LATE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY RELIGIOUS LIBERTY -- Separation, Purity, and Anticlericalism -- Accusations of Separation -- The Exclusion of the Clergy -- Freedom from Religious Establishments. EARLY NINETEENTH-CENTURY REPUBLICANISM -- Demands for Separation: Separating Federalist Clergy from Republican Politics -- Keeping Religion Out of Politics and Making Politics Religious -- Jefferson and the Baptists: Separation Proposed and Ignored as a Constitutional Principle. MID-NINETEENTH-CENTURY AMERICANISM -- A Theologically Liberal, Anti-Catholic, and American Principle -- Separations in Society -- Clerical Doubts and Popular Protestant Supports -- LATE NINETEENTH -AND TWENTIETH-CENTURY CONSTITUTIONAL LAW -- Amendment -- Interpretation -- Differences -- An American Constitutional Right -- Conclusion.