Cities and nature : by Lisa Benton-Short and John Rennie Short. / txt
- Second Edition
- ix, 281 p. ill. ; maps ; 25 cm.
Index
Contents : List of Figures xii -- List of Tables xv -- List of Boxes xvii -- Preface xix -- Acknowledgments xxi -- 1 The city and nature 1 -- The intellectual background 3 -- The city as ecosystem 4 -- Nature and the city 9 -- Urban sustainability 12 -- A new approach 13 -- Organization of the book 15 -- Part I The urban environment in history 19 -- 2 The pre industrial city 21 -- The first cities 21 -- Urban design 27 -- Disease and cities 40 -- Cities and pollution controls 50 -- Conclusions 54 -- 3 The industrial city 57 -- Pollution in Coketown 58 -- Reforming the industrial city 71 -- The urban public parks movement 80 -- Garden cities 89 -- Part II The contemporary urban context 95 -- 4 Global urban trends 97 -- Rapid urban growth 97 -- The rise of big cities 103 -- The development of giant urban regions 111 -- 5 The postindustrial city -- Reimagining the city 125 -- Creating the postindustrial urban landscape : the example of waterfront redevelopment 127 -- Cleaning up the toxic environment 131 -- 6 The developing city 143 -- Megacity 143 -- The industrial city 146 -- The greening city 153 -- Slum city 155 -- Conclusions 164 -- Part III Urban physical systems 167 -- 7 Urban sites 169 -- On the beach 173 -- Cities in the desert 176 -- City on the delta 182 -- Dhaka: another city on a delta 188 -- 8 Hazards and disasters 194 -- Environmental hazards 198 -- The city and disaster : a case study of Hurricane Katrina 213 -- Social hazards and vulnerability 218 -- The resilient city 223 -- Conclusion 226 -- 9 Urban political ecology 229 -- Cities as circulation of flows 231 -- New urban ecological imaginaries 236 -- Urban footprints 240 -- Natural capital 248 -- Biophysical cycles and social processes 249 -- Cities as biotic communities 251 -- Ecologies of a model city region 254 -- Part IV Urban environmental issues 263 -- Part IV Urban environmental issues -- The environmental revolution : a brief context 265 -- A movement galvanizes 265 -- A global environmental revolution 271 -- Greening cities 227 -- Resistance 279 -- 11 Water 281 -- Water in develop cities 281 -- Water in developing cities 306 -- Conclusions 314 -- 12 Air -- Air pollution in the US 317 -- Air pollution in developing cities 344 -- Air quality trends in developing cities 344 -- Conclusions 349 -- 13 Climate change 351 -- Climate science : the basic facts 351 -- Impacts of climate change 357 -- Responding to climate change : mitigation and adaptation 364 -- Conclusions 378 -- 14 Garbage 379 -- Waste trends in the US 379 -- The garbage crisis? 382 -- The environmental hazards of landfills 388 -- A consuming mentality 390 -- Reducing waste 392 -- Incinerators : the solution to garbage? 396 -- Waste in the developing world 401 -- Conclusion 413 -- Part V (Re) aligning urban nature relations 415 -- 15 Race, class and environmental justice 417 -- Urban environments of inequality 417 -- Environmental justice 424 -- Urban environments and social difference 429 -- Healthy cities 431 -- Conclusions 434 -- 16 Urban sustainability 436 -- Intellectual roots of sustainability 436 -- Defining sustainability 439 -- Theories of sustainability 446 -- Practicing sustainability 449 -- Planning for sustainability 457 -- Implementing sustainability 461 -- Conclusions 480 -- Postscript 483 -- Notes 484 -- Index 517 -- Figures: 1.1 Gold Coast, Queensland Australia 6 -- 1.2 Cheonggyecheon, Seoul South Korea 11 -- 2.1 Map of Teotihuacán 30 -- 2.2 Map of Cape Town 31 -- 2.3 Map of Forbidden City 32 -- 2.4 Savannah, Georgia in 1734 34 -- 2.5 Boboli Gardens highlights the themes of formal garden design of Renaissance Florence 35 -- 2.6 Versailles 37 -- 2.7 Map of Washington, DC, 1791 39 -- 2.8 John Snow's map of cholera 47 -- 3.1a Industrial Pittsburgh view of the Point, circa 1900 60 -- 3.1b View of the Strip District at 11:00 a.m. in June of 1906 60 -- 3.2 Dead horse in the streets of New York City, circa 1910 67 -- 3.3 The White Wings, circa 1890s 79 -- 3.4 Olmsted's map of Central Park 82 -- 3.5 The informal landscape of Central Park 83 -- 3.6 Howard’s garden city 89 -- 3.7 The garden city of Greenbelt, Maryland featured walking paths between apartment buildings and to the town center 90 -- 3.8 Map of Ciudad Jardin Lomas del Palomar 93 -- 4.1 Rapid large-scale urbanization in the city of Incheon, South Korea 98 -- 4.2 The Kuznets environment curve 102 -- 4.3 High rise development in Shanghai, one of the world's biggest and fastest growing cities 110 -- 4.4 US and Canadian megapolitan areas 112 -- 4.5 Spreading sprawl in Brisbane, Australia 116 -- 5.1 Syracuse logo, circa 1848-1987 126 -- 5.2 Syracuse logo, 1987-present 127 -- 5.3 Construction at London Docklands 128 -- 5.4 Residential housing at London Docklands 129 -- 5.5 Baltimore’s Inner Harbor 130 -- 5.6 Waterfront development in Beijing 130 -- 5.7 In Baltimore, developers redesigned a brownfield, the old Proctor and Gamble factory 136 -- 5.8 The grayfield suburbs of Australia: Adelaide, South Australia 141 -- 6.1 Seoul, one of the world’s megacities 145 -- 6.2 A green urban park in the middle of Shanghai, a megacity with environmental problems but also a site of vast improvements in environmental quality 151 -- 6.3 Slum housing beside luxury living in Saigon, Vietnam 156 -- 6.4 "Flying Toilets" in an open sewer in a Nairobi slum 162 -- 6.5 Informal housing on precarious hillside in Roseau, Dominica 163 -- 7.1 A Sydney beach 174 -- 7.2 Pilgrims in Mecca 177 -- 7.3 Las Vegas fountains display the city's fantasy of extravagant disregard for water 180 -- 8.1 Earthquake damage in Port au Prince, Haiti 197 -- 8.2 Hurricane Ivan, 2004 213 -- 8.3 The effects on the ground of Hurricane Ivan 214 -- 8.4 Several years after Hurricane Katrina, vast areas of the Lower Ninth Ward are still not recovered and remain vacant 218 -- 9.1 Ravenswood power plant in Long Island City in Queens, New York 231 -- 9.2 Nighttime traffic in Seoul, South Korea 235 -- 9.3 Gantry State Park, New York 238 -- 9.4 The Highline in New York City 239 -- 9.5 Ecological footprint in London 241 -- 9.6 The mosaic of urban ecosystems: suburban district of Rome, Italy 252 -- 9.7 Urban transect 1: downtown Seoul, South Korea 256 -- 9.8 Urban transect 2: inner city, Queens, New York 257 -- 9.9 Urban transect 3: periurban, Anne Arundel County, Maryland 259 -- 11.1 Visualizing water supply and water treatment systems 282 -- 11.2 Combined sewer systems 288 -- 11.3 On the Cincinnati waterfront, residents are reminded that the Ohio River is subject to combined sewer overflows 288 -- 11.4 Venice, a city of islands and canals, has never maintained a main sewage system 290 -- 11.5 Separate sanitary systems 291 -- 11.6 Rain garden in Washington, DC helps capture stormwater run off 305 -- 11.7 Beijing Bamboo Park 315 -- 12.1 A smog station in Los Angeles 332 -- 12.2 Traditional and autorickshaws in Hyderabad, India 338 -- 12.3 Indoor air pollution 341 -- 12.4 Air pollution in Shanghai 345 -- 13.1 Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere by percentage volume 352 -- 13.2 The greenhouse effect 354 -- 13.3 Predicted flooding of Charleston, South Carolina 362 -- 13.4 London's Climate Action Plan calls for a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions that exceeds UK targets 376 -- 14.1 Municipal solid waste trends, 1960-2010 381 -- 14.2 Docklands protest 388 -- 14.3 Composition of the US waste stream, 2010 389 -- 14.4 The waste management hierarchy 393 -- 14.5 Recycling rates since 1960 396 -- 14.6 Operations at a typical waste to energy facility, or incinerator 399 -- 14.7 Many developing cities like Hanoi have significantly improved garbage and recycling programs in tourist areas and in public spaces, but still struggle to provide waste pick-up for all residential areas 401 -- 14.8 Informal trash heap 410 -- 14.9 Catadores in Rio's Jardim Gramacho dump 410 -- 15.1 Chester, Pennsylvania 418 -- 15.2 Sacred site in Alice Springs / Mparntwe 430 -- 16.1 Colonial Willamsburg is an example of historic reconstruction, complete with the recreation of historic events by actors in period costumes 457 -- 16.2 A power plant gets a new life as mixed use development that includes a Barnes & Noble, a Hard Rock Café and an ESPN Zone 458 -- 16.3 Green roof in Vienna 467 -- 16.4 The master plan for the former El Toro Marine Base, soon to be the Great Park, in Irvine, California 472 -- 16.5 La Rambla is an example of a pedestrian precinct in the historic center of Barcelona 473 -- 16.6 Bicycles in Amsterdam 475 -- Tables: 1.1 London's environmental inputs and outputs 5 -- 3.1 Urbanization in Manchester, England 59 -- 3.2 Industrial reforms and the creation of public utilities 72 -- 3.3 Outline of water treatment milestones 75 -- 4.1 Percentage urban population, 1950-2050 98 -- 4.2 Urban population in billions, 1950-2050 99 -- 4.3 Percentage urban population, 1950-2050 103 -- 4.4 City growth, 1950-2011: city population (millions) 103 -- 4.5 Megacities 2012 104 -- 5.1 Characteristics of brownfields 134 -- 8.1 Cities and hazards 195 -- 8.2 Recent major urban disasters 196 -- 9.1 Carbon footprints 244 -- 9.2 US metros with the largest and smallest carbon footprints 245 -- 10.1 Timeline of environmental revolution in the US 267 -- 11.1 Challenges in wastewater treatment 292 -- 11.2 Comparing Clean Water Act Priorities, 1972-2012 297 -- 12.1 Ten worst ozone-polluted cities, 2011 322 -- 12.2 The US EPA's Air Quality Index 325 -- 12.3 Toxic air pollutants 327 -- 12.4 Ten smokiest cities, particulate matter 2011 334 -- 12.5 Annual mean suspended particles (PM10 ug/m3) in selected cities 334 -- 12.6 Global Atmospheric Pollution Forum: partnership of international organizations and regional air pollution networks 349 -- 13.1 Climate change observations 356 -- 13.2 Potential climate impacts 357 -- 13.3 Selected climate mitigation efforts 366 -- 13.4 Examples of adaptation approaches 370 -- 14.1 Sources and types of municipal solid wastes 380 -- 14.2 Household hazards in landfills 390 -- 14.3 Plastics in the waste stream 392 -- 14.4 Source reduction activities 392 -- 14.5 Comparisons of solid waste management for selected cities 402 -- 16.1 Intellectual contributions on urban sustainable development 440 -- 16.2 The Three E’s of sustainability 442 -- 16.3 Sprawl vs. Smart Growth 451 -- 16.4 Objectives of green housing and green communities 463 --
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Urban ecology (Sociology)--Urbanization--Environmental aspects Urban pollution.--Sustainable development. City planning