TY - BOOK AU - Davis,Ian AU - Alexander,David TI - Recovery from Disaster T2 - Routledge studies in hazards, disaster risk and climate change SN - 9780415611688 (hardback) AV - HV553 D379 2016 U1 - 363.34/8 23 PY - 2016/// CY - London, New York PB - Routledge Taylor & Francis Group KW - Disaster relief KW - Emergency management KW - City planning KW - Risk KW - Survivors KW - Urban renewal KW - Urbanization N1 - Index; List of figures xv -- List of tables xix -- Prologue xxi -- Preface xxiii -- Acknowledgements xxxi -- 1 The dynamics of recovery: two examples: Examples of positive and negative recovery 1 -- Successful recovery of Malkondji village following the 1993 -- Latur earthquake in Maharashtra State, India 2 -- Long-term longitudinal learning 10 -- Failure to recover following the Belice Valley earthquakes, western Sicily, 1968 11 -- Comparison 14 -- Conclusion 17 -- 2 The context of recovery Joining together: The context of disasters and recovery: changing hazards, increased vulnerability and the need to adapt to climate change 18 -- Different points of view on disaster recovery 22 -- The language of recovery 24 -- Defining recovery and other terms 25 -- Evolution of recovery studies: dwarfs on the shoulders of giants 29 -- Defining a vision for recovery 34 -- Vision and reality 35 -- Seven golden rules for disaster recovery 35 -- Summary 39 -- 3 Models of recovery: development and phases: Introducing models 40 -- Development and recovery models 42 -- Model 1: progress with recovery 43 -- Recovery from the Wenchuan earthquake, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China, 12 May 2008 48 -- Model 2: recovery sectors 59 -- Model 3: development recovery and elapsed time 61 -- Model 4: relationship between disaster and development 63 -- Phases of recovery models 65 -- Model 5: disaster cycle 66 -- Model 6: the Kates and Pijawka recovery model 69 -- Model 7: cost effectiveness unit cost 71 -- Model 8: disaster timeline 73 -- Summary 77 -- 4 Models of recovery: safety and organization: The challenge of safe recovery 79 -- What's in a name? 80 -- Safe recovery models 80 -- Model 9: probability consequence risk assessment 80 -- Model 10: disaster crunch model 82 -- Model 11: resilient communities and settlements 87 -- Model 12: disaster risk reduction measures 88 -- Model 13: development of a safety culture 93 -- Organization of recovery models 98 -- Securing effective organization 98 -- Model 14: project planning and implementation 101 -- Model 15: the pendulum after Charles Handy's trust control dilemma 104 -- Model 16: two or three stage shelter and housing recovery 105 -- Model 17: modes of shelter and housing 107 -- Model 18: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats SWOT 109 -- Model 19: Edward de Bono's six hats model for problem analysis 112 -- Model 20: Organizational frameworks of government for recovery management 114 -- Afterword: reality and realism 120 -- 5 Recovering from what? The impact of disaster: The impact of disaster as a starting point for recovery 122 -- Economic recovery and the question of livelihoods 126 -- Roles and responses of government 132 -- Psychosocial recovery 133 -- Cultural recovery 135 -- Environment 137 -- Conclusion: disaster as a starting point for recovery 138 -- 6 Some key elements of recovery -- Human rights and recovery from disaster 140 -- Accountability 143 -- Accountability in the sheltering and housing sector 147 -- Genius loci and preservation of the identity of places and human settlements 148 -- Conclusion: holistic and integrated perspectives 154 -- 7 Dilemmas in recovery management: First dilemma: reform vs continuity 157 -- Reform vs continuity in the reconstruction of Skopje, Yugoslavia 1963 to 1990 following the earthquake of 1963 158 -- Second dilemma: use existing government line ministries vs create new organizations to plan and manage the recovery 166 -- Third dilemma: reconstructing existing unsafe settlements vs relocation to safer sites 166 Fourth dilemma: speed of reconstruction vs vital requirements in reconstruction planning 169 -- Summary recommendation for resolving the dilemmas 170 -- 8 Lessons relating to sheltering and housing: HERR report on shelter 172 -- Shelter and housing lessons: 1972-2015 173 Varied hats, varied perspectives 174 -- Revisiting Shelter after Disaster, 1978 174 -- First comparison between 1978 and 2015: the expanding shelter and housing problem 175 -- Second comparison between 1978 and 2015: changes in vulnerability 177 -- Third comparison between 1978 and 2015: evolving issues 179 -- Fourth comparison between 1978 and 2015: who is concerned? 180 -- Fifth comparison between 1978 and 2015: the impact of early decisions 180 -- Eight dilemmas in the shelter and housing sector 181 -- First dilemma: planning vs plans 181 -- Second dilemma: process vs product 182 -- Third dilemma: supply vs demand 183 -- Fourth dilemma: universal shelter standards vs national standards 184 -- Fifth dilemma: development vs welfare approaches 185 -- Sixth dilemma: two-stage vs three-stage sheltering 187 -- Seventh dilemma: house vs home 187 -- Eighth dilemma: professional vs lay knowledge and expertise 188 -- Shelter preferences and functions 191 -- Preferences of survivors for their shelter 191 -- Functions of shelter 192 -- Voices of survivors 192 -- The foundations of sheltering and housing 195 -- 9 Sheltering and housing options: Options before disaster 201 -- Option 1: safe dwellings 201 -- Option 2: evacuation to safe shelter to escape impending hazards 204 -- Option 3: unsafe dwellings on unsafe site 208 -- Options after disaster: provisional shelter 210 -- Option 4: repair of dwellings improvised or contractor repairs 210 -- Option 5a: spontaneous shelter 211 -- Option 5b: provided shelter 220 -- Options after disaster: transitional shelter 231 -- Option 6a: transitional shelter temporary 231 -- Option 6b: transitional shelter to evolve into permanence 238 -- Option 6c: move directly from provisional shelter to permanent dwelling 238 -- Options after disaster: permanent dwelling 238 -- Option 7a: user-build permanent dwellings 240 -- Option 7b: contractor-build permanent dwellings 242 -- Option 8: relocated dwellings in relocated settlement 247 -- Summary and conclusions 248 -- 10 Resilient recovery: what is resilience, and what is resilient recovery? : Lessons from the past 255 -- Risk reduction strategies 257 -- Structural resilience 258 -- Governance and participation 260 -- Models of resilience 264 -- Resilient recovery in Chile following the earthquake and tsunami of February 2010 264 -- Resilient international leadership of disaster recovery 265 -- Summary 269 -- 11 What makes recovery from disaster successful? A survey of expert opinion: Background 271 Long term benefits of recovery 272 -- Local ownership of recovery 272 -- Holistic recovery 273 -- Ethical recovery 273 -- Cultural recovery 274 -- Defining a strategy for recovery 274 -- Gender and recovery 275 -- Gaps in the survey 275 -- The essence of effective recovery 275 -- Summary 276 -- 12 Thinking hats: Edward de Bono's thinking hats 277 -- Black hat discernment 279 -- White hat information 282 -- Red hat emotions 286 -- Yellow hat optimism 294 -- Green hat creativity 298 -- Blue hat management 304 -- Valediction 305 -- 13 Emerging principles of recovery: Underlying principles 308 -- Level 1: core ethical principles 309 -- Level 2: strategic principles 309 -- Level 3: tactical principles 310 -- Level 4: implementation principles 310 -- Level 5: monitoring and evaluation principles 311 -- Concluding observations 312 -- Social dynamics of recovery 312 -- Sharing information 312 -- Developmental recovery 313 -- Strengthening national governments 313 -- Listening to survivors' voices 314 -- Models 314 -- Final words 315 -- Appendix 1 Summary of models 316 -- Appendix 2 Survey answers to the question: what in your view are the most important aspects of a successful recovery operation following a natural disaster? 318 -- Appendix 3 Key books and websites on disaster recovery 330 -- References 334 -- Epilogue 349 -- Index 351 -- ; Figures: 1.1 Earthquake damage to stone masonry dwellings in Malkondji 2 -- 1.2 Model of housing cluster layout 4 -- 1.3 Completed houses in the main street of Malkondji 5 -- 1.4 Sketch of Malkondji in 1996, three years after the earthquake 5 -- 1.5 Headmistress of Malkondji School and a class of schoolgirls 6 -- 1.6 Many house occupants added covered spaces to their dwellings 7 -- 1.7 The ruins of Gibellina, destroyed by the 1968 earthquakes, in the process of being supplanted by a gigantic environmental sculpture, a monument to the disaster 12 -- 1.8 The monumental tower, Torre Civica, at the centre of new Gibellina 13 -- 2.1 Differences and commonalities in disaster risk management and climate change adaptation 21 -- 2.2 Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, built between AD 532 and AD 537 30 -- 2.3 Christopher Wren's St Paul's Cathedral dome and the type of fire resistant brick architecture for urban buildings that was required in the 1667 London Building Acts 31 -- 2.4 Entrance to an informal settlement on the seaward side of beached trawlers, north Tacloban, Eastern Visayas, Philippines 38 -- 3.1 Model 1: progress with recovery 44 -- 3.2 Mass production of temporary cabins 52 -- 3.3 Lifelike display of a family of waxwork models occupying a temporary cabin 53 -- 3.4 Entrance to the relocated town of Beichuan 55 -- 3.5 Beichuan town centre 55 -- 3.6 Model 2: recovery sectors 59 -- 3.7 Model 3: development recovery and elapsed 62 -- 3.8 Model 4: relationship between disaster and development 64 -- 3.9 Model 5: disaster cycle 66 -- 3.10 Model 6: the Kates and Pijawka recovery model 69 -- 3.11 Model 7 cost-effectiveness unit cost 72 -- 3.12 Model 8: disaster timeline 74 -- 4.1 Model 9: probability consequence risk assessment 82 -- 4.2 Model 10: disaster crunch model 83 -- 4.3 Model 11: resilient communities and settlements 87 -- 4.4 Model 12: disaster risk reduction measures 89 -- 4.5 Model 13: development of a safety culture model 93 -- 4.6 Model 14: project planning and implementation 101 -- 4.7 Model 15: the pendulum after Charles Handy's trust-control dilemma 104 -- 4.8 Model 16: two- or three-stage shelter and housing recovery 105 -- 4.9 Model 17: modes of shelter and housing 105 -- 4.10 Model 18: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and 110 threats SWOT 108 -- 4.11 Model 19: Edward de Bono's thinking hats 110 -- 4.12 Model 20: organizational frameworks of government for recovery management 113 -- 5.1 Monumental bass relief panel in the doors of the church of San Rocco in Lioni, depicting earthquake impact in a town in which 228 people died in the magnitude 6.8 earthquake of 1980 137 -- 6.1 The coast at Rikuzentakata, Iwate Prefecture, Japan, and the lone Cryptomeria japonica tree, survivor of the March 2011 tsunami and a symbol of hope and reconstruction 150 -- 6.2 Christchurch Cathedral, New Zealand after the 2010 and 2011 earthquakes 152 -- 6.3 The MOVE framework for vulnerability, risk and societal responses 155 -- 7.1 Skopje in 1974, 11 years after the earthquake 160 -- 7.2 Transportation Centre, Skopje, under construction in 1974 161 -- 7.3 The concrete towers and slabs represent the City Wall concept of the reconstruction master plan of Skopje 162 -- 7.4 Map of planned temporary settlements provided by donor governments in 1963 163 -- 7.5 Roma children playing in the suburb of Suto Orizari, Skopje in 1974 164 -- 8.1 Estimated damage in US dollars billions caused by natural disasters, 1975 to 2012 176 -- 8.2 The pressure and release model 178 -- 8.3 Temporary housing in Sendai, Japan for survivors of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami 182 -- 8.4 Personalization of a prefabricated house in Romagnano al Monte, Campania Region, Southern Italy, photographed in 2011, more than three decades after the 1980 earthquake 189 -- 8.5 Transitional shelter in Sumatra, Indonesia 189 -- 8.6 Transitional shelter donated by the IFRC in Delmas 9 in Port au Prince, Haiti 190 -- 9.1 Securing multiple sheltering options in Sri Lanka in 2005 200 -- 9.2 Fallingwater, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1935 201 -- 9.3 Island community near Port Morseby, Papua New Guinea 205 -- 9.4 Armero, Colombia covered by a sea of mud from a volcanic lahar 206 -- 9.5 Map of the simulation evacuation route pinned to the door of the shop 207 -- 9.6 Model 17: options before disaster 210 -- 9.7 Decision making on whether to repair, retrofit or demolish unsafe buildings 212 -- 9.8 Six days after the Guatemala earthquake of 4 February 1976, this photograph shows a typical example of improvised sheltering in a street in Guatemala City 217 -- 9.9 Surplus shipping containers converted into retail space in Christchurch, New Zealand after the 2010 and 2011 217 -- 9.10 Standard container home based on the dimensions and specifications of a shipping container but constructed specifically as accommodation 223 -- 9.11 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, UNHCR, tents to accommodate survivors in the Tacolban area of the Philippines after Hurricane Haiyan, Yolanda 223 -- 9.12 Partitions used to provide privacy for communal living and sleeping in Japanese evacuation shelters 227 -- 9.13 Polyurethane igloos provided by the German Red Cross and the Bayer Chemical Company for survivors of the Managua earthquake in Masaya, Nicaragua in 1973 229 -- 9.14 Innovative house for the Haiti reconstruction, designed by Design and Architecture Service 230 -- 9.15 Model 17: options after disaster: provisional shelter 232 -- 9.16 Model 16: scenarios for the shelter housing continuum 233 -- 9.17 Model 17: options after disaster: transitional shelter 239 -- 9.18 Rev. Pedro Guitz explaining earthquake-resistant construction techniques to local builders in rural Guatemala 242 -- 9.19 Frank Gehry and Partners, internationally known architects based in Los Angeles, designed this duplex home 242 -- 9.20 Model 17: modes of shelter and housing 249 -- 12.1 Model 19: Edward de Bono's thinking hats 278 -- 12.2 International Corruption Perceptions Index 2013 281 -- 12.3 A group of widows who lost their husbands, and also in many cases their children, when the tsunami devastated Banda Aceh 283 -- 12.4 Houses built in Banda Aceh by the widows shown in Figure 12.3 283 -- 12.5 The tiled roofed house in the foreground is part of an original dwelling built in 1978, but all the other houses have been built subsequently 289 -- 12.6 Reconstructed houses in Chinthayapalem photograph taken in 2014, 36 years after construction 289 -- 12.7 Houses in Muthayapalem, the neighbouring village to Chinthayapalem the photograph was taken in 2014, 36 years after construction 291 -- 12.8 Fish ponds created for aquaculture and trees planted to form a cyclone shelter wind break in 1978 as part of the cyclone recovery programme 292 -- 12.9 A new house being constructed in 2014 using traditional construction techniques and bamboo and thatch building materials 293 -- 12.10 Pakistani masons constructing an earthquake resistant dwelling as part of the EERA, UN Habitat, World Bank user build rural housing reconstruction 295 -- 12.11 The distribution of information materials used in the EERA, UN-Habitat, World Bank user build rural housing reconstruction 295 -- 12.12 Timber structure of the earthquake-resistant rural housing with a lightweight roof of corrugated steel as part of the EERA, UN-Habitat, World Bank user build rural housing reconstruction 296 -- 12.13 Resettlement housing built after the 1688 landslide in Pisticci, Basilicata Region, Southern Italy and since modified 299 -- 12.14 Frauenkirch in Davos, Switzerland, destroyed by avalanche in 1602 but rebuilt in 1603 with the reinforced prow to deflect the impact of avalanches, thus protecting the church and its occupants 300 -- 12.15 Ferro cement domed dwellings provided by ADRA in the village of Gubal following the 1993 Latur earthquake 302 -- 12.16 Transitional apartments in the L'Aquila area, Southern Italy, built after the earthquake of 2009, the case antisismiche sostenibili e ecocompatibili 303 -- 12.17 Pendulum base isolator under a transitional apartment building at Bazzano, L'Aquila, Southern Italy 303 -- 13.1 Model 14: project planning and implementation 309 -- 13.2 Model 21: the Mary Comerio comparison of recovery management approaches 311 -- ; Tables: 1.1 Comparison of reconstruction in Malkondji and Belice 15 -- 3.1 Summary of development and recovery models 1 to 4 42 -- 3.2 Comparison between the impacts of the Kashmir and Wenchuan earthquakes 49 -- 3.3 Summary of phases of recovery models 5 to 8 65 -- 4.1 Summary of safe recovery models 9 to 13 81 -- 4.2 Summary of organization of recovery models 14 to 21 99 -- 4.3 The SWOT model applied to recovery sectors 111 -- 5.1 A tentative classification of the size of impacts 123 -- 6.1 The interveners in disaster 145 -- 6.2 Team and leadership requirements for the management of shelter and housing projects 149 -- 8.1 Comparison between the Haiti and Chile earthquakes of 2010 179 -- 8.2 Comparison between a welfare and a developmental approach to shelter and housing provision 186 -- 9.1 Roles for key actors in sheltering and housing 199 -- 9.2 The role of host families as they accommodate survivors 218 -- 9.3 The quantity and occupation of evacuation shelters following the Kobe and Tohoku earthquakes 226 -- 9.4 Tenancy categories and appropriate kinds of permanent housing reconstruction 246 -- 12.1 Thinking hats 279 -- N2 - Disasters can dominate newspaper headlines and fill our TV screens with relief appeals, but the complex long-term challenge of recovery-providing shelter, rebuilding safe dwellings, restoring livelihoods and shattered lives-generally fails to attract the attention of the public and most agencies. On average 650 disasters occur each year. They affect more than 200 million people and cause $166 trillion of damage. Climate change, population growth and urbanisation are likely to intensify further the impact of natural disasters and add to reconstruction needs. Recovery from Disaster explores the field and provides a concise, comprehensive source of knowledge for academics, planners, architects, engineers, construction managers, relief and development officials and reconstruction planners involved with all sectors of recovery, including shelter and rebuilding. With almost 80 years of first-hand experience of disaster recovery between them, Ian Davis (an architect) and David Alexander (a geographer) draw substantially from first-hand experiences in a variety of recovery situations in China, Haiti, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines and the USA. The volume is further enriched by two important and unique features: 21 models of disaster recovery are presented, seven of which were specifically developed for the book. The second feature is a survey of expert opinion about the nature of effective disaster recovery-the first of its kind. More than 50 responses are provided in full, along with an analysis that integrates them with the theories that underpin them. By providing a framework and models for future study and applications, Davis and Alexander seek both to advance the field and to provide a much-needed reference work for decision makers. With a broad perspective derived from the authors' roles held as university professors, researchers, trainers, consultants, NGO directors and advisors to governments and UN agencies, this comprehensive guide will be invaluable for practitioners and students of disaster management -- ER -