sustainable design strategies towards net zero architecture Lechner, Norbert creator author. Andrasik, Patricia author. text bibliography nju 2022 5th edition. monographic eng

print

txt

xix, 807 p. : 8 p. of unnumbered plates : ill. ; col. ; maps ; plans ; 29 cm. "Heating, Cooling, Lighting, the leading guide to environmental control systems design for over 25 years, provides future architects and practicing professionals with the knowledge and tools needed to design a sustainable built environment at the schematic design stage. This book treats heating, cooling, and lighting not as isolated topics, but as integrated parts towards manipulating the environment to achieve net zero consumption. Responding to current industry trends, this Fifth Edition has been completely restructured based on net zero design strategies. Reflecting the latest developments in codes, standards, and rating systems for energy efficiency, this Fifth Edition includes three new chapters: Retrofits - best practices for efficient energy optimization in existing buildings, Integrated Design - strategies for synergizing passive and active design, and Design Tools - how to utilize the best tools to benchmark a building's sustainability and net zero potential; as well as an extensively updated Lighting chapter. Instructor's have access to an Instructor's Manual that includes exercises, projects, discussion questions, and web resources"-- FOREWORD TO THE FIFTH EDITION XIII Edward Mazria -- FOREWORD TO THE FIRST EDITION XV James Marston Fitch -- PREFACE XVII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XIX -- PART I FUNDAMENTALS 1 -- 1 BACKGROUND: ARCHITECTURE IN A WARMING WORLD -- 1.1 Introduction 4 -- 1.2 Indigenous and Vernacular Architecture 5 -- 1.3 Formal Architecture 6 -- 1.4 Architecture and Energy 8 -- 1.5 The Architectural Approach to Low-Energy Design 11 -- 1.6 Climate and Architecture 14 -- 1.7 Dynamic Versus Static Buildings 15 -- 1.8 Form, Color and Ornamentation 15 -- 1.9 Biophilic Design 18 -- 1.10 Resilient Design 18 -- 1.11 Sustainability Codes and Voluntary Programs 20 -- 1.12 The Moral Imperative 20 -- 1.13 Conclusion 21 -- Executive Summary 21 -- Resources 22 -- 2 CLIMATE CHANGE: THE KEY SUSTAINABILITY ISSUE 23 -- 2.1 Easter Island: Learning From the Past 24 -- 2.2 Sustainable Design and Climate Change 24 -- 2.3 Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and Regenerate by Design 25 -- 2.4 The Sustainability Movement 27 -- 2.5 The Basic Causes of Environmental Problems 28 -- 2.6 Growth 31 -- 2.7 Exponential Growth 31 -- 2.8 The Amoeba Analogy 32 -- 2.9 Supply Versus Efficiency 33 -- 2.10 Sustainable-Design Issues 33 -- 2.11 Embodied Energy 34 -- 2.12 Climate Change 35 -- 2.13 The Ozone Hole 37 -- 2.14 Efficiency Versus Renewable Energy 37 -- 2.15 Energy Sources 37 -- 2.16 Energy Use in Ancient Greece 38 -- 2.17 Nonrenewable Fossil Energy Sources 39 -- 2.18 Nuclear Energy 40 -- 2.19 Renewable Energy Sources 41 -- 2.20 Conclusion 48 -- Executive Summary 49 -- Resources 50 -- 3 BASIC PRINCIPLES: THE PHYSICS OF HEAT FLOW FOR HEATING AND COOLING BUILDINGS 51 -- 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 111 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 V 3.1 Introduction 52 -- 3.2 Heat 52 -- 3.3 Sensible Heat 52 -- 3.4 Latent Heat 53 -- 3.5 Evaporative Cooling 53 -- 3.6 Convection 54 -- 3.7 Transport 54 -- 3.8 Energy-Transfer Mediums 55 -- 3.9 Radiation 55 -- 3.10 Greenhouse Effect 57 -- 3.11 Equilibrium Temperature of a Surface 58 -- 3.12 Mean Radiant Temperature 59 -- 3.13 Heat Flow 59 -- 3.14 Heat Sink 60 -- 3.15 Heat Capacity 60 -- 3.16 Thermal Resistance 60 -- 3.17 Heat-Flow Coefficient 61 -- 3.18 Time lag 61 -- 3.19 insulating Med of Mass 62 -- 3.20 Energv Conversion 64 -- 3.21 Combined Heat and Power 61 -- 3.22 Off-Site Versus On-Site Renewable Energv 64 -- 3.23 The Game Changers: Heat Pumps and Batteries 64 -- 3.24 Net-Zero Buildings 65 -- 3.25 Conclusion 65 -- Executive Summary 66 -- 4 CLIMATE: ITS SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON BUILDINGS 67 -- 4.1 Introduction 68 -- 4.2 Climate 68 -- 4.3 Microclimate 70 -- 4.4 Climatic Anomalies 73 -- 4.5 Climate Regions in a Time of Climate Change 74 -- 4.6 Explanations of the Climatic Data Tables 75 -- 4.7 Relative Heating and Cooling Loads 80 -- 4.8 Climatic Data Tables 84 -- 4.9 Design. Strategies 119 -- Executive Summary 125 -- Resources 126 -- 5 PSYCHOMETRICS: THERMAL COMFORT 127 -- 5.1 Biological Machine 128 -- 5.2 Thermal Barriers 129 -- 5.3 Metabolic Rate 131 -- 5.4 Thermal Conditions of the Environment 131 -- 5.5 The Psychrometric Chart 133 -- 5.6 Dew Point and Wet-Bulb Temperatures 135 -- 5.7 Heat Content of Air 136 -- 5.8 Thermal Comfort 138 -- 5.9 Shifting of the Comfort Zone 139 -- 5.10 Adaptive Comfort 141 -- 5.11 Clothing and Comfort 141 -- 5.12 Strategies 142 -- 5.13 Conclusion 142 -- Executive Summary 143 -- Resources 143 -- SOLAR GEOMETRY: THE MOST POWERFUL ELEMENT OF DESIGN 145 -- 6.1 Introduction 146 -- 6.2 The Sun 146 -- 6.3 Elliptical Orbit 146 -- 6.4 Tilt of the Earth's Axis 147 -- 6.5 consequences of the Altitude Angle 147 -- 6.6 Winter 148 -- 6.7 The Sun Revolves Around the Earth! 149 -- 6.8 The Sky Dome 149 -- 6.9 Determining Altitude and Azimuth Angles 150 -- 6.10 Solar Time 152 -- 6.11 Horizontal Sun-Path Diagrams 152 -- 6.12 Vertical Sun-Path Diagrams 154 -- 6.13 Drawing Sunbeams 155 -- 6.14 Sun-Path Models 159 -- 6.15 Solar Heat Gain 160 -- 6.16 Solar Site-Evaluation tools 165 -- 6.17 Heliodons 165 -- 6.18 Sundials for Model Testing 166 -- 6.19 Conceptually Clear Heliodons 167 -- 6.20 Solar Responsive Design Strategies 168 -- 6.20 Conclusion 170 -- Executive Summary 170 -- Resources 171 -- PART II PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES 173 -- 7 PASSIVE HEATING SYSTEMS: THE SOLAR POTENTIAL OF NATURAL HEATING 175 -- 7.1 History 176 -- 7.2 Solar in America 177 -- 7.3 Solar Hemicycle 178 -- 7.4 Latest Rediscovery of Passive Solar 179 -- 7.5 Passive Solar 180 -- 7.6 Direct-Gain Systems 181 -- 7.7 Design Guidelines for Direct-Gain Systems 183 -- 7.8 Example 186 -- 7.9 Trombe Wall Systems 186 -- 7.10 Design Guidelines for Trombe Wall Systems 190 -- 7.11 Example 190 -- 7.12 Sunspaces 190 -- 7.13 Balcomb House 193 -- 7.14 Sunspace Design Guidelines 194 -- 7.15 Comparison of the Three Main Passive Heating Systems 195 -- 7.16 General Considerations for Passive Solar Systems 196 -- 7.17 Heat-Storage Materials 201 -- 7.18 Other Passive Heating Systems 203 -- 7.19 Maximizing Passive Solar 204 -- 7.20 Conclusion 204 -- Executive Summary 205 -- Resources 205 -- 8 SOLAR REJECTION: SHADING AND LIGHT COLORS 207 -- 8.1 Introduction to Solar Rejection 208 -- 8.2 History of Shading and Light Colors 208 -- 8.3 Shading Myths 213 -- 8.4 Shading Basics 215 -- 8.5 Fixed Exterior Shading Devices 217 -- 8.6 Dynamic (Movable) Shading Devices 220 -- 8.7 Shading Periods of the Year 229 -- 8.8 Overhangs 232 -- 8.9 Design of Horizontal Overhangs: Basic Graphical Method 233 -- 8.10 Shading Design Strategies for South Windows 235 -- 8.11 Shading Design Strategies for East and West Windows 236 -- 8.12 Design of Fins on North Windows 240 -- 8.13 Design Guidelines for Eggcrate Shading Devices 241 -- 8.14 Special Shading Strategies 241 -- 8.15 Shading Outdoor Spaces 245 -- 8.16 Using Physical Models for Shading Design 247 -- 8.17 Glazing as the Shading Element 253 -- 8.18 Interior Shading Devices 259 -- 8.19 Solar Heat Gain Coefficient 260 -- 8.20 Roof and Wall Reflectivity 260 -- 8.21 Conclusion 263 -- Executive Summary 267 -- Resources 267 -- 9 PASSIVE COOLING: NATURAL COOLING, RAISING THE COMFORT ZONE, AND HEAT AVOIDANCE 269 -- 9.1 Introduction to Cooling 270 -- 9.2 Historical and Indigenous Use of Passive Cooling 270 -- 9.3 Passive Cooling Systems 276 -- 9.4 Comfort Ventilation Versus Night-Flush Cooling 277 -- 9.5 Basic Principles of Airflow 277 -- 9.6 Airflow Through Buildings 281 -- 9.7 Example of Ventilation Design 291 -- 9.8 Comfort Ventilation 293 -- 9.9 Night-Flush Cooling 295 -- 9.10 Double-Skin Facades and Operable Roofs 298 -- 9.11 Radiant Cooling 299 -- 9.12 Evaporative Cooling 304 -- 9.13 Cool Towers 307 -- 9.14 Earth Cooling 308 -- 9.15 Dehumidification with a Desiccant 311 -- 9.16 Solar Chimney 311 -- 9.17 Conclusion 313 -- Executive Summary 313 -- Resources 313 -- 10 SITE ANALYSIS: ORIENTATION, LANDSCAPE AND CONTEXT IN NET-ZERO DESIGN 315 -- 10.1 Introduction 316 -- 10.2 Analysis 317 -- 10.3 Site Selection 319 -- 10.4 Solar Access 320 -- 10.5 Shadow Patterns 322 -- 10.6 Site Planning 326 -- 10.7 Solar Zoning 328 -- 10.8 Physical Models 332 -- 10.9 Wind and Site Design 334 -- 10.10 Plants and Vegetation 338 -- 10.11 Vegetated Roofs 347 -- 10.12 Lawns 350 -- 10.13 Landscaping 350 -- 10.14 Community Design 356 -- 10.15 Cooling Our Communities 358 -- 10.16 Conclusion 359 -- Executive Summary 360 -- Resources 360 -- 11 LIGHT: COLOR, VISION, AND PERCEPTION 363 -- 11.1 Introduction 364 -- 11.2 Light 365 -- 11.3 Reflectance/Transmittance 368 -- 11.4 Color 369 -- 11.5 Vision 372 -- 11.6 Perception 374 -- 11.7 Performance of a Visual Task 377 -- 11.8 Characteristics of the Visual Task 377 -- 11.9 Illumination Level 379 -- 11.10 Brightness Ratios 380 -- 11.11 Glare 382 -- 11.12 Equivalent Spherical Illumination 385 -- 11.13 Activity Needs 387 -- 11.14 Biological Needs 390 -- 11.15 Light and Health 393 -- 11.16 The Poetry of Light 393 -- 11.17 Rules for Lighting Design 394 -- 11.18 Career Possibilities 395 -- 11.19 Conclusion 395 -- Executive Summary 396 -- Resources 397 -- 12 DAYLIGHTING: ARCHITECTURAL CONTROL FOR NATURAL BEAUTY, COMFORT, AND ENERGY REDUCTION 399 -- 12.1 History of Daylighting 400 -- 12.2 Why Daylighting? 402 -- 12.3 The Nature of Daylight 404 -- 12.4 Conceptual Model 407 -- 12.5 Illumination and the Daylight Factor 408 -- 12.6 Light Without Heat? 411 -- 12.7 Cool Daylight 411 -- 12.8 Goals of Daylighting 413 -- 12.9 Basic Daylighting Strategies 414 -- 12.10 Basic Window Strategies 417 -- 12.11 Advanced Window Strategies 420 -- 12.12 Window Glazing Materials 425 -- 12.13 Top Lighting 428 -- 12.14 Skylight Strategies 429 -- 12.15 Clerestories, Monitors, and Light Scoops 433 -- 12.16 Special Daylighting Techniques 437 -- 12.17 Translucent Walls and Roofs 439 -- 12.18 Electric Lighting as a Supplement to Daylighting 443 -- 12.19 Physical Modeling 445 -- 12.20 Guidelines for Daylighting 450 -- 12.21 Conclusion 451 -- Executive Summary 451 -- Resources 452 -- 13 THE THERMAL ENVELOPE: KEEPING WARM AND STAYING COOL 453 -- 13.1 Introduction 454 -- 13.2 Heat Loss 455 -- 13.3 Heat Gain 456 -- 13.4 Solar Reflectivity (Albedo) 458 -- 13.5 Compactness, Exposed Area, and Thermal Planning 459 -- 13.6 Insulation Materials 461 -- 13.7 The Thermal Envelope 468 -- 13.8 Heat Bridges 473 -- 13.9 Windows 474 -- 13.10 Dynamic Insulation 480 -- 13.11 Insulating Effect from Thermal Mass 483 -- 13.12 Earth Sheltering 487 -- 13.13 Infiltration and Ventilation 494 -- 13.14 Water: The Enemy of Architecture 496 -- 13.15 Radon 500 -- 13.16 Appliances 500 -- 13.17 Conclusion 502 -- Executive Summary 502 -- Resources 503 -- 14 RETROFITS: ENERGY EFFICIENCY UPGRADES FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS 505 -- 14.1 Introduction 506 - 14.2 Goals for the Energy Upgrade 506 -- 14.3 Envelope Upgrades 506 -- 14.4 Lighting 507 -- 14.5 Mechanical Equipment 508 -- 14.6 Hot Water 508 -- 14.7 Appliances 508 -- 14.8 Renewable Energy 508 -- 14.9 Miscellaneous 508 -- 14.10 Case Studies -- 508 Executive Summary 510 -- 15 TROPICAL ARCHITECTURE: NOT YOUR TEMPERATE ARCHITECTURE 511 -- 15.1 Introduction 512 -- 15.2 Traditional Tropical Architecture 512 -- 15.3 The Tropical Climate 515 -- 15.4 The Solar Geometry of the Tropics 517 -- 15.5 Shading in Tropical Climates 521 -- 15.6 Daylighting in the Tropics 524 -- 15.7 Passive Cooling 525 15.8 Air-Conditioned Buildings in the Tropics 526 -- 15.9 Conclusion 528 -- Executive Summary 528 -- PART Ill ACTIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES 529 -- 16 ELECTRIC LIGHTING: TO COMPLEMENT DAYLIGHT AND AT NIGHT 531 -- 16.1 Introduction 532 -- 16.2 History of Light Sources 532 -- 16.3 Light Sources 533 -- 16.4 Incandescent and Halogen Lamps 534 -- 16.5 Discharge Lamps 535 -- 16.6 Fluorescent Lamps 537 -- 16.7 High-Intensity Discharge Lamps 539 -- 16.8 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 540 -- 16.9 Comparison of the Major Lighting Sources 542 -- 16.10 Luminaires 542 -- 16.11 Lenses, Diffusers, and Baffles 542 -- 16.12 Lighting Systems 545 -- 16.13 Remote-Source Lighting Systems 548 -- 16.14 Visualizing Light Distribution 548 - 16.15 Architectural Lighting 549 -- 16.16 Outdoor Lighting 552 -- 16.17 Emergency Lighting 553 -- 16.18 Controls 554 -- 16.19 Maintenance 556 -- 16.20 Rules for Energy-Efficient Electric Lighting Design 556 -- 16.21 Laws and Standards 557 -- 16.22 Conclusion 557 -- Executive Summary 557 -- Resources 557 -- 17 PHOTOVOLTAICS AND SOLAR THERMAL 559 -- 17.1 Introduction 560 -- 17.2 The Almost Ideal Energy Source 560 -- 17.3 History of PV 561 -- 17.4 The PV Cell 561 -- 17.5 Types of PV Systems 562 -- 17.6 Balance of System Equipment 563 -- 17.7 Site-Integrated Photovoltaics 564 -- 17.8 Glazing and PV 569 -- 17.9 Orientation and Tilt 569 -- 17.10 Design Guidelines 571 -- 17.11 The Promise of IN 571 -- 17.12 Sizing A PV System 572 -- 17.13 The Cost-Effectiveness of PV Versus Solar Thermal Applications 573 -- 17.14 Solar Thermal Basics 574 -- 17.15 Solar Thermal Swimming-Pool Heating 574 -- 17.16 Solar Hot-Water Systems 575 -- 17.17 Passive Solar Thermal Systems 577 -- 17.18 Solar Hot-Air Collectors 579 -- 17.19 Preheating of Ventilation Air 579 -- 17.20 Designing a Solar Thermal System 582 -- 17.21 The Future of Solar Thermal 583 -- 17.22 Conclusion 585 -- Executive Summary 586 -- Resources 587 -- 18 MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT FOR HEATING AND COOLING 589 -- 18.1 Introduction 590 -- 18.2 Heating 590 -- 18.3 Thermal Zones 592 -- 18.4 Heating Systems 593 -- 18.5 Electric Heating 594 -- 18.6 Hot-Water (Hydronic) Heating 595 -- 18.7 Hot-Air Systems 597 -- 18.8 Cooling 599 -- 18.9 Refrigeration Cycles 602 -- 18.10 Heat Pumps 604 -- 18.11 Geo-Exchange 605 -- 18.12 Cooling Systems 606 -- 18.13 Air-Conditioning for Small Buildings 609 -- 18.14 Air-Conditioning for Large Multistory Buildings 614 -- 18.15 Design Guidelines for Mechanical Systems 626 -- 18.16 Air Supply (Ducts and Diffusers) 627 -- 18.17 Ventilation 631 -- 18.18 Energy-Efficient Ventilation Systems 633 -- 18.19 Air Filtration and Odor Removal 636 -- 18.20 Special Systems 636 -- 18.21 Integrated and Exposed Mechanical Equipment 638 -- 18.22 Low-Energy Heating and Cooling 639 -- 18.23 Conclusion 639 -- Executive Summary 640 -- Resources 641 -- PART IV INTEGRATED DESIGN 643 -- 19 SYNERGIES. WHEN THE WHOLE IS GREATER THAN THE SUM OF THE PARTS 645 -- 19.1 Introduction 646 -- 19.2 Strategies 646 -- 19.3 Synergies 650 -- 19.4 Case Studies 651 -- 19.5 Conclusion 657 -- Executive Summary 657 -- 20 INTEGRATED DESIGN PROCESS 659 -- 20.1 Introduction 660 -- 20.2 Definition 660 -- 20.3 Differences 660 -- 20.4 Coordination 660 -- 20.5 Documentation 662 -- 20.6 Conclusion 668 -- Executive Summary 668 -- PART V TOOLS 669 -- 21 CODES 671 -- 21.1 Introduction 672 -- 21.2 Sustainability Codes 672 -- 21.3 History 673 -- 21.4 Current Model Codes 673 -- 21.5 Reference Standards 675 -- 21.6 Government Initiatives 675 -- 21.7 Non-Governmental Initiatives 676 -- 21.8 Conclusion 678 -- Executive Summary 678 -- 22 CHECKLIST FOR DESIGNING NET-ZERO BUILDINGS 679 -- 22.1 Introduction 680 -- 22.2 Site Selection 680 -- 22.3 Form 680 -- 22.4 Plan 680 -- 22.5 Windows 680 -- 22.6 Daylighting 681 -- 22.7 Shading 681 -- 22.8 Color 682 -- 22.9 Thermal Envelope 682 -- 22.10 Thermal Mass 682 -- 22.11 Glazing 682 -- 22.12 Air Barrier 683 -- 22.13 Passive Systems 683 -- 22.14 Electric Lighting 683 -- 22.15 Mechanical Equipment 684 -- 22.16 Behavioral Controls 684 -- 22.17 Renewable Technology 684 -- 23 ASSESSMENT 685 23.1 Introduction 686 -- 23.2 Global Rating Systems 686 -- 23.3 Process 688 -- 23.4 Conclusion 688 -- Executive Summary 688 -- 24 DIGITAL 691 -- 24.1 Introduction 692 -- 24.2 Building Performance Analytics 692 -- 24.3 Methodology 692 -- 24.4 Challenges 693 -- 24.5 Conclusion 695 -- Executive Summary 695 -- Norbert M. Lechner, Patricia Andrasik. Heating Air conditioning Lighting TH722 L33 2022 697 9781119585749 pucpr 210322 20240208154404.0 eng