Cognitive architecture : designing for how we respond to the built environment / txt
Ann Sussman, Justin B. Hollander.
- 2nd edition.
- 227 pages : color illustrations ; maps ; plans ; 23cm. book
Includes bibliographical references and index.
List of Figures and Tables viii -- Acknowledgments xxiii -- 1 A New Foundation: Darwin, Biology, and Cognitive Science 1 -- 2 Edges Matter: Thigmotaxis (the Wall hugging' Trait) 9 -- 3 Patterns Matter: Faces and Spaces 48 -- 4 Shapes Carry Weight: Bilateral Symmetry, (Hierarchy), Curves, and Complexity 97 -- 5 Storytelling Is Key: We're Wired for Narrative 122 -- 6 Nature Is Our Context: Biophilia and Biophilic Design 136 -- 7 Buildings, Biology + Biometrics: Collecting Empirical Data for Evidence Based Design 146 -- 8 The Twenty First Century Paradigm Shift in Biology and Psychology Reframes Architecture + Its History 169 -- Appendix: More on the Morphology and Function of the Human Brain 195 -- References 204 -- Further Reading 215 -- Index 221 -- List of Figures and Tables: 1.1 A house plan from Roman architect Vitruvius' De Architectura (translated as the Ten Books of Architecture, prepared for the Emperor Augustus, first century BCE. The plan features nearly symmetrical men's and women's sections (men's quarters' (left); "women's quarters' (right)) and in each of these areas multiple bilaterally symmetrical elements including room plans and column layouts 5 -- 2.1 Tourists and residents gather at the edge of Piazza del Campo, Siena, Italy 10 -- 2.2 On the left, 555 Hudson Street, Jane Jacob's narrow New York City townhouse in the West Village, Lower Manhattan (partially hidden by scaffolding from a neighboring building) 11 -- 2.3 Ambulation Man' and 'Ambulation Woman' walk with their heads at a natural tilt of about 10 degrees 16 -- 2.4 The first maze for laboratory animal testing was modeled after a human one designed for entertaining English royals; later versions were used in laboratories to study animal and human thigmotaxis 19 -- 2.5 The arcade of the Edward W Brooke Court House in Boston (1999, Kalmann McKinnell and Wood) does not acknowledge the way people like to walk, inadvertently promoting confusion in the urban landscape 23 -- 2.6 The nineteenth century Rue de Rivoli arcade in Paris, designed by Napoleon's architects, supports the ways that humans walk and encourages our movement forward 25 -- 2.7 A corridor street in Siena, Italy, invites you (and Ambulation Man) forward, encouraging an effortless stroll 26 -- 2.9 The figure ground drawing of Scollay Square before demolition for urban renewal in the 1960s; for orientation, the gray rectangle denotes eighteenth century Faneuil Hall, a historic meeting and market place top-right corner 27 -- 2.10 Figure ground drawing of the Scollay Square area after urban renewal to create the new Boston City Hall (rectangle in center) and broad City Hall Plaza 29 -- 2.11 Shoppers stroll in Kapalicarsi, or Grand Bazaar, an ancient market center in Istanbul, Turkey. It is essentially a covered street 31 -- 2.12 Figure ground drawing of Palmer Square, Princeton, New Jersey, a tight, walkable shopping district under 75 meters wide that was built off a major thorough fare 34-- 2.13 Diverse storefronts aligning along Palmer Street West in Palmer Square across the street from Princeton University in New Jersey 35 -- 2.14 A park between Palmer Street West and Palmer Street East is tightly enclosed by retail buildings and restaurants, making for a quiet pedestrian realm 35 -- 2.15 Figure ground diagrams of three of Columbia Maryland's ten planned villages at top and bottom right; bottom left Town Center mall. All show car dependent design, a hallmark of mid-twentieth century design 37 -- 2.16 Columbia, Maryland's villages carry few distinguishing features 39 -- 2.17 Acres of parking lots define Columbia, Maryland's Town Center 39 -- 2.18 Columbia, Maryland's design makes navigating by car or on foot a challenge 40 -- 2.19 It can be hard to tell where you are in Columbia, Maryland 41 -- 2.20 "The Town Center indoor mall features Columbia, Maylands only plan that mimics a traditional double loaded street 43 -- 2.21 Figure ground diagram of Main Street, Disneyland, in Anaheim, California 44 -- 2.22 Main Street, Disneyland, in 2005. Cinderella's Castle in the center distance provides a landmark; pedestrians tend to stick to the sides of the street even with few vehicles present 45 -- 3.1 One year old Thomas connecting to his grandfather Martin; humans have evolved to prioritize vision and, within that same category, the face 49 -- 3.2 Self portrait, Grimacing, 1910, by Austrian painter Figon Schiele 1890-1918); Austrian artists like Schiele worked at revealing the inner states of their subjects, argues neuroscientist Eric Kandel. The paintings engage the viewer instantly and our involvement can be understood as an artifact of our brain's unique architecture 51 -- 3.3 Figural Primitive' of the face used in human visual processing from infancy on as rendered by artist Trey Kirk 54 -- 3.4 The Gardener, c. 1590, viewed upside down, by Italian painter, Giuseppe Arcimboldo (1527-1593), is harder to read as a face than when turned right side up. A Mannerist, Arcimboldo worked in a transitional style between High Renaissance and Baroque, one known for intellectual playfulness as we can observe here 55 -- 3.5 The Gardener, right side up, is immediately easier to take in as a face 55 -- 3.6 The Summer, c. 1593, upside down, by Arcimboldo takes more effort for the brain to process than the painting rightside up, see Figure 3.7 56 -- 3.7 The Summer, c. 1593, right side up 56 -- 3.8 Thatcherized images of Prime Minister Margaret -- Thatcher by artist Nora Shull from an official photograph. Human subjects will focus on the face on the lower right hand corner, even though the one directly above it, in the top right, is, except for its orientation, identical. Our processing mechanism prioritizes the right side up face with the most distorted, frightening features 57 -- 3.9 The photograph of a Martian hill or mesa, taken from NASA's Viking 1 Orbiter as it flew over Mars in 1976, seems to show a human face 60 -- 3.10 Robert the tractor,' a 1957 Ford 661 Workmaster is a beloved member of the family for owners in Duchess County, New York 62 -- 3.11 Leonardo da Vinci's Salvator Mundi (c. 1500) appears to look right at you; in 2017, at $450.3 million, it became the most expensive painting ever sold at auction 64 -- 3.12 The interior of Apple stores in Greater Boston promotes products with posters displaying large faces on its devices (2013 and 2018). We cannot look away, and subliminally will be directed to move into the store, toward them. The display feeds our neural circuitry precisely, metaphorically fitting our face orientation like a glove 65 -- 3.13 The Lampoon Castle, home of a satirical Harvard student newspaper has caught the eye of pedestrians walking down Mount Auburn Street in Harvard Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts since its 1909 opening and is a frequent stop for international tour groups today 67 -- 3.14 The side elevation of The Lampoon Castle, designed by architect Edmund Wheelwright, reads like a face, too 68 -- 3.15 The Portrait Building, Melbourne, Australia, by architectural firm Ashton Raggatt McDougall, opened in 2015, memorializing the face of aboriginal leader William Barak (1824-1903) 69 -- 3.16 The Dunker Church, c. 1852, Sharpsburg, Maryland seems to be ever observant and even mournful; it stands on Civil War battlefield of Antietam 70 -- 3.17 Bavarian Inn, a tourist stop in Shepherdstown, West Virginia, looks friendly 71 -- 3.18 A street in Lacock Village, Wiltshire, England, owned by the UK’s National Trust, presents a row of dace like fronts and appleals to tourists 72 -- 3.19 Building faces can have diverse dispositions, sometimes with the same facade, which influences we subliminally: the top image is from the city of Newcastle, Australia, and the bottom is from Ruit, near Stuttgart, Germany 73 -- 3.20 The appealing face of Puppy: by American artist Jeff Koons, both dominates and draws visitors to the front door of the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain, by architect Frank Gehry (1997) 74 -- 3.21 Plan and section of Allianz Arena, Munich, Germany, 2005, by Herzog and de Meuron, show the 100-meter threshold at work; the dimension sets the limit for viewer. and player participation alike, establishing the distance of the furthest seats and approximate length of the sports field 77 -- 3.22 The 100-meter threshold is embedded in the plans of many of the world's most famous civic and religious places. From the left, The Taj Mahal Garden in Agra, India; St Peter's Square in Rome, Italy; and Places des Vosges in Paris, France. One hundred meters mark the radius length from the plan's central point to its edge 78 -- 3.23 Piazza del Campo, the popular medieval square in Siena, Italy makes for a great civic and social space. A resident walking into its center is likely to easily find and recognize a friend or acquaintance in the same space. (The rectangle delineated inside the piazza for scale is 100x60 meters) 79 -- 3.24 Compare and contrast how the limits of our social field of vision mesh with the Piazza del Campo (Siena) on the left, but not with Boston's City Hall Plaza, on the right. The ability to see faces helps define spaces and is a consequence of the primacy of face-processing in the human animal 80 -- 3.25 Section of the Grand Canal Theatre (2006) in Dublin, Ireland. Thirty-five meters is considered a maximum electronic amplification 80 -- 3.26 We find things become increasingly interesting when we can use all of our senses; this happens for humans at close range of about 7 meters (7.5 yards) or less. At about 3 meters or under, we can engage in personal conversation. In the photograph, the woman's image on the far right is where our eyes will linger; the figure at far left center, whose form is barely visible, represents the 100-meter limit, and is the least interesting 81 -- 3.27 Narrow Hanover Street was laid out in pre colonial times and has been attracting people since its consistently changing and mostly narrow storefronts keep things interesting for pedestrians today 82 -- 3.28 At under 20 meters (65 feet) wide, Hanover Street offers us a range of visual and emotional experiences without our having to expend much effort. Its dimensions make it easy to see others, something we innately enjoy 83 -- 3.29 The golden rectangle 84 -- 3.30 The golden spiral forms within the golden rectangle; in a golden rectangle, a square cut from the rectangle produces another golden rectangle... ad infinitum generating successive fractal scales along one direction as 1.62, 0.618, 0.236, 0.090 85 -- 3.31 Elevations of Le Corbusier's Villa Stein in Garches, France and the Parthenon in Athens appearing to fit within the golden rectangle, now considered likely applied after the fact (Herz-Fischler, Salingaros) 85 -- 3.32 The human viewport, evolving for fast horizontal scanning, approximates a rectangle of 3/2 proportions 86 -- 3.33 Each eye can sweep between 100 and 120 degrees in the vertical (see diagram above) and horizontal directions. Humans are bifocal (which enables our depth perception), and the horizontal range of both eyes overlap, creating a rectangle where the Horizontal / Vertical (H/V) approximates 1.5 87 -- 3.34 The human field of vision superimposed over various rectangles shows its relationship to common media dimensions. Note how 35 mm film with ratio 3/2 = 1.50, first used for movies then adopted for still pictures in the early twentieth century, closely fits our viewport. Things sized this way require less effort to see 88 -- 3.35 Visually compelling windows in Lower Manhattan propel people down the street; the low window frames accommodate the natural tilt of the human head when the body is walking. Our vision and locomotion are interdependent, a consequence of our evolution 90 -- 3.36 Society Hill, Philadelphia. The central city neighborhood has the highest concentration of eighteenth and early nineteenth century architecture in the United States, and includes three 31 story residential towers, at center right in the figure ground drawing, built as part of a federally sponsored urban renewal effort completed in 1964 92 -- 3.37 Redeveloped low rise town houses mitigate the transition to I.M. Pei Towers in Society Hill, Philadelphia, and were constructed as part of the urban renewal project 93 -- 3.38 The windows and doors of I. M. Pei Town Houses in Society Hill, designed to repair the old neighborhood fabric, can easily be assembled to make abstract faces 94 -- 3.39 Eighteenth and nineteenth century row houses in Society Hill give the area its historic charm and seem face like 95 -- 4.1 The fairy castles of Göreme, a village in Cappadocia, Asia Minor, Turkey 98 -- 4.2 The Interior of Karanlik (Dark) Church, Göreme, Turkey, dates from the end of the twelfth and early thirteenth century. It has a cruciform plan much like a traditional freestanding medieval church and multiple bilaterally symmetric elements 98 -- 4.3 Trinity Church in Boston's historic Back Bay neighborhood, designed by architect Henry Hobson Richardson, and is a study in the power of bilaterally symmetric shape 100 -- 4.4 Martha Mary Chapel in Sudbury, Massachusetts built by industrialist Henry Ford to honor his mother and mother in law, c. 1941 101 -- 4.5 Chambord Castle in the Loire Valley, France, designed as a hunting lodge for the French King Francois 1st (1494-1547) and never completed. It is the most visited estate in the Loire Valley today 102 -- 4.6 Symmetry conveys power in interior architecture: this craftsman-styled living room, designed as public entertainment space for the Webster S. Blanchard house, was built for a young businessman in 1922 in the outskirts of Boston 102 -- 4.7 Vitruvian Man, by Leonard da Vinci, c. 1490, with his text surrounding it, illustrates a Renaissance ideal: man's perfection within nature and embraces the classical notion of nature's perfect geometries. To get this to work, da Vinci ingeniously places the center of the circle in the man's navel and the center point of the square in his genitals 103 -- 4.8 Villa Capra, La Rotonda, Vicenza, 1566, by Andrea Palladio (1508-1580) from Planta de "i quattri libri" 1570). In the hands of the high Renaissance master Andrea Palladio, symmetric plans and elevations reach an apotheosis. Publicacion de Ottavio Bertotti Scamozzi, 1778 105 -- 4.9 Asymmetrical pink lumpy sponge. Sponges are considered the foundational species for all life that followed including our own. Recently pushed back in age, they are now thought to have emerged 550-750 million years ago 106 -- 4.10 Bilaterally symmetric rams appear in Antioch Culture, House of Ram's Heads Floor Mosaic (detail), late fifth or early sixth century CE, marble and limestone tesserae, 76.2 × 208.3 cm, Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, Massachusetts, Excavation at Antioch, 1936.33 108 -- 4.11 Photographs like the ones above were used in psychological research to show the innate symmetric preferences in humans. The research found that test subjects preferred a symmetrical face (left) with added symmetric decorations over an asymmetric face (right) applied with asymmetric paint 109 -- 4.12 In psychological tests, subjects consistently picked a pattern symmetrical around a vertical axis as more attractive than one symmetrical about a non vertical axis 110 -- 4.13 The Taj Mahal (c. 1653) in Agra, India has a clear, hierarchical shape with a tri-partite arrangement, a top, middle, and bottom not unlike a face; it can also be seen, not incidentallv, as a study in curves, another form humans innately prefer 112 -- 4.14 Dancing Maenad, Roman, c. 27 BCE-14 CE, Metropolitan Museum of Art, portrays a mythical dancing devotee of the Roman god of wine, Bacchus, and can be viewed as a study in the appeal of curvaceous shapes 113 -- 4.15 Curves define the character and help magnify the power of the Oval Office, seen here with President Barack Obama in 2013 116 -- 4.16 Fractal beauty in a romanesco calabrese cauliflower. Self replicating forms fascinate us: our interest in these patterns has been linked to our evolution and observation of similar arrangements, such as tree patterns, in nature over eons 118 -- 5.1 The drawings for Frank Lloyd Wright's 'A Fireproof House for $5,000' were published in the Ladies Home Journal magazine in April 1907, with an accompanying article written by the architect. The building was expressly intended to be affordable for the American middle class 125 -- 5.2 Top: Fireproof House, first floor plan; bottom: second floor plan. Author: Frank Lloyd Wright, "A Fireproof House for $5,000," April 2007 126 -- 5.3 The Pegasus Fountain at the entry to the sixteenth century Villa Lante in Bagnaia, central Italy, represents Biblical paradise, a time before man's fall from grace where there was natural abundance on earth 127 - 5.4 The garden finale at Villa Lante suggests a new age of hope dawning after 'the fall,' where man's creativity and knowledge can be put to use offering hope and salvation 127 -- 5.5 The plan of Villa Lante; the principal entry to the garden starts at the top (or south) in the diagram and follows a linear progression down a grade to the exit at the north. The garden sequencing tells the story of man's biblical fall from grace and re-emergence into a world of rationality and hope, represented by a grand fountain centered in a large square of symmetrically arranged plantings at its base 129 -- 5.6 A suburban intersection 40 km (25 miles) northwest of Boston, Kelly's Corner in Acton, Massachusetts, just off the highway to the city 131 -- 5.7 An aerial diagram of Kelly's Corner shows its scattered building layout where planning has accommodated parking lots and cars over pedestrian needs 131 -- 5.8 The winning Kelly's Corner plan was designed by residents Janice Ward and Mark Buxbaum into an arrival point and place of pride by focusing on building alignment and assigning a clear hierarchy that suggests an uplifting story 132 -- 6.1 Back yard arbor in Acton, Massachusetts; a predisposition for enjoying natural scenes is in our genome. Given the means, we embellish the view 137 -- 6.2 The acacia tree common in a savanna is thought to have been one common element in our primal vista 138 -- 6.3 Boston City Hall, at far left, and its immediate surroundings. Repetitive machine like elevations disconnect us from nature; the buildings do not resemble the lifelike forms and landscapes we evolved within 139 -- 6.4 The Great Workroom, SC Johnson, a family owned company in Racine, Wisconsin by architect Frank Lloyd Wright, 1936, has been called "the most beautiful office space in America." Wright called the columns, "dendriform," or tree-shaped; some see them as lily pads. They are 5.6 meters (18.5 feet) in diameter at the top and 23 centimeters about 9 inches) in diameter at the base 143 -- 6.5 Columns in thirteenth-century Chartres Cathedral interior, Chartres, France. The space emotionally engages us no matter our background or creed: it reads as a sacred forest 144 6.6 Five hundred to seven hundred year old Redwoods in Humboldt Redwoods State Park, Northern California. It has been said that nature provides the template for our most elegant and awe-inspiring architecture 144 -- 7.1 Stapleton Library in Staten Island, New York, with windows photoshopped away, at left; the original building, at right 151 -- 7.2 Eye tracked Stapleton Library, without and with its existing windows using iMotions biometric software 152 -- 7.3 Heat maps, aggregating eye tracking data, glow brightest where people look most; study conducted with iMotions biometric software 152 -- 7.4 Weeksville Heritage Center, a museum in Brooklyn, New York 153 -- 7.5 Weeksville Heritage Center, New York City, with added windows 154 -- 7.6 Eye tracked Weeksville Heritage Center, New York City; heat maps created with Motions biometric software 154 -- 7.7 Eye tracked Weeksville Heritage Center, photoshopped; heat maps created with iMotions biometric software 155 --
7.8 Queens Library, Flushing, New York City 155 -- 7.9 Heat map of street scene outside Queens Library, Flushing, New York City, analyzed with iMotions biometric software 156 -- 7.10 Copley Square Boston with historic Trinity Church and iconic Hancock Tower, eye tracked with iMotions biometric software 157 -- 7.11 High Bridge, New York City with existing water tower and with it removed 158 -- 7.12 Heat maps of High Bridge, New York City with existing water tower and with it removed; analyzed with iMotions biometric software 159 -- 7.13 Eye tracking data creates visual sequence diagrams, or gaze paths, which follow how viewers look at a scene: study conducted with Motions biometric software Queens Library, Flushing, New York City gaze sequence analysis creates a shadow study glowing white where Motions biometric software 160 -- 7.15 Perception of the wall greeting subway riders getting off the train in Somerville, Massachusetts, changes with art — a place previously ignored becomes a focal point; heat maps created with iMotions biometric software 161 -- 7.16 The blank side of a parking garage in Somerville, Massachusetts directs viewers to focus down an adjacent side street; with added Matisse like art, gaze pattern shifts to focus on garage itself, making it more of a place 163 -- 7.17 Eye tracked 'Thatcherized' images of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher from an official photograph. In our study, 33 test subjects looked at the image at left, in a 15 second interval; the reddest heat maps created, at right, indicate they found the most distorted right side up face, the most riveting, with iMotions biometric software 164 -- 7.18 Suburban subdivision in Ayer, Massachusetts above left; new urbanist subdivision in Devens, Massachusetts at right 165 -- 7.19 Gaze path moves skyward in a typical car centric subdivision, at left, while it remains grounded and focused at street level in the new urbanist development, at right 166 -- 7.20 Region of Interest diagrams (ROIs) indicate where viewers' focus falls most in the first glance at a scene; analyzed with 3M VAS (Visual Attention Software) 167 -- 7.21 Gaze path studies show how people implicitly ignore the new Art Center in Cincinnati, Ohio, at bottom of image below, but are drawn to look at the sculpture at its entrance, and the adjacent nineteenth century commercial building; analysis with 3M VAS (Visual Attention Software) 167 -- 8.1 The twenty first century: The Age of Biology, Slideshow From the OECD 2012 170 -- 8.2 Eye tracking a book cover, above left. creates the heat map at right, revealing where people initially look most 171 -- 8.3 The unique capacities of the right hemisphere are the essence of the twenty first century paradigm shift, moving from the analytical and conscious thinking of the brain's left hemisphere to acknowledge the unconscious, non verbal capacities of the right 172 -- 8.4 At top left, MassArt Design and Media Center (c. 2016), a public college of applied art in Downtown Boston; at top right, George Wythe House (c. 1754), a historic site in Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia; both images analyzed with 3M Visual Attention Software (VAS) 174 -- 8.5 Boston's Old State House, c. 1713, eye tracked with iMotions software proves magnetic; inherently approachable, the historic Georgian building is featured in many tour guides and postcards of the city 175 -- 8.6 Biometric analysis of nineteenth-century carriage house contrasted with twenty first century library, using 3M Visual Attention Software (VAS); the heat map shows how the older facade inherently draws attention while the newer one does not 176 -- 8.7 Evolution made us a face centric species and the trait that secured our survival in the wild shows up in traditional building elevations, above in Greater Boston 177 -- 8.8 As a social species, we rely on others to regulate our emotional state, explains research psychologist and author, Stephen Porges 178 -- 8.9 Walter Gropius' home in Lincoln, Massachusetts, center image above; at left, the neighboring, traditional New England house directly across the street; Source: Ann Front in Walem, Belgium 178 -- 8.9 Walter Gropius' home in Lincoln, Massachusetts, center image above; at left, the neighboring, traditional New England house directly across the street; Source: Ann Front in Walem, Belgium 180 -- 8.10 Walter Gropius' study in Lincoln, Massachusetts, at left, replicates a WWI trench in section and layout 182 -- 8.11 Gropius' master bedroom (left) set up like a 'trench dugout with sleeping quarters behind sturdy door frame: WWI trench dugout (right), showing doorway to area where men slept within a trench wall 182 -- 8.12 The second floor deck's defensive design prevents anyone on it from being seen from outside 183 -- 8.13 Rooms in the Gropius house feature minimal detail and ornament, at left; haphazard wood arrangements at entryway recall trench construction; reconstructed trench at right at the American Heritage Museum, Hudson, Massachusetts 184 -- 8.14 Normal view, top left, and autistic view, at right, of a kitten in a biometric study with Motions software, people on the spectrum avoid looking at eyes where neurotypical (or normal) viewers focus 186 -- 8.15 Normal view, top left, and autistic view, at right, in a biometric study we conducted with iMotions software 187 -- 8.16 Normal view, top left, and autistic view, at right, in a biometric study with iMotions software 188 -- 8.17 National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo, Japan. Le Corbusier c. 1957 can be seen as an expression of his autism 188 -- A.1 Each hemisphere of the brain is often described as having four lobes with fairly specific functions: the frontal lobe is responsible for conscious thought and mood; the parietal lobe plays a role integrating sensory information from the various senses and manipulating objects; the occipital lobe is concerned with visual processing; and the temporal lobe is involved in retaining visual memories, understanding language processing, and the processing of complex visual stimuli such as faces. The cerebellum, responsible for coordinating movement, lies below 195 -- A.2 Diagram of the encephalization quotient (EQ) in various animals. The human brain is an outlier at three times the size of its nearest relation on the evolutionary tree (the chimpanzee) when factoring in body size 196 -- A.3 Diagram of the human brain in section shows the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain 199 -- A.4 A diagram of the Triune' Brain Model, developed by physician Dr Paul MacLean, underscores the evolutionary past we share with other creatures on earth and models the brain as a series of sequential additions 200 -- 1.5 The Triune' Brain Model as a schematic portrait of Albert Einstein: within us are elements of animals that came before as rendered by artist Trey Kirk 201 -- Tables : 2.1 Evolutionary timeline for the 'wall-hugging' trait thigmotaxis with the date the tendency was first documented in the scientific literature by species at right 18 -- 6.1 Key elements of biophilic design 142 -- A.1 Brain size and energy consumption table 197 --
"In this expanded second edition of Cognitive Architecture, the authors review new findings in psychology and neuroscience to help architects and planners better understand their clients as the sophisticated mammals they are, arriving in the world with built-in responses to the environment. Discussing key biometric tools to help designers 'see' subliminal human behaviors and suggesting new ways to analyze designs before they are built, this new edition brings readers up-to-date on scientific tools relevant for assessing architecture and the human experience of the built environment. The new edition includes:
9780367468606 9780367468590
Architecture--Psychological aspects. Space perception--Physiological aspects. Architecture--Design and Drafting