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Focuses on the vast amount of federal information and the legal framework that controls the government's collection, management, and disclosure of its records.

Tabla de contenidos provista por Syndetics

• List of Figures and Tables(p. xi)
• Acknowledgments(p. xiii)
• About the Author(p. xv)
• Chapter 1 An overview of federal information disputes(p. 1)
• 1.1 The Players in Federal Information Disputes(p. 3)
• 1.1.1 Congress(p. 3)
• 1.1.2 The courts(p. 5)
• 1.1.3 Federal agencies(p. 6)
• 1.1.4 Department of Justice(p. 8)
• 1.1.5 Executive Office of the President(p. 10)
• 1.1.6 National Archives and Records Administration(p. 11)
• 1.2 Trends in Federal Information Law(p. 12)
• Chapter 2 Agency Collection of Information(p. 15)
• 2.1 Agency Information Requests and Their Enforcement(p. 16)
• 2.1.1 Responding to an information request(p. 17)
• 2.1.2 The Environmental Protection Agency's information request authorities(p. 23)
• 2.1.2.1 CERCLA Section 104(e)(p. 25)
• 2.1.2.2 RCRA Section 3007(p. 28)
• 2.1.2.3 Clean Air Act Section 114(p. 29)
• 2.1.2.4 Clean Water Act Section 308(p. 30)
• 2.1.2.5 Toxic Substances Control Act Section 8(p. 31)
• 2.2 Administrative Subpoenas(p. 32)
• 2.3 The Paperwork Reduction Act(p. 33)
• 2.3.1 Coverage of the PRA: A "collection of information"(p. 35)
• 2.3.2 The information collection review process(p. 36)
• 2.3.3 Consequences of an agency's failure to display a valid control number(p. 39)
• 2.4 Agency Use of Web Cookies and Other Persistent Tracking Technology(p. 41)
• Chapter 3 Management of Agency Records(p. 45)
• 3.1 The Federal Records Act(p. 46)
• 3.1.1 Coverage of the Federal Records Act(p. 47)
• 3.1.1.1 Covered agencies(p. 47)
• 3.1.1.2 Covered records(p. 48)
• 3.1.2 Records management obligations under the Federal Records Act(p. 50)
• 3.1.3 Electronic records under the Federal Records Act(p. 55)
• 3.1.4 Remedies for violations of the Federal Records Act(p. 56)
• 3.2 Indices of Major Information Systems(p. 57)
• 3.3 Ensuring the Quality of Federal Information(p. 61)
• 3.3.1 The Information Quality Act(p. 61)
• 3.3.1.1 Coverage of the Information Quality Act(p. 62)
• 3.3.1.2 Standards for information quality(p. 64)
• 3.3.1.3 The correction process(p. 66)
• 3.3.1.4 Judicial review of an agency's denial of an information correction request(p. 67)
• 3.3.2 Correction of personal information under the Privacy Act(p. 69)
• Chapter 4 Classified Information(p. 71)
• 4.1 Classification of Information by the Executive Branch(p. 76)
• 4.1.1 The original classification process(p. 79)
• 4.1.2 Duration of classification and automatic declassification(p. 82)
• 4.1.3 Challenges to classification status(p. 87)
• 4.1.3.1 Challenges by authorized holders(p. 87)
• 4.1.3.2 Challenges by the general public(p. 88)
• 4.1.4 The Interagency Security Classification Appeals Panel(p. 90)
• 4.2 Access to Classified Information(p. 92)
• 4.2.1 Federal employees, officials, and contractors(p. 94)
• 4.2.1.1 The security clearance process(p. 96)
• 4.2.1.2 Administrative and judicial review of agency security clearance decisions(p. 98)
• 4.2.2 Historical researchers and former Presidential appointees(p. 99)
• 4.2.3 Federal judges and their staff(p. 100)
• 4.2.4 Members of Congress and their staff(p. 102)
• 4.3 Classified Information under the Atomic Energy Act(p. 104)
• 4.4 Penalties for Unauthorized Disclosure of Classified Information(p. 107)
• 4.5 Use of Classified Information by Criminal Defendants: The Classified Information Procedures Act(p. 108)
• 4.6 Use of Classified Information in Civil Cases: The Military and State Secrets Privilege(p. 114)
• Chapter 5 Access to Federal Records(p. 119)
• 5.1 Access to Records of Executive Branch Agencies(p. 120)
• 5.1.1 Meaning of the term "agency" for FOIA purposes(p. 123)
• 5.1.2 Meaning of the term "agency record"(p. 128)
• 5.1.3 Meaning of the term "any person"(p. 129)
• 5.1.4 Public reading rooms(p. 133)
• 5.2 Access to Personal Information under the Privacy Act(p. 135)
• 5.3 Presidential Records(p. 137)
• 5.3.1 Ownership and control of presidential records(p. 137)
• 5.3.2 Meaning of the term "presidential record"(p. 138)
• 5.3.3 Disposition of presidential records(p. 139)
• 5.3.4 Access to presidential records(p. 141)
• 5.3.4.1 The difference between a request for presidential records and a request for agency records(p. 141)
• 5.3.4.2 The assertion of executive privilege over presidential records(p. 143)
• 5.3.4.3 Administrative appeal from the denial of a request for presidential records(p. 144)
• 5.3.5 Access to the Nixon tapes and Kennedy assassination records(p. 144)
• 5.4 Access to Congressional and Court Records via the Common Law Right of Access(p. 145)
• 5.5 Access by Members of the Media(p. 147)
• Chapter 6 Electronic Records and Federal Public Web Sites(p. 149)
• 6.1 Overview of the Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments of 1996(p. 150)
• 6.2 Electronic Records(p. 151)
• 6.3 Searching Electronic Databases in Response to a FOIA Request(p. 154)
• 6.4 An Overview of the E-Government Act of 2002(p. 157)
• 6.5 Content and Organization of Federal Agency Public Web Sites(p. 160)
• 6.5.1 Web site requirements in the E-Government Act(p. 164)
• 6.5.2 Web site requirements in the FOIA(p. 166)
• 6.5.3 Web site requirements in the Information Quality Act(p. 167)
• 6.5.4 Web site requirements in the Paperwork Reduction Act(p. 168)
• 6.5.5 Privacy requirements for federal public Web sites(p. 168)
• 6.5.6 Web site access for people with limited English proficiency(p. 170)
• 6.6 Security of Federal Information and Information Systems(p. 171)
• 6.6.1 The Federal Information Security Management Act(p. 171)
• 6.6.2 The Internet disconnect orders in Cobell v. Norton(p. 172)
• 6.7 Access to Federal Electronic and Information Technology by People with Disabilities(p. 173)
• 6.8 The Preservation of Electronic Federal Records(p. 175)
• 6.9 The Computer Matching and Privacy Protection Act(p. 176)
• Appendix 6-1 Recommended Guidelines for Federal Public Web Sites(p. 178)
• Chapter 7 The Elements of a Successful FOIA Request(p. 181)
• 7.1 Where to Send the Request(p. 182)
• 7.2 How to Describe the Sought-After Records(p. 183)
• 7.3 Method of Delivery(p. 185)
• 7.4 An Agency's Duty to Search(p. 186)
• 7.5 Deadline for the Agency's Response: Why 20 Days Doesn't Mean 20 Days(p. 191)
• 7.6 Multitrack and Expedited Processing(p. 197)
• 7.7 Search, Review, and Duplication Fees(p. 201)
• 7.7.1 FOIA's fee categories(p. 202)
• 7.7.2 Fee waivers and reductions(p. 208)
• 7.7.3 Fee waivers for requests that further litigation(p. 210)
• 7.7.4 Judicial review of fee determinations(p. 211)
• 7.8 Elements of an Agency's Response to a FOIA Request(p. 213)
• 7.9 Administrative Appeal of an Adverse Response(p. 215)
• Chapter 8 Reasons for the Withholding of Agency Records(p. 219)
• 8.1 Classified Information(p. 223)
• 8.2 Internal Personnel Rules and Practices of an Agency(p. 227)
• 8.2.1 The "Low 2" prong of Exemption 2(p. 227)
• 8.2.2 The "High 2" prong of Exemption 2(p. 228)
• 8.3 Information Protected by Other Statutes(p. 233)
• 8.4 Trade Secrets and Confidential or Privileged Business Information(p. 236)
• 8.4.1 Trade secrets(p. 236)
• 8.4.2 Confidential business information(p. 237)
• 8.4.2.1 The competitive harm and impairment prongs(p. 238)
• 8.4.2.2 The "third prong" of national parks(p. 239)
• 8.4.2.3 Voluntarily submitted information: The Critical Mass decision(p. 241)
• 8.4.3 Privileged information(p. 244)
• 8.5 Privileged Inter-agency or Intra-agency Memorandums or Letters(p. 245)
• 8.5.1 Inter-agency or intra-agency memorandums or letters(p. 245)
• 8.5.2 Examples of privileges recognized under Exemption 5(p. 248)
• 8.5.2.1 Attorney-client privilege(p. 248)
• 8.5.2.2 Attorney work-product doctrine(p. 249)
• 8.5.2.3 Deliberative process privilege(p. 252)
• 8.5.2.4 The presidential communications privilege(p. 256)
• 8.5.3 The government's confidential business information(p. 257)
• 8.6 Personnel, Medical, and Similar Files(p. 260)
• 8.7 Law Enforcement Information(p. 263)
• 8.7.1 Exemption 7(A): Interference with enforcement proceedings(p. 265)
• 8.7.2 Exemption 7(B): Deprivation of right to fair trial or impartial adjudication(p. 265)
• 8.7.3 Exemption 7(C): Unwarranted invasion of personal privacy(p. 266)
• 8.7.4 Exemption 7(D): Confidential informants(p. 269)
• 8.7.5 Exemption 7(E): Law enforcement techniques, procedures, or guidelines(p. 270)
• 8.7.6 Exemption 7(F): Danger to life or physical safety(p. 271)
• 8.8 Financial Institution Information(p. 272)
• 8.9 Geological and Geophysical Information Concerning Wells(p. 273)
• 8.10 Exclusions from the FOIA(p. 274)
• 8.11 Information about Sensitive Resources(p. 276)
• 8.11.1 Cultural, historical, and tribal resources(p. 277)
• 8.11.2 Threatened, endangered, and sensitive species(p. 279)
• 8.12 Information Already Publicly Available(p. 284)
• 8.13 The Mosaic Effect(p. 289)
• 8.14 The Impact of Attorney General Memoranda on FOIA Implementation(p. 291)
• Appendix 8-1 Selected Exemption 3 Statutes Invoked by Federal Agencies(p. 295)
• Chapter 9 Litigation Involving Federal Records(p. 307)
• 9.1 Litigating to Compel Disclosure under the FOIA(p. 308)
• 9.2 Litigating to Prevent Disclosure of Confidential Business Information(p. 314)
• 9.2.1 Defending a claim of confidential business information at the administrative level(p. 314)
• 9.2.1.1 The importance of marking information as confidential(p. 315)
• 9.2.1.2 The substantiation process(p. 316)
• 9.2.2 The "reverse FOIA" action(p. 321)
• 9.2.3 Environmental and natural resources statutes specifically addressing confidential business information(p. 324)
• 9.2.4 Disclosure of confidential business information as a compensable taking(p. 327)
• 9.3 Discovery in Non-FOIA Civil Litigation with the Government(p. 331)
• 9.3.1 FOIA as a discovery tool(p. 332)
• 9.3.2 Claims of privilege by federal agencies(p. 334)
• 9.3.2.1 The government's exclusive privileges(p. 334)
• 9.3.2.2 Privilege logs(p. 336)
• 9.3.2.3 How the government invokes its privileges in litigation(p. 337)
• 9.3.2.4 Appointment of special master to review privilege claims(p. 341)
• 9.3.3 Confidential information and protective orders(p. 341)
• 9.4 Standing in Information Cases(p. 343)
• 9.4.1 The basics of Article III and prudential standing(p. 344)
• 9.4.2 Informational standing(p. 345)
• Chapter 10 Homeland Security Information(p. 349)
• 10.1 The Impact of September 11 on Federal Information Policy(p. 350)
• 10.2 Use of Existing FOIA Exemptions to Protect Homeland Security Information(p. 353)
• 10.2.1 Exemption 1-Information regarding weapons of mass destruction(p. 355)
• 10.2.2 Exemption 2-Risk of circumvention(p. 356)
• 10.2.3 Exemption 3-Other statues(p. 360)
• 10.2.4 Exemption 4-Privately-owned infrastructure(p. 361)
• 10.2.5 Exemption 7-Law enforcement information(p. 361)
• 10.3 Critical Energy Infrastructure Information(p. 368)
• 10.3.1 FERC's CEII rulemaking(p. 369)
• 10.3.2 What is CEII?(p. 370)
• 10.3.3 Submission of CEII to FERC(p. 371)
• 10.3.4 How to request CEII(p. 374)
• 10.3.5 The role of the submitter of CEII(p. 377)
• 10.3.6 Judicial review of decisions by the CEII coordinator(p. 378)
• 10.4 USA PATRIOT Act(p. 379)
• 10.5 Homeland Security Act of 2002(p. 381)
• 10.5.1 Creation of the Department of Homeland Security(p. 381)
• 10.5.2 Critical Infrastructure Information Act of 2002(p. 383)
• 10.5.3 Homeland Security Information Sharing Act(p. 386)
• Text of Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. [section] 552(p. 389)
• Glossary of Abbreviations(p. 401)
• Glossary of Federal Information Statutes(p. 403)
• Table of Cases(p. 405)
• Index(p. 433)

Notas de autor provistas por Syndetics

Stephen Gidiere is a partner with Balch & Bingham LLP in the firm's Environmental and Natural Resources Section