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Geared to undergraduate or graduate courses in Environmental Law. Also works well as a supplemental text in an Environmental Policy course. This fundamental introduction to environmental law explains the legal system and process in general, discusses specific environmental laws, and presents the scientific background necessary for understanding each law. The text is designed to introduce those without any legal or special scientific training to the system through which the nation attempts to preserve and protect the different aspects of our environment.

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• Preface(p. xi)
• Part I An Introduction to the Law(p. 1)
• Chapter 1 The American Legal System: The Source of Environmental Law(p. 2)
• Sources of Law(p. 2)
• The Legislature as a Source of Statutory Law(p. 2)
• The Judicial Branch as a Source of Case Law(p. 8)
• The Executive Branch as a Source of Law(p. 10)
• Administrative Agencies as a Source of Law(p. 11)
• Classifications of Law(p. 12)
• Case and Statutory Law(p. 12)
• Public and Private Law(p. 12)
• Criminal Law and Civil Law(p. 12)
• Constitutional Principles Underlying the American Legal System(p. 25)
• Federalism(p. 26)
• Federal Preemption(p. 26)
• The Commerce Clause(p. 27)
• The Fourth Amendment(p. 30)
• The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments(p. 31)
• A Constitutional Right to Environmental Protection?(p. 36)
• Concluding Remarks(p. 39)
• Questions for Review and Discussion(p. 40)
• For Further Reading(p. 40)
• On the Internet(p. 41)
• Notes(p. 41)
• Thinking Critically About Issues Related to Environmental Law(p. 43)
• Chapter 2 The Litigation Process and Other Tools for Resolving Environmental Disputes(p. 45)
• The Adversary System(p. 45)
• An Introduction to the Adversary System(p. 45)
• Criticisms of the Adversary System(p. 46)
• The U.S. Dual Court System(p. 47)
• The Federal Court System(p. 47)
• The State Court System(p. 47)
• Choice of Courts(p. 50)
• Primary Actors in the Legal System(p. 53)
• The Attorney(p. 53)
• The Judge(p. 54)
• The Jury(p. 55)
• Steps in Civil Litigation(p. 56)
• The Threshold Issues(p. 57)
• Pretrial(p. 62)
• The Trial(p. 66)
• Appellate Procedure(p. 69)
• Alternatives to Civil Litigation(p. 71)
• Arbitration(p. 72)
• Mediation(p. 74)
• Concluding Remarks(p. 76)
• Questions for Review and Discussion(p. 76)
• For Further Reading(p. 77)
• On the Internet(p. 77)
• Notes(p. 78)
• Thinking Critically About Issues Related to Environmental Law(p. 78)
• Chapter 3 Administrative Law and Its Impact on the Environment(p. 81)
• Creation of Administrative Agencies(p. 82)
• Functions of Administrative Agencies(p. 82)
• Rule Making(p. 83)
• Adjudication(p. 88)
• Administrative Activities(p. 92)
• Limitations on Agency Powers(p. 92)
• Statutory Limitations(p. 92)
• Institutional Limitations(p. 94)
• Important Agencies Affecting the Environment(p. 97)
• Executive versus Independent Agencies(p. 97)
• The Environmental Protection Agency(p. 98)
• Interagency Cooperation(p. 105)
• The Department of the Interior and Its Agencies(p. 105)
• The Department of Agriculture and Its Agencies(p. 107)
• The Department of Labor and Its Agencies(p. 108)
• Concluding Remarks(p. 108)
• Questions for Review and Discussion(p. 108)
• For Further Reading(p. 109)
• On the Internet(p. 109)
• Notes(p. 110)
• Thinking Critically About Issues Related to Environmental Law(p. 110)
• Part II The Environmental Laws(p. 113)
• Chapter 4 An Introduction to Environmental Law and Policy(p. 114)
• The Need for Regulation(p. 114)
• Tragedy of the Commons(p. 115)
• Free Rider Problem(p. 115)
• Pollution as an Externality(p. 116)
• Environmental Ethic(p. 116)
• Alternative Ways to Control Pollution(p. 117)
• Tort Law(p. 117)
• Subsidies, Emissions Charges, and Marketable Emissions Permits(p. 119)
• Green Taxes(p. 121)
• Direct Regulation(p. 121)
• Evolution of Our Environmental Policy(p. 122)
• The Origins of Our Environmental Policy(p. 122)
• The 1970s: The Environmental Decade(p. 123)
• The 1980s(p. 123)
• The Early 1990s(p. 124)
• The Middle to Late 1990s(p. 128)
• National Environmental Policy Act(p. 130)
• Council on Environmental Quality(p. 130)
• Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)(p. 132)
• Alternatives to the EIS(p. 139)
• Effectiveness of NEPA(p. 139)
• Pollution Prevention Act of 1990(p. 141)
• Concluding Remarks(p. 143)
• Questions for Review and Discussion(p. 144)
• For Further Reading(p. 144)
• On the Internet(p. 145)
• Notes(p. 145)
• Thinking Critically About Issues Related to Environmental Law(p. 146)
• Chapter 5 Air Quality Control(p. 148)
• The Major Air Pollutants(p. 148)
• Sulfur Dioxide(p. 149)
• Nitrogen Oxides(p. 150)
• Carbon Monoxide(p. 151)
• Ozone(p. 151)
• Particulates(p. 153)
• Lead(p. 153)
• Airborne Toxins(p. 154)
• Some Significant Air Quality Problems(p. 154)
• Acid Deposition(p. 154)
• Depletion of the Ozone Layer(p. 156)
• The Greenhouse Effect(p. 157)
• Indoor Pollution(p. 159)
• The Initial Approach to Air Quality Control(p. 159)
• The Current Approach to Air Quality Control(p. 163)
• National Ambient Air Quality Standards(p. 164)
• No Significant Deterioration (NSD)(p. 168)
• New Source Performance Standards(p. 168)
• Mobile Source Performance Standards(p. 170)
• 1990 Air Toxics Program(p. 172)
• The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments(p. 174)
• Acid Rain Control Program(p. 174)
• Enforcement of the 1990 Act(p. 176)
• Solutions Beyond the Clean Air Act(p. 177)
• Concluding Remarks(p. 177)
• Questions for Review and Discussion(p. 178)
• For Further Reading(p. 178)
• On the Internet(p. 179)
• Notes(p. 179)
• Thinking Critically About Issues Related to Environmental Law(p. 181)
• Chapter 6 Water Quality Control(p. 183)
• The Major Water Pollutants(p. 184)
• Pathogens(p. 184)
• Conventional Organics(p. 185)
• Toxic Trace Organics(p. 186)
• Nutrients(p. 187)
• Heavy Metals(p. 187)
• Ionizing Radiation(p. 188)
• Other Measures(p. 188)
• Some Significant Water Quality Problems(p. 189)
• Trace Levels of Toxic Organics(p. 189)
• Lead and Copper(p. 190)
• Radon and Other Radionucleotides(p. 191)
• Protecting Water Through Government Actions(p. 192)
• Water Rights(p. 192)
• Protecting Waters of the Nation(p. 196)
• Protecting Drinking Water(p. 202)
• Concluding Remarks(p. 205)
• Questions for Review and Discussion(p. 206)
• For Further Reading(p. 207|-3)
• Notes(p. 207)
• Thinking Critically About Issues Related to Environmental Law(p. 208)
• Chapter 7 Controlling Toxic Substances(p. 210)
• Identification of Potentially Toxic Substances(p. 210)
• Scientific Uncertainty(p. 211)
• Risk Assessment(p. 212)
• Federal Regulation of Toxic Substances(p. 215)
• Toxic Substances Control Act(p. 216)
• Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act(p. 220)
• Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act(p. 225)
• Food Quality Protection Act(p. 226)
• Progress Under the Acts(p. 226)
• Toxic Torts(p. 228)
• Theories of Recovery(p. 228)
• Problems in Establishing Causation(p. 229)
• Enterprise Liability(p. 231)
• Punitive Damages(p. 232)
• Concluding Remarks(p. 234)
• Questions for Review and Discussion(p. 234)
• For Further Reading(p. 234)
• On the Internet(p. 235)
• Notes(p. 235)
• Thinking Critically About Issues Related to Environmental Law(p. 236)
• Chapter 8 Waste Management and Hazardous Releases(p. 238)
• Waste Control Techniques(p. 239)
• The Problem with Waste(p. 240)
• Requirements for Managing Waste(p. 242)
• Municipal Solid Waste(p. 242)
• Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984(p. 244)
• Hazardous Waste(p. 245)
• Enforcement of RCRA(p. 251)
• CERCLA: An Overview(p. 252)
• Emergency Response Plans and Right to Know(p. 253)
• Federal Response to Contaminated Sites(p. 255)
• Removal Action(p. 256)
• Remedial Response(p. 257)
• Underground Storage Tank Program(p. 262)
• Concluding Remarks(p. 264)
• Questions for Review and Discussion(p. 265)
• For Further Reading(p. 266)
• On the Internet(p. 266)
• Notes(p. 267)
• Thinking Critically About Issues Related to Environmental Law(p. 268)
• Chapter 9 Energy and Natural Resources(p. 271)
• Energy Policy: A Historical Overview(p. 271)
• The Crisis Begins(p. 272)
• A Return to Complacency(p. 273)
• What Now?(p. 274)
• Energy Consumption(p. 276)
• Coal: The Oldest Energy Source(p. 277)
• Problems with Coal(p. 278)
• Regulation of the Mining Industry(p. 279)
• Petroleum and Natural Gas(p. 281)
• Onshore Development Problems(p. 281)
• Offshore Development Problems(p. 282)
• Oil Spills(p. 284)
• Nuclear Energy(p. 285)
• History of Nuclear Energy Development(p. 286)
• Problems with Nuclear Energy(p. 286)
• Regulation of the Nuclear Industry(p. 288)
• Renewable Fuels(p. 289)
• Hydropower(p. 290)
• Solar Energy(p. 290)
• Wind Energy(p. 291)
• Biomass Energy(p. 291)
• Geothermal Energy(p. 291)
• Protecting Public Lands(p. 292)
• Forests(p. 292)
• Rangelands(p. 293)
• Regulation of Public Lands(p. 294)
• Wetlands, Estuaries, and Coastal Areas(p. 295)
• Benefits of Wetlands(p. 296)
• Destruction of Wetlands(p. 297)
• Regulations to Preserve Coastal Areas and Wetlands(p. 298)
• Endangered Species(p. 302)
• Concluding Remarks(p. 307)
• Questions for Review and Discussion(p. 307)
• For Further Reading(p. 307)
• On the Internet(p. 308)
• Notes(p. 309)
• Thinking Critically About Issues Related to Environmental Law(p. 310)
• Chapter 10 International Environmental Law(p. 312)
• The Need for International Environmental Law(p. 312)
• Overpopulation(p. 312)
• Loss of Biological Diversity(p. 314)
• The Global Commons(p. 315)
• Environmental Disasters and Transboundary Pollution(p. 316)
• The Nature of International Law(p. 317)
• Sources of International Environmental Law(p. 318)
• Conventional Law(p. 318)
• Customary Law(p. 319)
• Institutions That Effectuate and Influence International Environmental Law(p. 321)
• United Nations(p. 321)
• World Bank(p. 323)
• European Community(p. 324)
• Addressing Specific International Environmental Problems(p. 326)
• Transboundary Pollution(p. 326)
• Choice of Forums(p. 327)
• The Global Commons(p. 329)
• Preservation of Biological Diversity(p. 335)
• The Future of International Environmental Law(p. 338)
• Rio Summit(p. 338)
• Kyoto Protocol(p. 340)
• Environmentalism and Trade(p. 341)
• Concluding Remarks(p. 344)
• Questions for Review and Discussion(p. 344)
• For Further Reading(p. 345)
• On the Internet(p. 346)
• Notes(p. 346)
• Thinking Critically About Issues Related to Environmental Law(p. 347)
• Appendices(p. 350)
• A Sample Page of Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories(p. 350)
• B Abbreviations and Acronyms(p. 351)
• Index(p. 355)