Wood deterioration, protection, and maintenance. / txt
Ladislav Reinprecht, Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University of Zvolen, Slovakia.
- x, 357 p. : ill. ; 26 cm. book
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1 Wood Durability and Lifetime of Wooden Products 1 -- 1.1 Basic information about wood structure and its properties 1 -- 1.1.1 Wood structure 3 -- 1.1.2 Wood properties 10 -- 1.2 Types and principles of wood degradation 12 -- 1.3 Natural durability of wood 14 -- 1.4 Methods of wood protection for improvement its durability 17 -- 1.5 Service life prediction of wooden products 18 -- 1.5.1 Lifetime of wooden products 20 -- 1.5.2 Service life prediction of wooden products by facto method 21 -- 1.5.3 Life cycle assessment of wooden products 22 -- References 25 -- Standards 27 -- 2 Abiotic Degradation of Wood 28 -- 2.1 Wood damaged by weather factors 28 -- 2.2 Wood damaged thermally and by fire 34 -- 2.2.1 Thermal wood decomposition 34 -- 2.2.2 Wood burning: fire 36 -- 2.3 Wood damaged by aggressive chemicals 45 -- 2.3.1 Corrosion of wood by chemicals under aerobic conditions 45 -- 2.3.2 Corrosion of wood by chemicals under anaerobic conditions: wood fossilization 49 -- 2.4 Properties of abiotically damaged wood 50 -- 2.4.1 Properties of weathered wood 50 -- 2.4.2 Impact of increased temperature and fire on wood properties 52 -- 2.4.3 Impact of water and other chemicals on wood properties 53 -- References 57 -- Standards 61 -- 3 Biological Degradation of Wood 62 -- 3.1 Wood damaged by bacteria 62 -- 3.2 Wood damaged by fungi 65 -- 3.2.1 Reproduction, classification and physiology of wood-damaging fungi 66 -- 3.2.2 Wood-decaying fungi 76 -- 3.2.3 Wood-staining fungi and moulds 88 -- 3.3 Wood damaged by insects 91 -- 3.3.1 Reproduction, classification and physiology of wood-damaging insects 91 -- 3.3.2 Wood-damaging insects 97 -- 3.4 Wood damaged by marine organisms 106 -- 3.4.1 Shipworms 106 -- 3.4.2 Limnoria 107 -- 3.5 Mechanisms of wood biodegradation 108 -- 3.5.1 Biodegradation of cellulose 110 -- 3.5.2 Biodegradation of hemicelluloses 113 -- 3.5.3 Biodegradation of lignin 114 -- 3.6 Properties of biologically damaged wood 117 -- 3.6.1 Properties of rotten wood 117 -- 3.6.2 Properties of wood having galleries 118 -- References 120 -- 4 Structural Protection of Wood 126 -- 4.1 Methodology of structural protection of wood 126 -- 4.2 Selection of suitable wood materials 126 -- 4.3 Design proposals for permanently low moisture of wood 129 -- 4.3.1 Estimated moisture of wood 129 -- 4.3.2 Shape optimizations for wood moisture reduction 131 -- 4.3.3 Waterproofing and other isolations of wood and wooden composites from water sources 137 -- 4.3.4 Structural design to prevent condensed water generation 140 -- 4.4 Fire sections and other fire-safety measures 142 -- References 143 -- Standards 144 -- 5 Chemical Protection of Wood 145 -- 5.1 Methodology, ecology and regulation of chemical protection of wood 145 -- 5.1.1 Methodology, ecology and regulation of chemical protection of wood 146 -- 5.1.2 Toxicological and ecotoxicological standpoints of chemical protection of wood 149 -- 5.1.3 Regulation of chemical protection of wood 151 -- 5.2 Preservatives for wood protection 152 -- 5.2.1 Bactericides 152 -- 5.2.2 Fungicides: for decay, sap-stain and mould control 153 -- 5.2.3 Insecticides 163 -- 5.2.4 Fire retardants 167 -- 5.2.5 Protective coatings against weather impacts 170 -- 5.2.6 Evaluation of new preservatives 172-- 5.3 Technologies of chemical protection of wood 173 -- 5.3.1 Improvement of permeability and impregnability of wood 174-- 5.3.2 Application properties of preservatives 176 -- 5.3.3 Flow and diffusion transport of preservatives in wood 177 -- 5.3.4 Fixation of preservatives in wood 182 -- 5.3.5 Non-autoclave technologies of chemical protection of wood 182 -- 5.3.6 Autoclave technologies of chemical protection of wood 186 -- 5.3.7 Nanotechnologies and nano-compounds for chemical protection of wood 191 -- 5.3.8 Quality control of chemically protected wood 193 -- 5.4 Chemical protection of wooden composites 196 -- 5.4.1 Wooden composites and their susceptibility to Damage 196 -- 5.4.2 Principles and technologies of chemical protection of wooden composites 199 -- References 206 -- Standards 215 -- Directives 217 -- 6 Modifying Protection of Wood 218-- 6.1 Methodology, ecology and effectiveness of wood Modification 218 -- 6.1.1 Methods of wood modification: mechanical, physical, chemical and biological 219 -- 6.1.2 Ecology of wood modification 221 -- 6.1.3 Effectiveness of wood modification 221 -- 6.2 Thermally modified wood 223 -- 6.2.1 Principles, methods and technology of thermal wood Modification 223 -- 6.2.2 Durability and other properties of thermally modified wood 226 -- 6.2.3 Applications of thermally modified wood 230 -- 6.3 Chemically modified wood 231-- 6.3.1 Principles, methods and technology of chemical wood modification 231 -- 6.3.2 Substances intentionally or randomly reacting with wood components 233 -- 6.3.3 Durability and other properties of chemically modified wood 242 -- 6.3.4 Applications of chemically modified wood 247 -- 6.4 Biologically modified wood 247 -- 6.4.1 Microorganisms suppressing the activity of wood-damaging fungi and insects 247 -- 6.4.2 Gene engineering for increasing durability of wood and decreasing the activity of fungal enzymes 249 -- References 250 -- Standards 259 -- 7 Maintenance of Wood and Restoration of Damaged Wood 260 -- 7.1 Aims and enforcement of the maintenance and the restoration of damaged wood 260 -- 7.2 Wood maintenance 260 -- 7.2.1 Principles of wood maintenance in exteriors and interiors 260 -- 7.2.2 Principles of the fight against the active stages of wood pests 261 -- 7.3 Diagnosis of damaged wood 264 -- 7.3.1 Sensory diagnostic methods 265 -- 7.3.2 Instrumental diagnostic methods 266 -- 7.3.3 Diagnosing the age of wood 278 -- 7.4 Sterilization of biologically damaged wood 279 -- 7.4.1 Physical sterilization of wood 280 -- 7.4.2 Chemical sterilization of wood 286 -- 7.5 Conservation of damaged wood 289 -- 7.5.1 Natural and synthetic agents for wood conservation 289 -- 7.5.2 Methods and technologies for the conservation of air-dried damaged wood 301 -- 7.5.3 Methods and technologies for the conservation of waterlogged wood 306 -- 7.6 Renovation of damaged wood 308 -- 7.6.1 General requirements for the renovation of wooden objects 309 -- 7.6.2 Techniques for strengthening of individual wooden elements 313 -- 7.6.3 Techniques for strengthening of whole wooden structural units 324 -- References 327 -- Standards 337 -- Index 339 --