Introduction(p. 209)
• Key Elements in the Leisure-Service System(p. 210)
• Government Recreation, Park, and Leisure Services(p. 210)
• Recreation-Related Functions of State Governments(p. 217)
• The Role of County and Local Governments(p. 219)
• Municipal Recreation and Park Departments(p. 221)
• Public Recreation and Parks in Canada(p. 227)
• Nonprofit Organizations: The Voluntary Sector(p. 228)
• Types of Nonprofit Youth-Serving Agencies(p. 230)
• Significance of Nonprofit Organizations(p. 238)
• Commercial Recreation(p. 239)
• Differences and Similarities among Agencies(p. 242)
• Partnerships among Major Leisure-Service Agencies(p. 244)
• Summary(p. 245)
• Questions for Class Discussion or Essay Examinations(p. 246)
• Endnotes(p. 247)
• 9 Specialized Leisure-Service Areas(p. 248)
• Introduction(p. 248)
• Therapeutic Recreation Service(p. 249)
• Armed Forces Recreation(p. 258)
• Employee Services and Recreation Programs(p. 263)
• Campus Recreation(p. 269)
• Private-Membership Recreation Organizations(p. 276)
• Comparisons among Special-Focus Agencies(p. 280)
• Summary(p. 281)
• Questions for Class Discussion or Essay Examinations(p. 282)
• Endnotes(p. 282)
• 10 Two Major Leisure-Service Components: Sports and Tourism(p. 285)
• Introduction(p. 285)
• Sports as Popular Recreation(p. 286)
• Patterns of Sports Involvement(p. 287)
• Levels of Sports Competition(p. 287)
• Religious Implications of Sports(p. 289)
• Historical Evolution of Sports(p. 290)
• Sports as a Source of Moral Values(p. 291)
• Abuses and Problems of Sports Competition(p. 291)
• Decline of Public Interest(p. 292)
• Future Trends in Sport(p. 293)
• Travel and Tourism(p. 296)
• Scope of Tourism(p. 296)
• Major Areas of Tourism Services(p. 298)
• Theme Parks and Water Parks(p. 298)
• Other Fun Centers(p. 300)
• Cruise Ships(p. 301)
• Other Tourism Themes(p. 303)
• Marketing Advances in Travel and Tourism(p. 308)
• Summary(p. 309)
• Questions for Class Discussion or Essay Examinations(p. 309)
• Endnotes(p. 310)
• 11 Career Opportunities and Professionalism(p. 312)
• Introduction(p. 312)
• Recreation as a Career(p. 313)
• Professional Identification in Recreation(p. 317)
• Criterion 1 Social Value and Purpose(p. 317)
• Criterion 2 Public Recognition(p. 318)
• Criterion 3 Specialized Professional Preparation(p. 319)
• Criterion 4 Existence of a Professional Culture(p. 322)
• Criterion 5 Credentialing, Standards for Screening Personnel(p. 326)
• Criterion 6 Code of Ethical Practice(p. 333)
• Agency Accreditation Process(p. 334)
• Current Level of Professional Status(p. 335)
• Summary(p. 336)
• Questions for Class Discussion or Essay Examinations(p. 336)
• Endnotes(p. 337)
• 12 Philosophy of Recreation and Leisure: Future Perspectives(p. 338)
• Introduction(p. 338)
• Need for a Sound Philosophical Basis(p. 339)
• Philosophical Analyses of Recreation and Leisure(p. 341)
• Operational Philosophies of Recreation and Leisure(p. 343)
• Key Principles Guiding Leisure-Service Delivery Today(p. 352)
• Other Guidelines(p. 354)
• Facing the Challenge of the Future(p. 356)
• Efforts to Predict the Future(p. 357)
• Challenges and Strategies for the Future(p. 358)
• Ever-Growing Leisure Involvements: A Caution(p. 364)
• Prospects for the Future(p. 365)
• Summary(p. 365)
• Questions for Class Discussion or Essay Examinations(p. 366)
• Endnotes(p. 366)
• Bibliography(p. 369)
• Index(p. 372)