TY - BOOK AU - Giedion,S. TI - Space, time and architecture: the growth of a new tradition SN - 9780674830400 AV - NA203 G5 1967 U1 - 720/.9 PY - 1967/// CY - Cambridge Massachusetts PB - Harvard University Press KW - Architecture KW - History KW - Local KW - Space perception KW - City planning N1 - Include index; Bibliographical footnotes; Introduction: Architecture of the 1960's: Hopes and Fears -- Part I. -- History A Part Of Life -- Introduction -- The Historian's Relation to His Age -- The Demand for Continuity -- Contemporary History -- The Identity of Methods -- Transitory and Constituent Facts -- Architecture as an Organism -- Procedure -- Part II. -- Our Architectural Inheritance -- The New Space Conception: Perspective -- Perspective and Urbanism -- Prerequisites for the Growth of Cities -- The Star-Shaped City -- Perspective and the Constituent Elements of the City -- The Wall, the Square, and the Street -- Bramante and the Open Stairway -- Michelangelo and the Modeling of Outer Space -- What Is the Real Significance of the Area Capitolina? -- Leonardo da Vinci and the Dawn of Regional Planning -- Sixtus V (1585-1590) and the Planning of Baroque Rome -- The Medieval and the Renaissance City -- Sixtus V and His Pontificate -- The Master Plan -- The Social Aspect -- The Late Baroque -- The Undulating Wall and the Flexible Ground Plan -- Francesco Borromini, 1599-1667 -- Guarino Guarini, 1624-1683 -- South Germany: Vierzehnheiligen -- The Organization of Outer Space -- The Residential Group and Nature -- Single Squares -- Series of Interrelated Squares -- Part III. -- The Evolution Of New Potentialities -- Industrialization as a Fundamental Event -- Iron -- Early Iron Construction in England -- The Sunderland Bridge -- Early Iron Construction on the Continent -- From the Iron Column to the Steel Frame -- The Cast-Iron Column -- Toward the Steel Frame -- James Bogardus -- The St. Louis River Front -- Early Skeleton Buildings -- Elevators -- The Schism Between Architecture and Technology -- Discussions -- Ecole Polytechnique: the Connection between Science and Life -- The Demand for a New Architecture -- The Interrelations of Architecture and Engineering -- Henri Labrouste, Architect Constructor, 1801-1875 -- New Building Problems-New Solutions -- Market Halls -- Department Stores -- The Great Exhibitions -- The Great Exhibition, London, 1851 -- The Universal Exhibition, Paris, 1855 -- Paris Exhibition of 1867 -- Paris Exhibition of 1878 -- Paris Exhibition of 1889 -- Chicago, 1893 -- Gustave Eiffel and His Tower -- Part IV. -- The Demand For Morality In Architecture -- The Nineties: Precursors of Contemporary Architecture -- Brussels the Center of Contemporary Art, 1880-1890 -- Victor Horta's Contribution -- Berlage's Stock Exchange and the Demand for Morality -- Otto Wagner and the Viennese School -- Ferroconcrete and its Influence upon Architecture -- A. G. Perret -- Tony Garnier -- Part V. -- American Development -- Europe Observes American Production -- The Structure of American Industry -- The Balloon Frame and Industrialization -- The Balloon Frame and the Building-up of the West -- The Invention of the Balloon Frame -- George Washington Snow, 1797-1870 -- The Balloon Frame and the Windsor Chair -- Plane Surfaces in American Architecture -- The Flexible and Informal Ground Plan -- The Chicago School -- The Apartment House -- Toward Pure Forms -- The Leiter Building, 1889 -- The Reliance Building, 1894 -- Sullivan: The Carson, Pirie, Scott Store, 1889-1906 -- The Influence of the Chicago World's Fair, 1893 -- Frank Lloyd Wright -- Wright and the American Development -- The Cruciform and the Elongated Plan -- Plane Surfaces and Structure -- The Urge toward the Organic -- Office Buildings -- Influence of Frank Lloyd Wright -- Frank Lloyd Wright's Late Period -- Part VI. -- Space—time in art, architecture, and construction -- The new space conception: space—time -- Do we need artists? -- The research into space: cubism -- The artistic means -- The research into movement: futurism painting today -- Construction and aesthetics: slab and plane -- The bridges of Robert Maillart -- Afterword -- Walter Gropius and the German development -- Germany in the nineteenth century -- Walter Gropius -- Germany after the first world war and the Bauhaus -- The Bauhaus buildings at Dessau, 1926 -- Architectural Aims -- WALTER GROPIUS IN AMERICA -- The Significance of the Post-1930 Emigration -- Walter Gropius and the American Scene -- Architectural Activity -- Gropius as Educator -- Later Development -- American Embassy in Athens, 1956-1961 -- LE CORBUSIER AND THE MEANS OF ARCHITECTONIC EXPRESSION -- The Villa Savoie, 1928-1930 -- The League of Nations Competition, 1927: Contemporary Architecture Comes to the Front -- Large Constructions and Architectural Aims -- Social Imagination -- The Unité d'Habitation, 1947-1952 -- Chandigarh -- Later Work -- The Carpenter Center for Visual Arts, Harvard University, 1963 -- Le Corbusier and His Clients -- The Priory of Ste. Marie de la Tourette, 1960 -- The Legacy of Le Corbusier -- MIES VAN DER ROHE AND THE INTEGRITY OF FORM -- The Elements of Mies van der Rohe's Architecture -- Country Houses, 1923 -- The Weissenhof Housing Settlement, Stuttgart, 1927 -- The Illinois Institute of Technology, 1939 -- High-rise Apartments -- Office Buildings -- On the Integrity of Form -- ALVAR AALTO: IRRATIONALITY AND STANDARDIZATION -- Union between Life and Architecture -- The Complementarity of the Differentiated and the Primitive -- Finnish Architecture before 1930 -- Aalto's First Buildings -- Paimio: The Sanatorium, 1929-1933 -- The Undulating Wall -- Sunila: Factory and Landscape, 1937-1939 -- Mairea, 1938-1939 -- Organic Town Planning -- Civic and Cultural Centers -- Furniture in Standard Units -- Aalto as Architect -- The Human Side -- JORN UTZON AND THE THIRD GENERATION -- Relations to the Past -- Jorn Utzon -- The Horizontal Plane as a Constituent Element -- The Right of Expression: The Vaults of the Sydney Opera House -- Empathy with the Situation: The Zurich Theater, 1964 -- Sympathy with the Anonymous Client -- Imagination and Implementation -- THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES FOR MODERN ARCHITECTURE (CIAM) AND THE FORMATION OF CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE -- Part VII. -- CITY PLANNING IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY -- Early Nineteenth Century -- The Rue de Rivoli of Napoleon I -- THE DOMINANCE OF GREENERY: THE LONDON SQUARES -- THE GARDEN SQUARES OF BLOOMSBURY -- LARGE-SCALE HOUSING DEVELOPMENT: REGENT'S PARK -- THE STREET BECOMES DOMINANT: THE TRANSFORMATION OF PARIS, 1853-1868 -- Paris in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century -- The "Trois Réseaux" of Eugéne Haussmann -- Squares, Boulevards, Gardens, and Plants -- The City as a Technical Problem Haussmann's Use of Modern Methods of Finance -- The Basic Unit of the Street -- The Scale of the Street -- Haussmann's Foresight: His Influence -- Part VIII. -- CITY PLANNING AS A HUMAN PROBLEM -- The Late Nineteenth Century -- Ebenezer Howard and the Garden City -- Patrick Geddes and Arturo Soria y Mata -- Tony Garnier's Cit4 Industrielle, 1901-1904 -- AMSTERDAM AND THE REBIRTH OF TOWN PLANNING -- H. P. Berlage's Plans for Amsterdam South -- The General Extension Plan of Amsterdam, 1934 -- Interrelations of Housing and Activities of Private Life -- Part IX. -- SPACE-TIME IN CITY PLANNING -- Contemporary Attitude toward Town Planning -- DESTRUCTION OR TRANSFORMATIONS THE NEW SCALE IN CITY PLANNING -- The American Parkway in the Thirties -- High-rise Buildings in Open Space -- Freedom for the Pedestrian -- The Civic Center: Rockefeller Center, 1931-1939 -- CHANGING NOTIONS OF THE CITY -- City and State -- The City: No Longer an Enclosed Organism -- Continuity and Change -- The Individual and Collective Spheres -- Signs of Change and of Constancy -- Part X. -- IN CONCLUSION -- On the Limits of the Organic in Architecture -- Politics and Architecture -- ER -