the blockchain perspective Kumar, Vishal creator Jain, Vishal Sharma, Bharti Chatterjee, Jyotir Moy Shrestha, Rakesh text bibliography biography nju 2022 1st edition monographic eng

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353p. ill. ; charts ; 24cm. SMART CITY INFRASTRUCTURE The wide range of topics presented in this book have been chosen to provide the reader with a better understanding of smart cities integrated with AI and blockchain and related security issues. The goal of this book is to provide detailed, in-depth information on the state-of-the-art architecture and infrastructure used to develop smart cities using the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and blockchain security--the key technologies of the fourth industrial revolution. The book outlines the theoretical concepts, experimental studies, and various smart city applications that create value for inhabitants of urban areas. Several issues that have arisen with the advent of smart cities and novel solutions to resolve these issues are presented. The IoT along with the integration of blockchain and AI provides efficient, safe, secure, and transparent ways to solve different types of social, governmental, and demographic issues in the dynamic urban environment. A top-down strategy is adopted to introduce the architecture, infrastructure, features, and security. Audience The core audience is researchers in artificial intelligence, information technology, electronic and electrical engineering, systems engineering, industrial engineering as well as government and city planners. Preface -- Acknowledgment -- 1 Deep Dive Into Blockchain Technology: Characteristics, Security and Privacy Issues, Challenges, and Future Research Directions -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Blockchain Preliminaries -- 1.2.1 Functioning of Blockchain -- 1.2.2 Design of Blockchain -- 1.2.3 Blockchain Elements -- 1.3 Key Technologies of Blockchain -- 1.3.1 Distributed Ledger -- 1.3.2 Cryptography -- 1.3.3 Consensus -- 1.3.4 Smart Contracts -- 1.3.5 Benchmarks -- 1.4 Consensus Algorithms of Blockchain -- 1.4.1 Proof of Work (PoW) -- 1.4.2 Proof of Stake (PoS) -- 1.4.3 BFT-Based Consensus Algorithms -- 1.4.4 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) -- 1.4.5 Sleepy Consensus -- 1.4.6 Proof of Elapsed Time (PoET) -- 1.4.7 Proof of Authority (PoA) -- 1.4.8 Proof of Reputation (PoR) -- 1.4.9 Deputized Proof of Stake (DPoS) -- 1.4.10 SCP Design -- 1.5 Internet of Things and Blockchain -- 1.5.1 Internet of Things -- 1.5.2 IoT Blockchain -- 1.5.3 Up-to-Date Tendency in IoT Blockchain Progress -- 1.6 Applications of Blockchain in Smart City -- 1.6.1 Digital Identity -- 1.6.2 Security of Private Information -- 1.6.3 Data Storing, Energy Ingesting, Hybrid Development -- 1.6.4 Citizens Plus Government Frame -- 1.6.5 Vehicle-Oriented Blockchain Appliances in Smart Cities -- 1.6.6 Financial Applications -- 1.7 Security and Privacy Properties of Blockchain -- 1.7.1 Security and Privacy Necessities of Online Business Transaction -- 1.7.2 Secrecy of Connections and Data Privacy -- 1.8 Privacy and Security Practices Employed in Blockchain -- 1.8.1 Mixing -- 1.8.2 Anonymous Signatures -- 1.8.3 Homomorphic Encryption (HE) -- 1.8.4 Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE) -- 1.8.5 Secure Multi-Party Computation (MPC) -- 1.8.6 Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge (NIZK). 1.8.7 The Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) -- 1.8.8 Game-Based Smart Contracts (GBSC) -- 1.9 Challenges of Blockchain -- 1.9.1 Scalability -- 1.9.2 Privacy Outflow -- 1.9.3 Selfish Mining -- 1.9.4 Security -- 1.10 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Toward Smart Cities Based on the Internet of Things -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Smart City Emergence -- 2.2.1 A Term Popularized by Private Foundations -- 2.2.2 Continuation of Ancient Reflections on the City of the Future -- 2.3 Smart and Sustainable City -- 2.4 Smart City Areas (Sub-Areas) -- 2.4.1 Technology and Data -- 2.4.2 Economy -- 2.4.3 Population -- 2.5 IoT -- 2.5.1 A New Dimension for the Internet and Objects -- 2.5.2 Issues Raised by the IoT -- 2.5.2.1 IoT Scale -- 2.5.2.2 IoT Heterogeneity -- 2.5.2.3 Physical World Influence on the IoT -- 2.5.2.4 Security and Privacy -- 2.5.3 Applications of the IoT That Revolutionize Society -- 2.5.3.1 IoT in the Field of Health -- 2.5.3.2 Digital Revolution in Response to Energy Imperatives -- 2.5.3.3 Home Automation (Connected Home) -- 2.5.3.4 Connected Industry -- 2.5.3.5 IoT in Agriculture -- 2.5.3.6 Smart Retail or Trendy Supermarkets -- 2.5.3.7 Smart and Connected Cities -- 2.5.3.8 IoT at the Service of Road Safety -- 2.5.3.9 Security Systems -- 2.5.3.10 Waste Management -- 2.6 Examples of Smart Cities -- 2.6.1 Barcelona, a Model Smart City -- 2.6.2 Vienna, the Smartest City in the World -- 2.7 Smart City Benefits -- 2.7.1 Security -- 2.7.2 Optimized Management of Drinking and Wastewater -- 2.7.3 Better Visibility of Traffic/Infrastructure Issues -- 2.7.4 Transport -- 2.8 Analysis and Discussion -- 2.9 Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- 3 Integration of Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence in Smart City Perspectives -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Concept of Smart Cities, Blockchain Technology, and Artificial Intelligence. 3.2.1 Concept and Definition of Smart Cities -- 3.2.1.1 Integration of Smart Cities with New Technologies -- 3.2.1.2 Development of Smart Cities by Integrated Technologies -- 3.2.2 Concept of Blockchain Technology -- 3.2.2.1 Features of Blockchain Technology -- 3.2.2.2 Framework and Working of Blockchain Technology -- 3.2.3 Concept and Definition of Artificial Intelligence -- 3.2.3.1 Classification of Artificial Intelligence-Machine Learning -- 3.3 Smart Cities Integrated with Blockchain Technology -- 3.3.1 Applications of Blockchain Technology in Smart City Development -- 3.3.1.1 Secured Data Transmission -- 3.3.1.2 Digital Transaction-Smart Contracts -- 3.3.1.3 Smart Energy Management -- 3.3.1.4 Modeling of Smart Assets -- 3.3.1.5 Smart Health System -- 3.3.1.6 Smart Citizen -- 3.3.1.7 Improved Safety -- 3.4 Smart Cities Integrated with Artificial Intelligence -- 3.4.1 Importance of AI for Developing Smart Cities -- 3.4.2 Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Smart City Development -- 3.4.2.1 Smart Transportation System -- 3.4.2.2 Smart Surveillance and Monitoring System -- 3.4.2.3 Smart Energy Management System -- 3.4.2.4 Smart Disposal and Waste Management System -- 3.5 Conclusion and Future Work -- References -- 4 Smart City a Change to a New Future World -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Role in Education -- 4.3 Impact of AI on Smart Cities -- 4.3.1 Botler AI -- 4.3.2 Spot -- 4.3.3 Nimb -- 4.3.4 Sawdhaan Application -- 4.3.5 Basic Use Cases of Traffic AI -- 4.4 AI and IoT Support in Agriculture -- 4.5 Smart Meter Reading -- 4.6 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Registration of Vehicles With Validation and Obvious Manner Through Blockchain: Smart City Approach in Industry 5.0 Rohit Rastogi, Bhuvneshwar Prasad Sharma and Muskan Gupta -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Concept of Smart Cities -- 5.1.2 Problem of Car Registration and Motivation -- 5.1.2.1 Research Objectives -- 5.1.2.2 Scope of the Research Work. 5.1.3 5G Technology and Its Implications -- 5.1.4 IoT and Its Applications in Transportation -- 5.1.5 Usage of AI and ML in IoT and Blockchain -- 5.2 Related Work -- 5.2.1 Carchain -- 5.2.2 Fabcar IBM Blockchain -- 5.2.3 Blockchain and Future of Automobiles -- 5.2.4 Significance of 5G Technology -- 5.3 Presented Methodology -- 5.4 Software Requirement Specification -- 5.4.1 Product Perspective -- 5.4.1.1 Similarities Between Carchain and Our Application -- 5.4.1.2 Differences Between Carchain and Our Application -- 5.4.2 System Interfaces -- 5.4.3 Interfaces (Hardware and Software and Communication) -- 5.4.3.1 Hardware Interfaces -- 5.4.3.2 Software Interfaces -- 5.4.3.3 Communications Interfaces -- 5.4.4 Operations (Product Functions, User Characteristics) -- 5.4.4.1 Product Functions -- 5.4.4.2 User Characteristics -- 5.4.5 Use Case, Sequence Diagram -- 5.4.5.1 Use Case -- 5.4.5.2 Sequence Diagrams -- 5.4.5.3 System Design -- 5.4.5.4 Architecture Diagrams -- 5.5 Software and Hardware Requirements -- 5.5.1 Software Requirements -- 5.5.2 Hardware Requirements -- 5.6 Implementation Details -- 5.7 Results and Discussions -- 5.8 Novelty and Recommendations -- 5.9 Future Research Directions -- 5.10 Limitations -- 5.11 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Designing of Fuzzy Controller for Adaptive Chair and Desk System -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Time Spent Sitting in Front of Computer Screen -- 6.3 Posture -- 6.3.1 Need for Correct Posture -- 6.3.2 Causes of Sitting in the Wrong Posture -- 6.4 Designing of Ergonomic Seat -- 6.4.1 Considerate Factors of an Ergonomic Chair and Desk System -- 6.5 Fuzzy Control Designing -- 6.5.1 Fuzzy Logic Controller Algorithm [20] -- 6.5.2 Fuzzy Membership Functions -- 6.5.3 Rule Base -- 6.5.4 Why Fuzzy Controller? -- 6.6 Result of Chair and Desk Control -- 6.7 Conclusions and Further Improvements -- References. 7 Blockchain Technology Dislocates Traditional Practice Through Cost Cutting in International Commodity Exchange -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Maintenance of Documents of Supply Chain in Commodity Trading -- 7.2 Blockchain Technology -- 7.2.1 Smart Contracts -- 7.3 Blockchain Solutions -- 7.3.1 Monte Carlo Simulation in Blockchain Solution An Illustration -- 7.3.2 Supporting Blockchain Technology in the Food Industry Through Other Applications -- 7.4 Conclusion -- 7.5 Managerial Implication -- 7.6 Future Scope of Study -- References -- 8 InterPlanetary File System Protocol- Based Blockchain Framework for Routine Data and Security Management in Smart Farming -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Blockchain Technology for Agriculture -- 8.2 Data Management in Smart Farming -- 8.2.1 Agricultural Information -- 8.2.2 Supply Chain Efficiency -- 8.2.3 Quality Management -- 8.2.4 Nutritional Value -- 8.2.5 Food Safety -- 8.2.6 IoT Automation -- 8.3 Proposed Smart Farming Framework -- 8.3.1 Wireless Sensors -- 8.3.2 Communication Channels -- 8.3.3 IoT and Cloud Computing -- 8.3.4 Blockchain and IPFS Integration -- 8.4 Farmers Support System -- 8.4.1 Sustainable Farming -- 8.5 Results and Discussions -- 8.5.1 Benefits and Challenges -- 8.6 Conclusion -- 8.7 Future Scope -- References -- 9 A Review of Blockchain Technology -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Characteristics of Blockchain Technology -- 9.1.1.1 Decentralization -- 9.1.1.2 Transparency -- 9.1.1.3 Immutability -- 9.2 Related Work -- 9.3 Architecture of Blockchain and Its Components -- 9.4 Blockchain Taxonomy -- 9.4.1 Public Blockchain -- 9.4.2 Consortium Blockchain -- 9.4.3 Private Blockchain -- 9.5 Consensus Algorithms -- 9.5.1 Functions of Blockchain Consensus Mechanisms -- 9.5.2 Some Approaches to Consensus -- 9.5.2.1 Proof of Work (PoW) -- 9.5.2.2 Proof of Stake (PoS) -- 9.5.2.3 Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) -- 9.5.2.4 Leased Proof of Stake (LPoS) -- 9.5.2.5 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) -- 9.5.2.6 Proof of Burn (PoB) -- 9.5.2.7 Proof of Elapsed Time (PoET) -- 9.6 Challenges in Terms of Technologies -- 9.7 Major Application Areas -- 9.7.1 Finance -- 9.7.2 Education -- 9.7.3 Secured Connection -- 9.7.4 Health -- 9.7.5 Insurance -- 9.7.6 E-Voting -- 9.7.7 Smart Contracts -- 9.7.8 Waste and Sanitation -- 9.8 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Technological Dimension of a Smart City Laxmi Kumari Pathak, Shalini Mahato and Soni Sweta -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Major Advanced Technological Components of ICT in Smart City -- 10.2.1 Internet of Things -- 10.2.2 Big Data -- 10.2.3 Artificial Intelligence -- 10.3 Different Dimensions of Smart Cities -- 10.4 Issues Related to Smart Cities -- 10.5 Conclusion References -- 11 Blockchain—Does It Unleash the Hitched Chains of Contemporary Technologies Abigail Christina Fernandez and Thamarai Selvi Rajukannu -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Historic Culmination of Blockchain -- 11.3 The Hustle About Blockchain—Revealed -- 11.3.1 How Does It Work? -- 11.3.2 Consent in Accordance—Consensus Algorithm -- 11.4 The Unique Upfront Statuesque of Blockchain -- 11.4.1 Key Elements of Blockchain -- 11.4.2 Adversaries Manoeuvred by Blockchain -- 11.4.2.1 Double Spending Problem -- 11.4.2.2 Selfish Mining and Eclipse Attacks -- 11.4.2.3 Smart Contracts -- 11.4.3 Breaking the Clutches of Centralized Operations -- 11.5 Blockchain Compeers Complexity -- 11.6 Paradigm Shift to Deciphering Technologies Adjoining Blockchain -- 11.7 Convergence of Blockchain and AI Toward a Sustainable Smart City -- 11.8 Business Manifestations of Blockchain -- 11.9 Constraints to Adapt to the Resilient Blockchain -- 11.10 Conclusion -- References -- 12 An Overview of Blockchain Technology: Architecture and Consensus Protocols Himanshu Rastogi -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Blockchain Architecture -- 12.2.1 Block Structure -- 12.2.2 Hashing and Digital Signature -- 12.3 Consensus Algorithm -- 12.3.1 Compute-Intensive-Based Consensus (CIBC) Protocols -- 12.3.1.1 Pure Proof of Work (PoW) -- 12.3.1.2 Prime Number Proof of Work (Prime Number PoW) -- 12.3.1.3 Delayed Proof of Work (DPoW) -- 12.3.2 Capability-Based Consensus Protocols -- 12.3.2.1 Proof of Stake (PoS) -- 12.3.2.2 Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) -- 12.3.2.3 Proof of Stake Velocity (PoSV) -- 12.3.2.4 Proof of Burn (PoB) -- 12.3.2.5 Proof of Space (PoSpace) -- 12.3.2.6 Proof of History (PoH) -- 12.3.2.7 Proof of Importance (PoI) -- 12.3.2.8 Proof of Believability (PoBelievability) -- 12.3.2.9 Proof of Authority (PoAuthority) -- 12.3.2.10 Proof of Elapsed Time (PoET) -- 12.3.2.11 Proof of Activity (PoA) -- 12.3.3 Voting-Based Consensus Protocols -- 12.3.3.1 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) -- 12.3.3.2 Delegated Byzantine Fault Tolerance (DBFT) -- 12.3.3.3 Federated Byzantine Arrangement (FBA) -- 12.3.3.4 Combined Delegated Proof of Stake and Byzantine Fault Tolerance (DPoS+BFT) -- 12.4 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Applicability of Utilizing Blockchain Technology in Smart Cities Development Auwal Alhassan Musa, Shashivendra Dulawat, Kabeer Tijjani Saleh and Isyaku Auwalu Alhassan -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Smart Cities Concept -- 13.3 Definition of Smart Cities -- 13.4 Legal Framework by EU/AIOTI of Smart Cities -- 13.5 The Characteristic of Smart Cities -- 13.5.1 Climate and Environmentally Friendly -- 13.5.2 Livability -- 13.5.3 Sustainability -- 13.5.4 Efficient Resources Management -- 13.5.5 Resilient -- 13.5.6 Dynamism -- 13.5.7 Mobility -- 13.6 Challenges Faced by Smart Cities -- 13.6.1 Security Challenge -- 13.6.2 Generation of Huge Data -- 13.6.3 Concurrent Information Update -- 13.6.4 Energy Consumption Challenge -- 13.7 Blockchain Technology at Glance -- 13.8 Key Drivers to the Implementation of Blockchain Technology for Smart Cities Development -- 13.8.1 Internet of Things (IoT) -- 13.8.2 Architectural Organization of the Internet of Things -- 13.9 Challenges of Utilizing Blockchain in Smart City Development -- 13.9.1 Security and Privacy as a Challenge to Blockchain Technology -- 13.9.2 Lack of Cooperation -- 13.9.3 Lack of Regulatory Clarity and Good Governance -- 13.9.4 Energy Consumption and Environmental Cost -- 13.10 Solution Offered by Blockchain to Smart Cities Challenges -- 13.10.1 Secured Data -- 13.10.2 Smart Contract -- 13.10.3 Easing the Smart Citizen Involvement -- 13.10.4 Ease of Doing Business -- 13.10.5 Development of Sustainable Infrastructure -- 13.10.6 Transparency in Protection and Security -- 13.10.7 Consistency and Auditability of Data Record -- 13.10.8 Effective, Efficient Automation Process -- 13.10.9 Secure Authentication -- 13.10.10 Reliability and Continuity of the Basic Services -- 13.10.11 Crisis and Violence Management -- 13.11 Conclusion -- References -- About the Editors -- Index -- edited by Kumar, Vishal ; Jain, Vishal ; Sharma, Bharti ; Chatterjee, Jyotir Moy ; Shrestha, Rakesh. Includes bibliographical references and index. Blockchains (Databases) Smart cities Artificial intelligence Computer programs QA76.9.B56 005.758 9781119785385 1119785545 9781119785569 1119785561 9781119785545 pucpr 220302 20231004100846.0 eng