from the Safavids to the Iranian revolution. Architectural guide Meyer-Wieser, Thomas creator text bibliography biography monographic eng

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575p. ill. ; photo.; maps ; col. ; 25 cm. "Iran has one of the oldest town cultures in the world, going back more than 4,000 years. Between the Islamic conquest in the seventh century and Westernisation in the second half of the nineteenth century, the cities and towns in today’s Islamic Republic of Iran underwent repeated changes. Persian building culture influenced architects and artists as far as Central Asia in the north and India in the east. Unlike any other country in the region, Iran shows a unique urban and architectonic development whose defining characteristics merged with other cultures over time, representing an important contribution to world architecture. In this architectural guide, author and architect Thomas Meyer-Wieser embarks on a journey into history, showcasing nearly 300 buildings and other projects in Tehran, Isfahan and Shiraz. His focus is on the Iranian-Islamic architectural identity, which has held its own since the rise of the Safavids in 1501."--Publisher Introduction: From the Safavids to the Iranian Revolution 10 -- The Garden as Anticipation of the Town: The Key to Persian Architecture and Garden Design 18 -- Bagh-e Fin, Teahouse in the garden 30 -- The Safavid Dynasty: 1501 The Foundation of the Empire 40 -- 1501-1548 Tabriz — First Safavid Capital 46 -- Mansions of Tabriz 60 -- 1548-1598 Qazvin — Second Safavid Capital 66 -- 643-1598 Pre-Safavid Isfahan 84 -- Origin of the Four-Ayvan Mosque 106 -- 1598-1629 Isfahan, Capital of Shah Abbas the Great 110 -- Middle Eastern Palace Architecture 136 -- 1629-1722 The late Safavid in Isfahan 140 -- 1722-1779 From Capital of the Empire to Provincial Town 180 -- Space and Surface in Persian Architecture 194 -- The Zand Dynasty: 1759-1779 Shiraz, Residential Town of Karim Khan Zand 206 -- 1787-1925 Shiraz, New Beginning under the Qajar 224 -- Excursion into prehistory: 560-330 Achaemenid Empire, Pasargadae, Persepolis 236 -- 224-642 Sassanid Empire, Firuzabad 250 -- The Qajar Dynasty: 1779-1865 From Village to Capital of Iran 260 -- 1778 The Earthquake of Kashan 280 -- 1865-1924 First Influence of European Architecture ,292 -- The Pahlavi Dynasty: 1924-1933 Discovery of the National Identity 318 -- 1934-1941 Arrival of Modernity in Iranian Architecture 332 -- 1941-1963 Global. City Tehran 360 -- 1963-1978 The "Golden Age" of Iranian Modernism 392 -- 1967 Iranian Pavilion Montreal 394 -- 1960-1968 Maison d'Iran a Paris 395 -- 1971 2500-Year Celebration of the Persian Empire 424 -- The Islamic Republic of Iran: 1978-2000 The Architecture of the Iranian Revolution 428 -- Since 2000 Today's Architect Generation 450 -- 2004/2005 Embassies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Germany 452 -- -- 1501 to 1722 Safavid dynasty: 1501-1525 Shah Ismail I -- 1501 Conquest of Tabriz by the Qizilbash, Tabriz becomes the capital of the new dominion -- 1501 July, Ismail takes the title of Shah-hanshah, orders the Friday prayer to be performed on behalf of the twelve Imams, curses the first three caliphs and introduces Shia as "state religion" -- 1501-1512 Shah Ismail I expels the Turkmen from Iran and establishes the rule of the Safavids -- 1504-1530 Foundation of Mughal Empire by Babur 1510 Battle of Mary ends with a decisive victory for the Safavids over the Uzbek -- 1510 Habsburg-Persian alliance between Habsburg and Safavid Empire in their common conflict against the Ottoman Empire -- 1512 Construction of Harun-Velayat Mausoleum in Isfahan -- 1514 Battle of Chaldiran, Sultan Selim I defeats Ismail I, who loses his supernatural air and aura of invincibility -- 1515 Subjugation of Hormuz Island by the Portuguese -- 1515 Construction of Mashhad-e Fatima in Qum -- 1524 Ismail I dies at the age of thirty-six, succeeded by his son Tahmasp I -- 1524-1576 Shah Tahmasp I: 1526 Civil war among the differing factions -- 1529 First Siege of Vienna by the Ottoman Empire, led by Suleiman the Magnificent -- 1532-1555 Ottoman-Safavid War, one of the many military conflicts fought between the two archrivals, where thousands of Christian Armenians were captured and deported -- 1541 Publication of Divan manuscript by Shah Ismail I, written under the pei name Hatayi -- 1544-1555 Mughal emperor Humayun gets asylum at Tahmasp's court -- 1548 Dislocation of the capital to Qazvin under Shah Tahmasp I -- 1548-1598 Qazvin, second Safavid capital -- 1555 Peace of Amasya frees Iran from Ottoman attacks for three decades -- 1571 Birth of Prince Abbas, later Shah Abbas I the Great in Herat -- 1576 Tahmasp I dies of poison, unclear whether by accident or on purpose -- 1576-1577 Shah Ismail II: 1576 Coronation of Shah Ismail II, son of Shah Tahmasp I -- 1576 November, Ismail II dies after consuming poisoned opium -- 1578-1587 Shah Mohammad Khodabanda: 1578-1590 Ottoman-Safavid War, Sultan Murad III begins war with Safavid Iran -- 1581 Khorasan becomes autonomous -- 1585 Prince Abbas comes under guardianship of Qizilbash leader Murshid Qoli Khan -- 1585 Conquest of Tabriz by Ottoman army, the city remains in Ottoman hands for 20 years -- 1587 Mohammad accepts his dethronement and is banished to Alamut prison i 1642 -- 1587-1629 Shah Abbas I -- 1587 Murshid Oa Khan rides to Qazvin With the young prince and pronounces him king -- 1587 Murshid begins distributing friends, gradually confining Abbas to the Palace -- 1588 Shah Mohammad hands the royal insignia over to his son -- 1589 Abbas arranges to kilt Murshid after a banquet -- 1590 Treaty of Constantinople ends Ottoman--Safavid War -- 1590 – 1598 Construction of Maidan-e Shah in the historic centre of Isfahan -- 1595 Aillahverdi Khan, Georgian entre of Isfahan Ghutarn, appointed Governor-General of Fars -- 1598 Shirtey brothers arrive in Isfahan, help to reorganize the Iranian army -- 1598 Recapture of Khorasan -- 1598 Construction of the Dawiat-Khan-e in Isfahan -- 1599 Shah Abbas I sends his first diplomatic mission to Europe, marking important new step in contacts between Iran and Europe -- 1598-1603 War against the Uzbeks with the reformed army -- 1601-1602 Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night makes references to the Shahs of Iran -- 1602 Iranian army expels the Portuguese from Bahrain -- 1602-1619 Construction of Khiyaban-e Chahar Bagh, Bridge of Thirty-Three Arches and Sheikh LW-Allah Mosque -- 1603 Shah Abbas moves his capital from Isfahan -- 1603-1618 Ottoman—Safavid War between Abbas I and Sultan Ahmed I, Persia regains Caucasus, Mesopotamia, and Eastern Anatolia -- 1606 Edict of Shah Abbas I to establish Armenian quarter New Julia -- 1606 Construction of Vank Cathedral -- 1609-1615 Shah Abbas' second Persian embassy to Europe, led by Robert Shirley -- 1611-1630 Construction of the Masjed-e Shah in Isfahan -- 1613 Death and burial of Alta hverdi Khan -- 1615 Construction of the Madrasa-e Khan in Shiraz -- 1617-1624 Construction of Ali Qapu palace and Qeysaryeh Bazaar -- 1618 Treaty of Serav between Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia -- 1618-1648 Thirty Years' War in Central Europe -- 1622 Capture of Hormuz from the Portuguese with the help of British East India Company – 1623- 1639 Ottoman—Safavid War between Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia -- 1629 16 January, Shah Abbas I dies in Farahabad and is buried in Kashan -- 1629-1642 Shah Safi 1 -- 1629 Sam Mirza crowned as Shah Safi I at the age of eighteen -- 1634 Saru Taqi appointed Grand Vizir -- 1634 Ottomans occupy Yerevan and Tabriz -- 1636 Shah Safi receives a delegation from Duke of Holistein-Gottorp 1638 Ottomans conquer Baghdad -- 1639 Treaty of Zuhab balances the border between Iran and Turkey up to the twentieth century -- 1642 Shah Safi dies as a result of excessive drinking -- 1642-1666 Shah Abbas II -- 1642 Shah Abbas II, son of Shah Safi, crowned at Kashan -- 1642 Transformation of the AU Qapu to its present form -- 1644Suppression of Bakhtiari rebellion against Abbas II by Saru Taqi -- 1647 Publication of Adam Olearius' book about his visit to Persia -- 1647 Reconstruction of the Forty Columns Palace in Isfahan -- 1648 Safavid empire expands to Afghanistan -- 1650 Construction of Khaju Bridge -- 1651-1653 Russo-Persian War -- 1654-1715 Reign of Louis XIV in France -- 1656-1663 Construction of Hakim Mosque in Isfahan -- 1666 Shah Abbas II dies without revealing who should be his successor -- 1666-1694 Shah Safi II/Shah Suleiman -- 1666 Sam Mirza, son of Shah Abbas II, crowned as Shah Safi II -- 1666 Jean Chardin appointed Court Jeweler by Shah Safi II 1667 Construction of Champs-Elysées by Andre Le Notre in Paris -- 1667 Earthquake in Shamakhi, estimated 80,000 people die -- 1667 Second coronation of Sam Mirza as Shah Suleiman I -- 1669 Construction of the garden palace Hasht Behesht in Isfahan -- 1673-1677 Jean Chardin's second stay in Isfahan -- 1683 Battle of Vienna, fought by allied forces of Holy Roman Empire of German Nations and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth against Ottoman Empire -- 1686 Publication of Jean Chardin's Voyages en Perse and aux Indes orientates 1694 Suleiman dies on 29 July, at Isfahan, as a result of heavy drinking. -- 1694-1722 Sultan Husayn -- 1694 Coronation of Sultan Husayn, nicknamed Yakhshidir, "Very well" -- 1695 Shifting of power to leading clerics, measures against Sufi order as well as prohibiting consumption of alcohol and opium and restrictions on the behavior of women -- 1706 Construction of the Caravanserai and Madrasa Madar-e Shah and Bazar-e Honar -- 1709 Ghilzai Afghans rebel and break away from Safavid rule -- 1710 Revival of Shia Islam leads to increased intolerance towards Sunni Muslims, Jews, Zoroastrians and Christians -- 1715 Persian embassy to the court of Louis XIV causes a dramatic flurry -- 1715 Establishment of a permanent Persian consulate in Marseille, main French Mediterranean port for trade with East -- 1716 Safavid expeditions to bring Afghans under control end in failure -- 1717-1720 Revolt of Sunnis in Kurdistan and Shirvan calling Ottoman Turks for support -- 1721 Sack of the Shamakhi, massacre of Shia population and raid of property of Christian and foreign nationals -- 1722-1723 Russo-Persian War, Tsar Peter the Great declares war in an attempt to expand Russian influence in the Caspian and Caucasus regions -- 1722 Ghilzai Afghans sweep westward, aiming at Shah's capital Isfahan -- 1722 Battle of Gulnabad between military forces from Hotak and the army of Safavid Empire --1722 Siege of Isfahan, starvation and disease force Isfahan into submission, estimated 80,000 inhabitants die. Devastation of Isfahan -- 1722 Sultan Husayn abdicates and acknowledges Mahmud Hotak as new Shah of Persia – 1722 to 1729 Afghan Rebellion -- 1722 -1725 Shah Mahmud Hotak -- 1722 Shah Mahmud Hotak acknowledged Shah of Persia -- 1722 Prince Tahmasp establishes his government in Tabriz and declares him¬self Shah of Persia -- 1723 Treaty of Saint Petersburg, Russian victory ratified for Safavid Irans' cession of their territories in Transcaucasia and Northern Iran -- 1725 Publication of Montesquieu's Lettres persanes, a satiric critique of French society -- 1725 Palace revolution by Afghan officers which places Ashraf Hotak on the throne -- 1725- 1729 Shah Ashraf Hotak -- 1725 Ashraf Hotak succeeds as Shah of Persia -- 1727 Battle near Kermanshah between Ottoman Empire, who want to reestablish Safavid Shah Tahmasp II, and Shah Ashraf Hotak's army -- 1729 Battle of Damghan, the royal Persian army under the leadership of Nader Khan drives the Afghans back to what is today Afghanistan -- 1729-1736 Safavid restoration -- 1729-1732 Shah Tahmasp II -- 1729 Shah Tahmasp II returns to Isfahan and the Safavids have the empire -- under control again 1729 Shah Tahmasp II crowned as penultimate ruler of Safavid dynasty -- 1730-1735 Ottoman - Persian War between Safavid and Ottoman Empire -- 1730 Nader Khan, a talented young general, attacks the Ottomans and regains most of the territory lost during the collapse of the Safavid Empire -- 1732 Nader Khan forces Shah Tahmasp II to abdicate in favour of his baby son, Abbas III, to whom Nader becomes regent -- 1732-1736 Abbas III -- 1732 Infant Abbas appointed nominal ruler of Iran. Nader Khan assumes the positions of deputy of state and viceroy -- 1734 Battle of Yeghevard, where the Ottoman army is utterly destroyed by Nader's army -- 1736 Abbas III deposed, when Nader Khan has himself crowned as Nader Shah Afshar. This marks the official end of the Safavid dynasty -- 1736-1796 Afsharid dynasty -- 1736-1747 Nader Shah Afshar -- 1736 Nader Khan crowned Shah of Persia in attendance of an "exceptionally large assembly" composed of military, religious and nobility, as well as the Ottoman ambassador -- 1736-1747 Dislocation of the capital to Mashhad -- 1738-1740 Campaign against Indian Mughal Empire, Afsharids annex all lands west of the Indus and establish hegemony over the region-- 1738 Nader Shah conquers Kandahar, the last outpost of the Hotak dynasty -- 1739 Battle of Karnal, Nader Shah crushes the Mughal army and enters, Delhi, ordering his troops to plunder and sack the city and capture Peacock Throne and Kohinoor Diamond. -- 1740 Tahmasp II and his son Abbas III executed by Nader Shah -- 1743 Nader Shah builds a Persian navy, recapture Bahrain and conquer Oman -- 1743-1746 Ottoman—Persian War between Ottoman Empire and Afsharid dynasty -- 1743 Ottomans capture Kirkuk, Arbil and Mosul, forcing Nader Shah to retreat -- 1743-1744 Revolts break out because of taxes for the military campaigns, and are crushed ruthlessly by Nader Shah, who builds towers from his victims' skulls in imitation of his hero Timur -- 1745 Battle of Kars results in complete destruction of Ottoman army -- 1746 Treaty of Kerden signed between Ottoman Empire and Afsharid Iran; the boundary line between the two countries is restored as a century ago -- 1747 Nader Shah assassinated at a complot, succeeded by his nephew Ali Qoli, who is probably involved in the assassination -- 1747-1748 Adil Shah Afshar 1747 Nader Shah's officers offer the crown to Ali Qoli Khan, declared Shah under the name of Adil Shah, the righteous -- 1747 Adil Shah defeats his Kurdish allies and had several of his supporters put to death on suspicion of conspiracy -- 1748 In a futile attempt to bend the Qajar tribe into submission, Adil Shah has the Qajar chieftain killed and his four-year-old son, the future Agha Mohammad Khan, castrated -- 1748 During this struggle all provincial governors declare independence, establish their own states, and the entire Empire falls into anarchy -- 1748-1748 Ebrahim Shah Afshar -- 1748 Ebrahim Mirza topples his brother. Two months later, his own troops rebel against him -- 1748 Ebrahim succeeded by Nader’s grandson, Shahrukh -- 1748-1796 Shahrukh Shah Afshar -- 1748 Shahrukh Shah Afshar elected by the nobles, makes Mashhad his capital -- 1758 Agha Mohammed Khan, later the first Qajar Shah, becomes chieftain of Qavanlu tribe -- 1760 When Karim Khan takes control of Persia, the realm of Shahrukh is reduced to the province of Khorasan -- 1796 . Agha Mohammad Khan conquers Khorasan and has Shahrukh tortured to death 1750-1794 Zand dynasty 1751-1779 Mohammad KariM Khan Zand -- 1750 Karim Khan and other Bakhtiari chieftains divide the country and raise the Safavid sprout Ismail III to Shah to legitimize their power as Vakil, of the king and soothe the people -- 1751-1753 Karim Khan gains control over all of Iran except Khorasan, which is ruled, by Shahrukh Shah Afshar -- 1751- 1773 Construction of the Bazaar-e Vakil and Masjed-e Vakil in Shiraz Karim Khan Zand converts his title to (servant of the people), makes Shiraz his capital and orders-- the construction of several projects there -- 1763 Agha Mohammad Khan sent to the Zand capital, where his aunt Khadija Begum lives -- 1765-1779 Zenith of Zand rule, relations with Britain restored and the East India Company allowed to have a trading post in southern Iran -- 1766-1774 Construction of Arg-e Karim citadel of Shiraz -- 1768 Christian VII of Denmark commissioned to translate the biography of Nader Shah -- 1773 Safavid Shah Ismail III dies -- 1779 Karim Khan dies due to tuberculosis and is buried in the Nazar Garde, now Pars Museum -- 1779-1789 After Karim Khan Zand, death a civil war begins between several Zand princes -- 1789 A four-month civil war starts. Jafar Khan, son Lod Ali Khan emerges the victor in this civil War -- 1789 to 1924 Qajar dynasty -- 1789-1197 Shah Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar Agha Mohammad Khan enthroned (however still not crowned) and names his nephew Baba Khan, later known as Farh-Ali Shah Qajar, as his heir -- 1789.1799 French Revolution, a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France -- 1789-1796 Agha Mohammad restores Persia to a unity it has not had since Karim Khan. He reunites the territory of contemporary Iran and the Caucasus region. He is, however, a man of extreme violence who kills almost all who could threaten his hold on power -- 1789 War with Lott Ali Khan and the first invasion of Azerbaijan -- 1791 Agha Mohammad Khan marches into Azerbaijan during springtime -- 1794 Agha Mohammad Khan lays siege to Kerman for six months. After their taking, he directs a massacre that is unique in the history of Persia. Some sources claim that 20,000 men are blinded, 900 men decapitated, and 20,000 female inhabitants and children sold to slavery -- 1794 Lotf Ali Khan, the last ruler of the Zand dynasty, imprisoned and tor-tured in Tehran for nearly threeyears before being choked to death -- 1795 Reconquest of Georgia and the rest of the Caucasus. Agha Mohammad Khan abducts 22,000 Georgians as slaves -- 1795 Agha Mohammad Khan captures Khorasan -- 1796 Agha Mohammad Khan crowns himself in the spring to Shah of Persia, 111, makes Tehran the Persian capital and founds the Qajar -- 1796 Persian Expedition of Catherine the Great, one of the Russo-Persian Wars, which does not in the end entail any lasting consequences for Leither belligerent – 1797 Agha Mohammad than falls victim to the assassination of two serv-ants in his tent near Shusha. His successor is his nephew Baba Khan, crowned as Fat'h-Ali Shah Qajar -- 1779-1834 Fat’h-Ali Shah Qajar -- 1797 Fat’h All ascends the throne and uses the name of Fat’h-Ali Shah Qajar -- 1804 1813 Russo-Persian War between the new Qajar king Fat’h-Ali Shah and the also-new Tsar Alexander I of Russia -- 1804 Fat;h-Ali Shah orders the invasion of Georgia under pressure from the Shia clergy -- 1807 Treaty of Finckenstein between Napoleon and a Persian delegation establishing the Franko- Persian Alliance, directed against Russia and United Kingdom -- 1809 Napoleon makes peace with Russia, which enables the Russians to increase their war efforts in the Caucasus -- 1813 Russian troops successfully storm Lankaran, invade Tabriz and force Persia to sign the Treaty of Gulistan with Russia, ending the Russo-Persian war -- 1813 Construction of Imaret-e Badgir in the Golestan Palace -- 1818 Battle of Kafir Gala between Qajar dynasty and the victorious forces of Durrani Empire of Afghanistan -- 1822 Amir Kabir appointed to the post of military registrar for the army of Azerbaijan -- 1826-1828 Russo-Persian War between the Russian Empire and Qajar dynasty -- 1826 Fat'h-Ali Shah decides to occupy the lost territories, invades very, successfully, and manages to regain most of their lost territories -- 1827 October, General Eristov captures Tabriz -- 1828 Treaty of Turkmenchay, Iran loses all of its Caucasian territories to Imperial Russia -- 1830-1895 Beginning of the Great Game, a political and diplomatic confrontation between Britain and Russia over Afghanistan and neighbouring territo-ries in Central and Southern Asia - - 1831 Fat’h-Ali Shah has himself and other Qajar princes engraved in the rock -- 1834 Fat’h-Ali Shah dies on 23 October i; -- 1834-1848 Mohammad Shah Qajar -- 1834 Mohammad Shah Qajar mounts the throne -- 1834 Beginning of modernisation and the industrialisation of Persia with the help of European consultants -- 1835 Mohammad Shah, wearied of the discussions with his Prime Minister, „di lets him suffocate rolled into a carpet -- 1837-1838 Siege of Herat, an unsuccessful attack on the Afghan city during the time of the Great Game -- 1847 Amir Kabir appointed chief tutor to the crown prince Naser -- 1848 Mohammad Shah issues a farman banning the maritime trade ors! -- 1848 Mohammad Shah dies of gout, his eldest son Naser al-Din becore) the new Shah -- 1848-1896 Naser al-Din Shah -- 1848 Naser al-Din Shah assumes the throne. Amir Kabir makes the arrangements – 1848 Naser al-Din awards Amir Kabir full responsibility for the Ir30130 army and appoints him chief minister 1848- 1851 Amir Kabir suppresses the Babi upheavals and personally orders the execution of the Seven Martyrs of Tehran and the execution of the Bab -- 1850 Construction of Maidan-e Toop-Khaneh-ye Mobarakeh in Tehran -- 1850 Construction of the Bagh-e Shazadeh in Mahan -- 1851 Foundation of Dar ul-Funun, the first modern institution of higher edu-cation in Iran -- 1852 Naser al-Din Shah dismisses and executes Amir Kabir. With him dies the prospect of an independent Persia led by meritocracy rather than nepotism -- 1853- 1856 Crimean War, a military conflict in which the Russian Empire loses to an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia -- 1856-1857 Anglo-Persian War between Great Britain and Persia -- 1857 Treaty of Paris, Persia agreed to withdraw from Herat -- 1861 Construction of Masjed-e Sepahsalar in Tehran -- 1861 Construction of Shams ol-Emareh, first Iranian building with western influences -- 1870 Naser al-Din Shah installs a photo studio and darkroom in Golestan pal-ace -- 1872 Naser al-Din Shah grants Paul Julius Freiherr von Reuter a concession over Persian roads, telegraphs, mills, factories, extraction of resources, and other public works -- 1872 Opposition from bureaucratic factions and clerical leaders forces Naser al-Din Shah to cancel the Reuter concession and dismiss his prime minister -- 1873 Naser al-Din’s first visit to Europe. The trip unfolds from Caspian Sea to Russia through Prussia, Belgium, England, France, Switzerland, Vienna and Italy -- 1873 Naser al-Din Shah appointed by Queen Victoria a Knight of the Order of the Garter, the highest English order of chivalry -- 1873 Opening of Tekiyeh Dowlat, the Royal Theatre which recalls the Royal Albert Hall -- 1874 Publication of The Diary of H.M. Shah of Persia during His Tour through Europe by J. W. Redhouse, London -- 1878 Second visit of Naser al-Din Shah to Europe, where he observed a Royal Navy Fleet Review -- 1879 Formation of the Cossack Brigade by Naser al-Din, using as a model the Caucasian Cossack regiment, which impressed him when traveling through Russia -- 1885 Imperial Bank of Persia, operated as state bank, established with a concession from Persian government to Baron Julius De Reuter -- 1889 Naser al-Din Shah's third visit to Europe -- 1890 Naser al-Din Shah grants a concession to Major G. F. Talbot for a full monopoly over the production, sale, and export of tobacco for fifty years -- 1891 Mass protests against the tobacco concession emerge in major Iranian cities -- 1891 Tobacco Protest climaxes in an edict against tobacco use by the most important religious authority in Iran -- 1892 Naser al-Din Shah cancels the tobacco concession. The protest is one of the issues leading to the Persian Constitutional Revolution -- 1894 Reza Khan, later Reza Shah Pahlavi, joins the Persia, Cossack Brigade -- 1896 Naser al-Din assassinated whilst praying in the shrine of Shah-Abdol-Azim in Ray -- 1896-1907 Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar -- 1896 Mozaffar ad-Din Shah ascends the throne, unprepared for the burdens of office -- 1900 Construction of Pavilion Ahmad Shahi summer residen the Niaveran Garden -- 1901 Arcy Concession signed by Mozaffar ad-Din Shah and William in Arcy which gives D'Arcy the exclusive rights to prospect for oil in Persia -- 1896-1905 Mozaffar ad-Din Shah visits Europe three times, borrowing money from Nicholas II of Russia for his traveling expenses 1905- 1911 Persian Constitutional Revolution leads to the establishm f 1 liament in Iran -- 1905 Protests over the increase of taxes to pay back the Russian l Mozaffar ad-Din Shah's royal tour to Europe oan for -- 1906 Mozaffar ad-Din Shah capitulates, agreeing to surrender pow a new "house of justice" -- 1906 First Iranian legislative election held after Iranian Constitution Revolution, Persia becomes constitutional monarchy -- 1906 First meeting of the majles, who immediately give themselves the right to make a constitution -- 1906 Mozaffar ad-Din Shah signs the constitution, from there on the Shah is "under the rule of law, and the crown became a divine giftgiven to the Shah by the people. -- 1906 Mozaffar ad-Din Shah dies of a heart attack 40 days after granting this constitution -- 1907-1909 Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar -- 1907 Mohammad All Shah Qajar crowned as Shah of Persia -- 1907 Anglo-Russian Entente delineating the spheres of interest between British India and Russian Central Asia in the borderland areas of Persia, Afghanistan and Tibet -- 1908 William Knox D'Arcy and his team find large quantities of oil in Maidan-e Naftun -- 1908 Mohammad All Shah has the Majlis bombed with military and political support of Russia and Britain, arrests many of the deputies and closes down the assembly -- 1909 Pro-Constitution forces march to Tehran, depose the Shah, and re-establish the constitution -- 1909 The parliament votes to place Mohammad Ali Shah's son, Ahmad Shah, on the throne. Mohammad All Shah abdicates following the new Constitutional Revolution -- 1909 Mohammad All Shah flees to Odessa, Russia -- 1909-1941 Ahmad Shah Qajar -- 1909 Grand Majlrs places Ahmad Shah Qajar on the throme -- 1911 Mohammad Ali She Qatar plots his return to power and lands at Astarabad, but his forces are defeated -- 1911Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) runs a pipeline from a new find to a refinery at Abadan -- 1914 – 1918 World War I breaks out in Europe. An epoch threshold”, accompanied by delegitimation of old and possibility of new orders -- 1917 Bolshevik Revolution and the end of Russia interest in Persia -- 1917 Britain uses Persia as the springboard for an unsuccessful attack ,into Russia to reverse the Russian Revolution -- 1919 Anglo-Persian Agreement centers on drilling rights of the Anglo Persian Oil Company, never ratified by the Majlis -- 1921 Ahmad Shah is pushed aside by Colonel Reza Khan, Minister of War and commander of the Cossack garrison, who subsequently seizes the post of Prime Minister -- 1921 Reza Khan spends the rest of his rule securing Iran's interior, respond ing to a number of revolts against the new government -- 1921 Construction of the gate to the National Garden -- 1923 Reza Pahlavi is selected as Iran's prime minister by the National Assembly of Iran -- 1923 Reza Pahlavi establishes a political cabinet to organise his plans for modernisation and reform -- 1923 Ahmad Shah leaves Persia for Europe for health reasons -- 1925 to 1979 Pahlavi dynasty -- 1925-1941 Reza Shah Pahlavi -- 1925 Reza Pahlavi appointed as legal monarch of Iran by decision of Iran constituent assembly and so the first democratically elected monarch of Iran. He founds the Pahlavi dynasty -- 1926 Coronation of Reza Shah Pahlavi and proclamation of his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, as crown prince of Persia -- 1926 Reza Shah continues the radical reforms he embarked on whilst prime minister -- 1930 Reza Shahs dictatorial style of rule causes dissatisfaction in Iran 1930 Archaeological finds lead to the rediscovery of Iranian &national identity and to the development of an Iranian national style -- 1932 Grinding of the ()ajar city wall of Tehran and construction of Shah Reza Avenue -- 1932 Iranian Parliament declares the concession granted to D'Arcy to be invalid, a new agreement is confirmed where APOC has to pay an annual concession charge to the Iranian state on the volume and market prices -- 1933 General order of Trans-Iranian Railway to the Danish-Swedish Kampsax consortium 1933- 1937 Gabriel Guevrekian, co-founder of the CIAM, acts as city architect and planner of Tehran -- 1934 Reza Shah takes control of the country's finances and communications, which up to then had been virtually in foreign hands -- 1934 Replacement of the country name &Persia with the native name Iran (Land of the Aryans) -- 1935 Inauguration of the main campus of the University of Tehran , an example off first Pahlavi era Modernism -- 1936-1941 Women’s Awakening movement and elimination of chador from Iranian society led to opposition from the Mullahs and the religious establishment -- 1937 Commissioning of Tehran Central Station influenced by contemporary architecture -- 1939 Handover of Trans -Iranian Railway from the Persian Gulf to the Captain Sea -- 1939 World War II breaks out in Europe, Iran declares neutrality -- 1941 Great Britain and the Soviet Union become allies. Division of Iran by 1941 the Soviet Union and the British into three zones -- 1941Great Britain and the Soviet Union force Reza Shah to abdicate son Mohammad Reza Shah is sworn in as a second Shah of the Pahlavi dynasty -- 1941 Great Britain and USSR invade Iran, arrest the monarch and into exile to South Africa -- 1941-1979 Mohammad Reza Pahlavi -- 1941 British and Soviet troops march into Tehran and take control of the Iranian government -- 1942 United State, ally of Britain and USSR, sends a military force to Persian Corridor & by which supplies are transferred to operate the Soviet Union -- 1943 In September, Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi declares war on Germany -- 1943 Shah Mohammad Reza hosts Tehran Conference between Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin -- 1944 Mohammad Mosaddegh, the first and last father of Persian democracy elected to parliament -- 1945 End of World War II in Europe -- 1945- 1946 Iran crisis, British and US begin to withdraw their troops as agreed, the Soviets remain and thus trigger the first postwar international cri-sis, seen as one of the early conflicts in the growing Cold War -- 1949 Assassination attempt on Mohammad Reza Shah -- 1950 Point IV program, a bilateral agreement between the US and Iran for reconstruction -- 1951 Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry by Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh, cancelling the oil concession of Anglo-Iranian Oil Company -- 1953 Operation Ajax orchestrated by United Kingdom and US CIA to over-throw of Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh, who is placed under house arrest -- 1954 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) becomes British Petroleum Company (BP) -- 1954-1959 Construction of a new Senate building, testimony of modern thinking in Iranian art and architecture -- 1955 Opening of Mehrabad airport for national and international flights -- 1961-1970 First Kurdish-Iraqi War, an attempt to o establish an independent Kurdish state -- 1963 Mohammad Reza Shah launches the White revolution,a series of farreaching reforms -- 1963-1964 Nation-wide demonstrations against the White Revolution all over Iran, Ayatollah Khomeini emerges as one of the leaders of the protests -- 1963 Tehran turns into a global city with explosive growth, beginning of the Golden Age of Iranian modernity -- 1964 Ayatollah Khomeini arrested and exiled to Iraq -- 1965 Second assassination attempt on Mohammad Reza Shah -- 1967 Mohammad Reza Shah takes the ancient title Shahhanshah in a lavish -- 1968 coronation ceremony held in Tehran Competition of Aryarnehr monument -- 1970-1979 Construction of the Museum of Contemporary Art -- 1971 2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire at Persepolis -- 1972 Construction of the Centre for Management Studies, probably the most sensible attempt to an Iranian national architecture -- 1973 Oil crisis, OPEC proclaims an oil embargo due to the US weapons deliveries to Israel during the Yom Kippur War -- 1974- 1975 Second Kurdish - Iraqi War initiated by Iraqi offensive against rebel troops of Mustafa Barzani -- 1975 Algiers Agreement between Iran and Iraq to settle their border dis-putes and conflicts from Second Iraqi Kurdish War -- 1975 Construction of Shahrak Ekbatan, one of the largest residential settlements in Middle East -- 1976 Completion of the New Town Shushtar, the highlight of Iranian modernity 1976 Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi changes the origin of the calendar, using the beginning of Cyrus the Great’s reign as the first day, rather than the Hejra of Muhammad -- 1977 Foundation of Rastachiz Party, a unitary party replacing the existing two-party system with a one-party system -- 1977 German-Iranian Cultural Association hosts a series of literature read-ing sessions where Iran most prominent poets and writers demand the end of censorship and claim the freedom of expression -- 1977 First militant anti-Shah demonstrations of a few hundred after death of Khomeini's son Mostafa blamed on SAVAK, the Iranian secret police -- 1978 Protests in the holy city of Qom against an article attacking Ruhollah Khomeini -- 1978 8 September, Black Friday shootings in Jaleh Square referred to as point of no return for the Iranian Revolution when any "hope for compromise" between the protest movement and the Shahs regime is extinguished -- 1978 Mohammad Reza Shah pressures the Iraqi government to expel Ruhollah Khomeini from Najaf. Khomeini goes to Neauphle-le-Chateau, suburb of Paris, courted by press and politicians - - 1978 Muharram protests. Over two million protesters take to the streets, crowding Shahzad Square, between six and nine million anti-Shah dem-onstrators march throughout Iran 1979 16 January, Mohammad Reza leaves Iran at the behest of Prime Minister Shapour Bakhtiar -- 1979 Ayatollah Khomeini invited back to Iran by the new government – 1979 Islamic Republic of Iran -- 1079-1989 Ayatollah Khomeini -- 1979-82/83 Iran is in a revolutionary crisis mode -- 1979 February 1, Khomeini returns from exile and proclaims the Islamic Republic of Iran -- 1979 February 5, Ayatollah Khomeini declares a provisional revolutionary government, and appoints opposition leader Mehdi Bazargan as his own prime minister 1979 February 9, a rebellion of pro-Khomeini air force technicians breaks (rut. A unit of the pro-Shah attempts to apprehend the rebels, and an armed battle breaks out -- 1979 February 11, collapse of the royal reign when guerrillas and rebel troops overwhelm troops loyal to the Shah in armed street fighting, bringing Khomeini to official power -- 1979 April 1, Iran votes by national referendum to become an Islamic Republic and to approve a new theocratic-republican constitution whereby Khomeini becomes Supreme Leader of the country -- 1979 November 4, youthful Islamists invade US embassy and seize its staff for 444 days 1979 Great Britain suspends all diplomatic relations with Iran -- 1979 Oil crisis occurs in the United States due to decreased oil outputin the wake of the Iranian Revolution -- 1980 All universities are closed, emigration of the elite. Inner power strug- gles and conflicts -- 1980-1988 Iraq-Iran War breaks out, one of the longest and most bloody wars of recent history -- 1980 September regime of Saddam Hussein invades Iran in an attempt to take advantage of revolutionary chaos and destroy the revolution in its infancy -- 1980 Oil production in Iran nearly stops and Iraq oil production is severely cut as well -- 1980 Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani becomes spokesman for the new parliament -- 1981 Hostage Crisis ends in January, just minutes after the new American president Ronald Reagan is sworn in -- 1982 Iran regains almost all the territory lost to the Iraq invasion -- 1982 Khomeini and his supporters crush the rival factions, defeat local rebellions and consolidate power -- 1989 onwards Construction of the Mausoleum Imam Khomeini at Tehran -- 1989 Ayatollah Khomeini’s fatwa calling for killing of Salman Rushdie -- 1989 Ruhollah Khomeini dies on 3 June. Sayyed All Khamenei suc-ceeds Ruhollah Khomeini, elected as the new Supreme Leader by the Assembly of Experts -- 1989 - 1997 Rafsanjani administration -- 1989 Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani elected president after Khomeini’s death, whilst Supreme Leader Khamanei and the Guardian Council generally support these policies -- 1990 Conflicts between liberals and conservatives, culminating in a series murders on opposition parties -- 1990-1991 Gulf War waged by coalition forces from 35 nations led by the Unite) States against Iran in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait -- 1990 Iraq invades and overruns Kuwait, causing a multinational coalition UN forces to he assembled in response -- 1991- 1997 Construction of Navab Expressway -- 1992 Nearly one-third of the candidates for the election for the parliament are rejected -- 1994 Hundreds of intellectuals and supposed dissidents imprisoned and some executed -- 1994 Competition for the academies of the Islamic Republic of Iran, important impulse for Iranian architecture -- 1996 Iran and Libya Sanctions Act of (RSA) imposes economic sanctions on firms doing business with Iran and Libya -- 1997-2005 Mohammad Khatami administration -- 1997 Mohammad Khatami elected president, promising a more democratic and tolerant society, promotion of civil society, the rule of as and improvement of social rights -- 1997 Reopening of embassies in all European countries -- 1998 Several European Union countries begin renewing economic ties with Iran and trade and investment increases -- 1998 Britain re-establishes diplomatic relations with Iran United States President George W. Bush labels Iran, along with Iraq and North Korea, the "Axis of Evil" -- 1999 Pro-democracy student demonstrations erupt at Tehran University, followed by a wave of counter demonstrations by conservative factions -- 2000 Reformers win a substantial victory in the parliamentary elections, capturing about two-thirds of the seats -- 2000 Construction of the Ave Furniture Gallery, first manifestation of today's architectural genre -- 2000 Attempts by parliament to repeal restrictive press laws are forbidden by Supreme Leader All Khamenei -- 2001 President Khatami is overwhelmingly reelected -- 2003 Tensions with the United States increase after the Anglo-American invasion of Iraq -- 2003 US officials increasingly denounce Iran for allegedly pursuing the development of nuclear weapons 2003 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad appointed as Mayor of Tehran 2003-2005 The reform era ends with the conservatives' defeat of Iranian reform-ists in the elections by banning of many reform candidates, which discourages pro-reform voters from voting -- 2004 Conservatives win control of parliament, securing some two thirds of the seats -- 2004 Iran begins resuming the processing of nuclear fuel to achieve self-sufficiency in civilian nuclear power production -- 2005 Mohammad Khatami steps down -- 2005- 2013 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad administration -- 2005 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad elected to the presidency as a conservative populist pledging to fight corruption, defend the interests ofthe Poor, and strengthen Iran's national security -- 2005 IAEA passes a resolution that accuses Iran of failing to comply with the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty -- 2005 Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei issues a fatwa against nuclear weapons -- 2006 Ahmadinejad announces that Iran has successfully refined uranium to a stage suitable for the nuclear fuel cycle -- 2006 UN Security Council passed Resolution 1696 and imposes sanctions after Iran refused to suspend its uranium enrichment program -- 2008 Completion of the Borj-e Milad as a new landmark of Tehran -- 2008 Global financial crisis, which would "put an end to liberal economy" -- 2009 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad is reelected to the presidency -- 2009 Ahmadinejad's victory is hotly disputed and marred by large protests -- 2011 Despite high turnout and large enthusiastic crowds for reformist opponent Mir-Hossein Mousavi, Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei declares Ahmadinejad's victory a "divine assessment" -- 2013 Rafsanjani endorses "more suitable" Hassan Rouhani in the elections for Iran's presidency -- 2013 Ahmadinejad leaves his office on 3 August -- 2013-present Hassan Rouhani administration 2013 Hassan Rouhani elected as President, known as a moderate left-leaner; supported by reformists in the election -- Includes bibliographical references and index. Architecture Architecture Iran Buildings Structures Iran History Iran NA1480 M49 2017 720.955 Iran 9783869225708 386922570X pucpr 231006 20231212125318.0 eng