12363nam a22003497a 4500003000600000005001700006008004100023020002300064020002300087020002300110040003400133050002400167082001100191100002300202245005800225250002500283264003400308300004700342336002600389337002800415338002700443500002000470504004100490505450900531505453005040505227109570650002311841650003511864650003011899650003911929650004511968pucpr20250310104637.0150501s2015 ab frib 001 0 eng  a9780415814409qpbk a9780415814393qhbk a9780203067390qebk apucprbengcpucprdpucprerda00aHE336.P43bH37 2015002388.411 aHass- Klau, Carmen14aThe Pedestrian and the City :cCarmen Hass-Klau.htxt aFirst published 2015 aNew York :bRoutledge,c2015. axxiii, 316 p.bill. ; maps ;c25 cm.fbook 2rdacontentatextbtxt 2rdamediaaunmediadedbn 2rdacarrieravolumebnc aIncludes index. aIncludes bibliographical references. aContents -- List of Figures x -- List of Tables xiii -- Foreword by Professor Phil Goodwin xv -- Preface xvii -- Acknowledgments xx -- Definitions xxii -- Part I: HISTORY 1 -- 1 From Innovative Street Layouts to the Fight against Urban Motorways in the United States 4 -- Innovative Street Layouts 4 -- Housing for a Better World 7 -- The Greenbelt Towns 12 -- Garden Apartments 13 -- The Congested Cities and the Motorway Revolt 15 -- 2 Motorization and Footpath Planning During the Third Reich 20 -- Adolf Hitler and the Promotion of Motorization 20 -- Ideal Communities 27 -- Pedestrian Planning in Hitler's New Town: Wolfsburg 25 -- A New Approach for City Centers 27 -- 3 The Role of the Pedestrian after the Second World War in West Germany: The Early Years 30 -- Political Background 30 -- The Charter of Athens 30 -- The Missed Chance of Reconstruction 35 -- Massive Road Building in Urban Areas 37 -- Car Restrictions in City Centers 42 -- 4 Pedestrianization, Public Transport and Traffic Calming in West Germany 46 -- Political Background 46 -- The Role of Public Transport and its Impact on Pedestrianization 46 -- Pedestrianization: Research and Practice 47 -- Traffic Calming: Ideas and Practice 51 -- Conflicts about 3okph (20mph) Speed Limits and Other Disagreements 55 -- 5 The ' Better Germany '? Urban Planning , Transport and Pedestrian - Friendly Devices in East Germany 59 -- Political Background 59 -- National in Style but Democratic in Content : The First Housing Projects and Their Pedestrian Streets 61 -- New Towns: Eisenhüttenstadt , Halle - Neustadt and Schweat 65 -- The Housing Problem 69 -- Reconstruction of Destroyed and Neglected City Centers and Urban Areas 71 -- Pedestrianization in East German Cities 73 -- The Change From East to West 77 -- 6 The British Approach Toward Road Transport and the Pedestrian in Urban Areas from the 1940s to the Early 1970s 80 -- Ideas about Urban Roads and the First Attempts at Traffic Calming 80 -- Traffic in New Towns and Pedestrianization 85 -- The Professional Background of Colin Buchanan 87 -- 'Traffic in Towns' and its Impact 88 A Period of Experimentation 92 -- 7 British Attempts to Achieve Better Walking Conditions in the Late 1970s to the 1990s 95 -- The Beginning of Traffic Calming 95 -- Initiatives of Local Authorities and Other Professionals 96 -- Government Action and Criticism 98 -- Change of Government in 1997 and the Role of the Pedestrians 100 -- Part II: PRACTICE 105 -- 8 Walking in Great Britain and the Greater London Case Study 107 -- Background: The National Trend in Walking 107 -- Pedestrianization : The Last 40 Years 107 -- Pedestrianization : A Comparison between Germany and the UK (and Other Countries) 108 -- Public Transportation 112 -- Other Policies to Promote Walking 113 -- Greater London 118 -- 9 Walking in Germany : Is there Progress? 129 -- New and Not so New Initiatives 129 -- Case Studies 131 -- Freiburg 131 -- Munich 137 -- Cologne 143 -- 10 The Nordic Approach: Denmark 149 -- Background 149 -- Transportation 149 -- Research on Walking: The Work of Jan Gehl and his Team 151 -- Copenhagen 153 -- Odense 161 -- 11 Further North: Norway 166 -- Background 166 -- Transportation 166 -- Bergen 169 -- Trondheim 175 -- Oslo 178 -- Stavanger 182 -- 12 The United States and Canada: An Overview of Walking Research and Policies Research in the Use of Urban Space and Pedestrian Behavior 185 -- Policy-related Research on Walking 187 -- Pedestrianization 191 -- Public Transportation 196 -- Traffic Calming 197 -- 13 Walking in the United States: A European View: The Leaders 200 -- New York City 200 -- Boston 209 -- Washington DC 212 -- Portland , Oregon 215 -- San Francisco 219 -- Denver 224 -- Boulder , Colorado 227 -- Canadian City : Vancouver 229 -- 14 Walking in the United States: A European View: The Followers 235 -- Charlotte 235 -- Charleston 242 -- Savannah 246 -- Miami 250 -- Miami Beach 253 -- Atlanta 257 -- Seattle 260 -- Los Angeles 263 -- 15 The Future of Walking 269 -- Part I: History 269 -- Synthesis: Pedestrian - friendly Street Designs and the Battle About Livable Streets in the United States , Germany and Britain 269 -- Part II: Practice 275 -- Walking: The General Trend 275 -- Important Factors to Promote Walking 276 -- Walking Problems 281 -- Reality: What can be Achieved? 285 -- Learning from the Case Study Cities 289 -- Finally 291 -- References 295 -- Index 311 --  aFIGURES -- 1.1 Street map of Boston 4 -- 1.2 Olmsted's original plan of Vandergrift 6 -- 1.3 Ivy Close , Forest Hills Gardens 7 -- 1.4 Open space inside the Sunnyside housing block 8 -- 1.5 Chatham Village Tower 11 -- 1.6 Baldwin Hills Village Green 14 -- 2.1 Plan of Ganghofer settlement , Regensburg 23 -- 2.2 Typical pedestrian footpath and mini-square 24 -- 2.3 Plan of Wolfsburg 26 -- 4.1 Garmisch - Partenkirchen before pedestrianization 49 -- 4.2After pedestrianization 49 -- 5.1 Berlin Wall 60 -- 5.2 Housing block at Weberwiese 62 -- 5.3 Strausberger Platz 63 -- 5.4 Model of Karl-Marx-Allee 64 -- 5.5 Housing block in Eisenhüttenstadt 66 -- 5.6 Main pedestrian axis 67 -- 5.7 Main pedestrian precinct in Halle - Neustadt 68 -- 8.1 Map of Inner and Outer London 118 -- 8.2 Seven Dials in London 124 -- 8.3 View to Millennium Bridge 126 -- 9.1 Map of central area of Freiburg 133 -- 9.2 New design of an urban ring road in Freiburg 134 -- 9.3 Typical surface of pedestrianized street in Freiburg 135 -- 9.4 Map of city center of Munich 139 -- 9.5 Multilane pedestrian highway 141 -- 9.6 Relaxing in the sun, Odeonsplatz 141 -- 9.7 Map of wider city center of Cologne 145 -- 10.1 Map of wider central area of Copenhagen 154 -- 10.2 Map of pedestrianized areas in the city center of Copenhagen 154 -- 10.3 Sroget 155 -- 10.4 Wide sidewalks at Vester Voldgade 156 -- 10.5 Parked bicycles on sidewalk 158 -- 10.6 Traffic-calmed street in Vesterbro - Skydebanegade 159 -- 10.7 Map of pedestrianized streets in the city center of Odense 160 -- 10.8 Ove Spogoes Plads 162 -- 11.1 Map of wider central area of Bergen 163 -- 11.2 Unusual zebra crossing near the disused cloister 170 -- 11.3 The main shopping street of Torgallmenningen 171 -- 11.4 170 The blue granite stone 172 -- 11.5 Cobblestone design in Bergen 73 -- 11.6 Example of a Gatetun 174 -- 11.7 Map of wider city center of Trondheim 175 -- 11.8 Barrier in Nedre Bakklandet 177 -- 11.9 A successful combination of a walkway / cycleway, cycle sharing and good public transportation 178 -- 11.10 Map of wider city center of Oslo 179 -- 11.11 Popular square in front of the City Hall 180 -- 11.12 Map of wider city center of Stavanger 182 -- 11.13 The Old Town 183 -- 12.1 Lincoln Road Mall , Miami Beach 192 -- 12.2 16th Street Mall , Denver 193 -- 12.3 Pearl Street , Boulder 194 -- 12.4 Fish market , Seattle 195 -- 13.1 Madison Square before 203 -- 13.2 Madison Square after 203 -- 13.3 Upper-level walkway in Paris 204 -- 13.4 Upper-level walkway in New York 204 -- 13.5 Times Square before 205 -- 13.6 Times Square after 205 -- 13.7 Dutch Kills Green 206 -- 13.8 The new Broadway 207 -- 13.9 210 Wider city center map 210 -- 13.10 Commonwealth Avenue , Boston 211 -- 13.11 Zebra crossings at junctions with Boulevard , Santa Cruz , Tenerife , Spain 211 -- 13.12 Dewey Demonstration Gardens 212 -- 13.13 Map of central area of Washington DC 214 -- 13.14 Map of central area of Portland , Oregon 216 -- 13.15 High visibility crossings at junctions of North Park 217 -- 13.16 NW Irving Street in the Pearl District 218 -- 13.17 Map of central area of San Francisco 220 -- 13.18 Typical parklet 221 -- 13.19 Street designed by residents in Linden Street 222 -- 13.20 Street life in San Francisco 223 -- 13.21 Map of central area of Denver 225 -- 13.22 Millennium Bridge 226 -- 13.23 Map of wider central area of Vancouver 230 -- 13.24 Mini roundabout 232 -- 14.1 Sidewalk plan of Charlotte 237 -- 14.2 Close to the New Bern Stop 238 -- 14.3 Map of central area of Charlotte 240 -- 14.4 East Boulevard 241 -- 14.5 Map of historic part of Charleston 243 -- 14.6 Rap dancing in Marion Square 244 -- 14.7 Fountain Park 245 -- 14.8 Map of historic city of Savannah 247 -- 14.9 Historic square as a speed - reducing measure 248 -- 14.10 Enjoying the River Promenade 249 -- 14.11 Map of the wider central area of Miami 251 -- 14.12 Built-out in Flagler Street 252 -- 14.13 Walking along Ocean Drive 254 -- 14.14 Difficult walking and serving in and along a too narrow sidewalk 255 -- 14.15 Wandering among Art Deco residential buildings 256 -- 14.16 Map of Beltline , Atlanta 258 -- 14.17 Westlake Park Square , Seattle 260 -- 14.18 Bus stop at traffic-calming measure in Dexter Avenue 262 -- 14.19 Grand Park in Los Angeles 264 -- 14.20 Upper walkways and squares 265 -- 14.21 Union Station 266 -- 15.1 Plan of Moscow by Schestakow ( 1923 ) 270 -- 15.2 Pedestrian walk on carriageway , Brighton 288 --  aTABLES -- 2.1 Motor vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants 21 -- 3.1 Number of motor vehicles and road casualties in West Germany : 1950-2010, in 1,000 41 -- 4.1 Effect of pedestrianization on turnover in percent 51 -- 5.1 Number of cars: comparison between West and East Germany 60 -- 5.2 Length of major roads in km 70 -- 5.3 A selected number of cities with pedestrianized streets in the GDR 76 -- 8.1 Comparison between mean , median and standard deviation of German and British pedestrianization 110 -- 8.2 Sample of British cities and their lengths (meters) in pedestrianization 111 -- 8.3 Sample of German cities and their lengths (meters) in pedestrianization 112 -- 8.4 Change of population in Greater London in 1,000 119 -- 8.5 Modal split comparison in Greater London: trips to work and all trips in percent 120 -- 9.1 Modal split (all trips) in the City of Freiburg in percent 131 -- 9.2 Modal split (all trips) in the City of Munich in percent 138 -- 9.3 Cordon counts in 24 hours over time in Munich 138 -- 9.4 Modal split (all trips) in the City of Cologne in percent 144 -- 10.1 Modal split data Copenhagen and in the whole country in 2011: all and work trips in percent 154 -- 10.2 Modal split (all trips) in the municipality of Odense in percent 162 -- 11.1 Population in 1,000 and population densities of the largest Cities in Norway in 2013 167 -- 11.2 Modal split of Norwegian cities in percent 169 -- 12.1 Pedestrian counts per hour in a number of streets and in different cities 188 -- 12.2 Modal split in US travel to work and all trips in percent (2009) 189 -- 12.3 The highest-ranking cities in walking (travel to work) in the US 190 -- 12.4 Modal split for public transportation: comparison of North American and European major cities in percent 196 -- 13.1 Modal split in the City of Vancouver : all trips (24 hours) 230 -- 15.1 Modal split data in North American cities and European cities: travel to work in percent at various dates 277 -- 15.2 Decline and increase of commuting in the North American study cities in percentage points between 2000 and 2007 / 2011 278 -- 15.3 Population density per sqkm in 20 North American and 10 European cities 279 -- 15.4 Pedestrian killed 100,000 population (annual average of six or seven years) 282 --  0aPedestrians2Local 0aCity trafficxPlanning.2Local 0aStreetsxPlanning.2Local 0aPedestrian areasbPlanning.2Local 0aPedestrian traffic flowxPlanning2Local