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    <subfield code="a">Foundations of intellectual property :</subfield>
    <subfield code="c">Robert P. Merges and Jane C. Ginsburg.</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Foundations of Law Series</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Contents :
Preface --
CHAPTER I. Patents 1 --
I. History and Basic Concepts 1 --
A. Basic Concepts --
Second Treatise on Government ( 1690 ), John Locke 1 --
Notes and Questions 4 --
Toward a Theory of Property Rights , Harold Demsetz 6 --
Notes and Questions 11 --
B. History --
Patents , Property Rights , and Economic History : The " Statute of Monopolies " Era in Great Britain , Douglass North and Robert Paul Thomas 13 --
Notes and Questions 15 --
Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson , August 13 , 1813 , From Writings of Thomas Jefferson , vol. 6 , H.A. Washington , Ed , 1854 , pp . 180 - 181 17 --
Notes and Questions 21 --
The Patent Controversy in the Nineteenth Century, Fritz Machlup and Edith Penrose 24 --
Notes and Questions 34 --
The Corporation as Inventor , Patent - Law Reform and Patent Monopoly , David F. Noble. 37 --
Notes and Questions 41 --
Patents and Free Enterprise ( Temporary National Economic Committee, Monograph No. 31 ) ( 76th Congress 3d Session Senate Committee Print ( 1941 )) Walton Hamilton 44 --
Notes and Questions 51 --
C. Economics --
An Economic Review of the Patent System ( U.S. Senate , Committee on the Judiciary Study No. 15 , 1958 ) Fritz Machlup 51 --
Notes and Comments 60 --
Appropriating the Returns from Industrial Research and Development , Richard C. Levin , Alvin K. Klevorick , Richard R. Nelson Sidney G. Winter 61 --
Notes and Questions 68 --
II. Establishing and Asserting Patent Rights 69 --
A. Patentable Subject Matter 69 --
The Patentability of Algorithms Donald Chisum 69 --
Notes and Questions 78 --
Benson Revisited : The Case against Patent Protection for Algorithms and Other Computer Program - related Inventions Pamela Samuelson 80 --
Notes and Questions 85 --
The Patenting of the Liberal Professions John R. Thomas 86 --
Notes and Questions 89 --
B. Requirements for Patentability 91 &#x2013;
Laying the Ghost of the " Invention " Requirement , Honorable Giles S Rich 91 --
Notes and Questions 98 --
Graham v John Deere Co : New Standards for Patents , Edmund W Kitch 99 --
Notes and Questions 110 --
C. Infringement 113 --
The Doctrine of Equivalents in Patent Law : Questions that Pennwalt Did Not Answer , Martin J Adelman and Gary L Francione 113 --
Notes and Questions 120 --
A Theory of Claim Interpretation Craig Allen Nard 122 --
Notes and Comments 27 --
Contributory Infringement / Patent Misuse : Metaphysics and Metamorphosis Samuel Oddi 128 --
Notes and Comments 132 --
D. Remedies 134 --
An Economic Analysis of Damages Rules in Intellectual Property Law , Roger D Blair and Thomas F Cotter 134 --
Notes and Questions 139 --
III. Limitations , Scope and Institutional Issues 140 --
A. Patent Scope 140 --
The Nature and Function of the Patent System Edmund W Kitch 140 --
Notes and Questions 149 --
On the Complex Economics of Patent Scope , Robert P Merges and Richard R Nelson 151 --
Notes and Questions 63 --
Standing on the Shoulders of Giants : Cumulative Research and the Patent Law Suzanne Scotchmer 165 --
Notes and Questions 171 --
The Evolving Application of the Written Description Requirement to Biotechnological Inventions Janice M Mueller 172 --
Notes and Questions 176 --
B. Transaction Costs 177 --
Can Patents Deter Innovation ? The Anticommons in Biomedical Research , Michael A Heller and Rebecca S Eisenberg 177 --
Notes and Questions 184 --
Contracting Into Liability Rules : Intellectual Property Rights and Collective Rights Organizations Robert P Merges 185 --
Notes and Questions 195 --
Property Rights in Emerging Platform Technologies Douglas Lichtman 196 --
Notes and Questions 202 --
C. Patent - Antitrust 203 --
Patent and Antitrust Law Ward Bowman 203 --
Notes and Questions 212 --
The Patent-Antitrust Intersection : A Reappraisal Louis Kaplow 214 --
Notes and Questions 227 --
D. Patent Institutions 230 &#x2013;
Addressing the Patent Gold Rush: The Role of Deference to PTO Patent Denials Arti Rai 230 --
Notes and Questions 233 --
Rethinking Reexamination: Toward a Viable Administrative Revocation System for US Patent Law Mark D Janis 235 --
Notes and Questions 240 --
On Improving the Legal Process of Claim Interpretation : Administrative Alternatives John F Duffy 241 --
Notes and Questions 246 --
The Federal Circuit : A Case Study in Specialized Courts Rochelle Cooper Dreyfuss 255 --
Notes and Questions 255 --
Empirical Evidence on the Validity of Litigated Patents , John R Allison and Mark A Lemley 257 --
Notes and Questions 263 --
Judges , Juries , and Patent Cases An Empirical Peek Inside the Black Box Kimberly A Moore 264 --
Notes and Questions 268 --
CHAPTER II Copyright 269 --
I. History and Basic Concepts 269 --
A. History 269 --
1. Anglo - American Copyright 269 --
European Origins , Bruce W Bugbee 269 --
The Origin of Copyright , Augustine Birrell 273 --
Notes and Questions 275 --
The First Three Hundred Fifty Years , Benjamin Kaplan 275 --
The History of an Idea , Paul Goldstein 277 --
Notes and Questions 283 --
2. Comparative and International Copyright
A Tale of Two Copyrights : Literary Property in Revolutionary France and America Jane C Ginsburg 285 --
The Birth of the Berne Union, Sam Ricketson 291 --
The Berne Convention and The Universal Copyright Convention : The American Experience , Hamish Sandison 296 --
One Hundred and Two Years Later : The US Joins the Berne Convention , Jane C Ginsburg and John M Kernochan 298 --
Notes and Questions 300 --
B. Basic Concepts 301 --
Copyright , Paul Goldstein 301 --
Eligibility for Copyright Protection : A Search for Principled Standards , Ralph S Brown 303 --
Free Speech , Copyright , and Fair Use , L Ray Patterson 305 --
Notes and Questions 307 --
A Speech Delivered in the House of Commons on the 5th of February , 1841 , Thomas Babington Macaulay 309 --
Notes and Questions 312 --
Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society, Neil Weinstock Netanel 315 --
Notes and Questions 322 --
An Economic Analysis of Copyright , William M Landes and Richard A Posner 323 --
Notes and Questions 327 --
The Philosophy of Intellectual Property , Justin Hughes 331 --
Notes and Questions 336 --
From Authors to Copiers : Individual Rights and Social Values In Intellectual Property , Jeremy Waldron 336 --
Notes and Questions 338 --
The Public Domain , Jessica Litman 339 --
Notes and Questions 346 --
II. Works and Rights Protected 347 --
A. Works 347 --
Copyright , Paul Goldstein 347 --
Notes and Questions 349 --
Fact or Fancy : The Implications for Copyright , Robert A Gorman 352 --
A Manifesto Concerning the Legal Protection of Computer Programs , Pamela Samuelson , Randall Davis , Mitchell D Kapor , JH Reichman 355 --
Notes and Questions 361 --
B. Rights 363 --
Individuality and Authorship [ and the expansion of rights protected ] Jane C Ginsburg 363 --
Derivative Rights and Derivative Works in Copyright , Paul Goldstein 366 --
The Economics of Improvement in Intellectual Property Law , Mark A Lemley 371 --
Notes and Questions 376 --
What 's So Fair About Fair Use ? Alex Kozinski and Christopher Newman 379 --
Notes and Questions 380 --
Copyright and the Moral Right Is an American Marriage Possible ? Roberta Rosenthal Kwall 381 --
Notes and Questions 385 --
III. Limitations on Copyright 387 --
A Fair Use 387 --
Toward a Fair Use Standard , Pierre N Leval 387 --
Fair's Fair : A Comment on the Fair Use Doctrine , Lloyd L Weinreb 397 --
Fair Use as Market Failure : A Structural and Economic Analysis of the Betamax Case and Its Predecessors , Wendy J Gordan 400 --
Notes and Questions 407 --
Reconstructing the Fair Use Doctrine , William A Fisher 408 --
Notes and Questions 415 --
Fair Use vs Fared Use ? The Impact of Automated Rights Management on Copyright 's Fair Use Doctrine , Tom W Bell 416 --
Copyright Non - Compliance ( Or Why We Can't " Just Say Yes " to Licensing ), Jessica Litman 425 --
Notes and Questions 429 --
B Copyright and the First Amendment 430 --
Does Copyright Abridge the First Amendment Guarantees of Free Speech and Press ? Melville B Nimmer 430 --
Copyright and The First Amendment, Paul Goldstein 434 --
Notes and Questions 442 --
CHAPTER II Trademarks 444 --
I. History 444 --
The Historical Development of Trademarks , Sidney A Diamond 444 --
Notes and Questions 449 --
The Making of Modern Intellectual Property Law , Brad Sherman and Lionel Bently 449 --
Notes and Questions 451 --
Two Hundred Years of American Trademark Law , Beverly W Pattishall 452 --
The Lanham Trademark Act Its Impact Over Four Decades , Beverly W Pattishall 456 --
Notes and Questions 459 --
II. Basic Concepts 460 --
A Treatise on the Law of Trade Marks , With a Digest and Review of the English and American Authorities ( 1860 ), Francis H Upton 460 --
The Rational Basis of Trademark Protection , Frank I Schechter 462 --
Notes and Questions 465 --
Transcendental Nonsense and the Functional Approach , Felix Cohen 466 --
Expressive Genericity : Trademarks as Language in the Pepsi Generation , Rochelle Cooper Dreyfuss 467 --
Trademark Law : An Economic Perspective , William M Landes and Richard A Posner 468 --
Advertising and the Public Interest , Ralph S Brown 472 --
Breakfast with Batman , Jessica Litman 476 --
Notes and Questions 480 --
II Scope of Protection 481 --
Trade Marks and Trade Names An Analysis and Synthesis , Milton Handler and Charles Pickett 481 --
Dawning Acceptance of the Dilution Rationale for Trademark - Trade Identity Protection , Beverly W Pattishall 484 --
Are the State Antidilution Laws Compatible With the National Protection of Trademarks ? Milton Handler 487 --
Notes and Questions 490 --
The Death of Ontology : A Teleological Approach to Trademark Law , Graeme B Dinwoodie 492 --
Notes and Questions 498 --
Expressive Genericity : Trademarks as Language in the Pepsi Generation , Rochelle Cooper Dreyfuss 499 --
Notes and Questions 502 --
CHAPTER IV Design Protection 506 --
I History and Basic Concepts 506 --
Design Protection in Domestic and Foreign Copyright Law : From the Berne Revision of 1948 to the Copyright Act of 1976 JH Reichman 507 --
Notes and Questions 514 --
I. Scope of Protection 515 --
Applied Art and Industrial Design : A Suggested Approach to Copyright in Useful Articles Robert C Denicola 515 --
Notes and Questions 525 --

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