TY - BOOK AU - Marsh,William M. TI - Landscape planning: environmental applications. SN - 0471525065 (pbk.) AV - HD108.6 M37 2010 U1 - 712 20 PY - 2010/// PB - John Wiley & Sons, Inc. KW - Land use KW - Planning KW - Environmental aspects KW - Local KW - Landscape design KW - Landscape protection KW - Landscape architecture N1 - Include index; Includes bibliographical references; CONTENTS : Preface vii -- An Introduction to the Book, the Field, and Some Perspectives 1 -- Opening Statement 2 -- Background Content 2 -- Content and Organization 3 -- Landscape Planning, Environmentalism, and Environmental Planning 4 -- The Spatial Context: Sides and Regions 5-- Finding the Appropriate Scale 5-- The Sustainable Systems Dilemma 7 -- Case Study: Building Sustainable Communities on Sustainable Landscape Systems 9 -- Selected References for Further Reading 10 -- Chapter 1 -- Landscape Planning: Roots, Problems, and Contents 13 -- Introduction: Roots 14 -- The Problem: Change and Impact 17 -- The Purpose of Planning 19 -- Planning Realms: Decision Making, Technical, and Design 19 -- Environmental Impact Assessment 20 -- Areas of Activity in Landscape Planning 22 -- Methods and Techniques 27 -- Environmental Ordinances (Bylaws) 28 -- The Planning Professions and Participating fields 29 -- Case Study: Adapting the EIS to Issues of Natural Gas Drilling in New York State 31 -- Selected References for Further Reading 34 -- Chapter 2 -- The Physiographic Framework of the United States and Canada 35 -- Introduction 36 -- The Physiographic Framework 36 -- The Canadian Shield 39 -- The Appalachian Region 42 -- The Interior Highlands 46 -- The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain 47 -- The Interior Plains 51 -- The Rocky Mountain Region 55 -- The Intermontane Region 57 -- The Pacific Mountain Region 60 -- The Yukon and Coastal Artic Region 63 -- Selected References for Further Reading 64 -- Chapter 3 -- Landscape Form and Function in Planning and Design 67 -- Introduction 68 -- Essential Systems and Processes of the Landscape 68 -- The Nature of Landscape Change 70 -- The Concept of Conditional Stability 72 -- Perspectives on Site as Landscape 73 -- Dimensions of the Site as Dynamic Space 74 -- Sources of Environmental Data for Site Planning 77 -- Theoretical Perspectives on Landscape 79 -- Case Study: Dams, Sustaining Streamflow, and Landscape Equilibria: An Illustration from Fossil Creek, Arizona 85 -- Selected References for Further Reading 89 -- Chapter 4 -- Topography, Slopes, and Land Use Planning 91-- Introduction 92 -- The Nature of Slope Problems 92 -- Building Slope Maps for Land Use Planning 94 -- Interpreting Slope Steepness and Form 97 -- Assessing Slopes for Stability 100 -- Applications to Community Planning 104 -- Why Slope Maps May Not Work in Some Areas 106 -- Case Study: Slope as a Growth-Control Tool in Community Planning 108 -- Selected References for Further Reading 109 -- Chapter 5 -- Assessing Soil for Land Use Planning and Waste Disposal 111 -- Introduction 112 -- Soil Composition 112 -- Soil Texture 113 -- Soil Moisture and Drainage 114 -- Soil, Landforms, and Topography 116 -- Applications to Land Planning 120 -- Planning Considerations in Solid Waste Disposal 122 – Hazardous Waste Regulation and Disposal 126 -- Case Study: Mapping Soil at the Site Scale for Private Development 127 -- Selected References for Further Reading 129 -- Chapter 6 -- Sites, Soils, and Wastewater Disposal Systems 131 -- Introduction 132 -- The Soil-Absorption System 132 -- Environmental Impact and System Design 135 -- Mapping Soil Suitability for On-Site Disposal 136 -- Alternatives to Standard SAS 139 -- Small-Flow Wetland Systems 142 -- Case Study: Land Use Implications of On-Site Wastewater Treatment Technologies: Lessons from the Great Lakes Region 143 -- Selected References for Further Reading 146 -- Chapter 7 -- Groundwater Systems, Land Use Planning, and Aquifer Protection 147 -- Introduction 148 -- Groundwater Sources and Features 148 -- Groundwater as a Flow System 151 -- Groundwater Withdrawal and Aquifer Impact 155 -- Sources of Groundwater Contamination 157 -- Applications to Landscape Planning and Design 158 -- Community Wellhead Protection 162 -- Case Study: GIS and the Management of Groundwater Contamination 163 -- Selected References for Further Reading 165 -- Chapter 8 -- Runoff and Stormwater Management in a Changing Landscape 167 -- Introduction 168 -- Runoff as Overland Flow 168 -- Computing Runoff from a Small Watershed 170 -- Using the Rational Method 174 -- Other Runoff Models and Concepts 175 -- Trends in Stormwater Discharge 177 -- Stormwater Mitigation in Development Planning and Design 179 -- The Concept of Performance 184 -- Comprehensive Water Management Planning 185 -- Case Study: A Case for Green Infrastructure in Stormwater Management, Surrey, British Columbia 186 -- Selected References for Further Reading 188 -- Chapter 9 -- Watersheds, Drainage Nets, and Land Usage Planning 191 -- Introduction 192 -- The Organization of Networks and Basins 192 -- Mapping the Drainage Basin 195 -- Land Use Alterations of Small Drainage Basins 196 -- Watershed Planning and Management Considerations 199 -- Framing a Plan for the Small Drainage Basin 203 -- Case Study: Watershed Concepts Applied to Industrial Site Management, Saltillo, Mexico 204 -- 208 Selected References for Further Reading 208 -- Chapter 10 -- Streamflow, Floodplains, Flood Hazard, and Land Use Planning 209 -- Introduction 210 -- Sources of Streamflow 210 -- Methods of Broadcasting Streamflow 213 -- The Size and Shape of Valleys and Floodplains 217 -- Applications to Land Planning and Design 219 -- Small Basin Floodplain Mapping 222 -- Case Study: Flood Risk and the Impacts of Fire in a Small Forested Watershed, Northern Arizona 224 -- Selected References for Further Reading 227 -- Chapter 11 -- Water Quality and Runoff Considerations in Landscape Management 229 -- Introduction 230 -- Pollution Types, Sources, and Measurement 230 -- Stormwater, Land Use, and Water Quality 233 -- Water Quality Mitigation on Land 235 -- Eutrophication of Waterbodies 238 -- Lake Nutrient Loading and Land Use 241 -- Planning for Water Quality Management in Small Watersheds 244 -- Case Study: Sediment and Nutrient Trapping Efficiency of a Constructed Wetland Near Delavan Lake, Wisconsin 248 -- Selected References for Further Reading 250 -- Chapter 12 -- Soil Erosion, Stream Sedimentation, and Landscape Management 253 -- Introduction 254 -- Soil Erosion, Bioclimate, and Land Use 254 -- The Soil Erosion-Sediment Transport Sediment 257 -- Principal Factors Influencing Soil Erosion 260 -- Computing Soil Erosion from Runoff 262 -- Applications to Landscape Planning and Managements 265 -- Watershed Management Considerations 268 -- Case Study: Erosion and Sediment Control on a Creek Restoration Project, South Lake Tahoe, California 271 -- Selected References for Further Reading 273 -- Chapter 13 -- Best Management Practices, Local Watersheds, and Development Sites 275 -- Introduction 276 -- The Watershed Runoff System and BMP Opportunities 276 -- The Site-Scale Stormwater System 279 -- Production BMPs 280 -- Site Removal (Release) BMPs 283 -- Delivery BMPs 284 -- An Approach to BMP Planning 284 -- Toward Green Infrastructure 286 -- Case Study: Making the Shift On-Site BMPs: Rainwater Management on a Small Urban Site 288 -- Selected References for Further Reading 291 -- Chapter 14 -- The Riparian Landscape: Streams, Channel Forms, and Valley Floors 293 -- Introduction 294 -- Hydraulic Behavior of Streams 294 -- Stream Erosion and Sediment Transport 296 -- Channel Dynamics and Patterns 298 -- Channel Forms, Meanders, and Related Processes 300 -- Floodplain Formation and Features 305 -- Riparian and Channel Habitats 306 -- Management Problems and Guidelines 308 -- Case Study: Stormwater Management and Channel Restoration in an Urban Watershed 314 -- Selected References for Further Reading 316 -- Chapter 15 -- The Coastal Landscape: Shoreline Systems, Landforms, and Management Considerations 319 -- Introduction 320 -- Wave Action, Currents, and Longshore Sediment Transport 320 -- Net Sediment Transport and Sediment Mass Balance 325 -- Trends in Shoreline Change 326 -- Sand Dune Formation and Nourishment 328 -- Applications to Coastal Zone Planning and Management 331 -- Site Management Considerations 336 -- Case Study: In Search of Green Alternatives to Conventional Engineered Shore Protection: The Rootwall Concept 340 -- Selected References for Further Reading 343 -- Chapter 16 -- Solar Climate Near the Ground: Landscape and the Built Environment 345 -- Introduction 346 -- Sun Angle and Incident Radiation 346 -- Variations in Sun Angle with Seasons and Topography 347 -- Radiation Balance and Solar Heating 350 -- Implications for Land Use, Vegetation, and Soil 354 -- Implications for Buildings and Living Environments 354 -- Case Study: Solar Considerations in Midlatitude Residential Landscape Design 358 -- Selected References for Further Reading 360 -- Chapter 17 -- Microclimate, Climate Change, and the Urban Landscape 363 -- Introduction 364 -- The Urban Heat Island 364 -- Climatic Variations Within the Urban Region 366 -- Air Pollution Management in the Urban Region 373 -- Climate Considerations in Urban Planning 375 -- – Climate Criteria for Urban Planning and Design 376 -- Case Study: Modifying Urban Climate and Reducing Energy Use Through Landscape Design 381 -- Selected References for Further Reading 383 -- Chapter 18 -- Ground Frost, Permafrost, Land Use, and Environment 385 -- Introduction 386 -- Daily and Seasonal Variations in Soil Heat 387 -- Controls on Soil Heat and Ground Frost 388 -- Permafrost 393 -- Land Use and Frozen Ground 394 -- Planning and Design Applications 397 -- Climate Change in a Permafrost Landscape 399 -- Case Study: Permafrost and the Trans-Alaska Pipeline 401 -- Selected References for Further Reading 403 -- Chapter 19 -- Vegetation, Land Use, and Environmental Assessment 405 -- Introduction 406 -- Description and Classification of Vegetation 406 -- Trends in Vegetation Change 407 -- The Concept of Sensitive Environments 413 -- vegetation as a Tool in Landscape Planning and Design 414 -- Approaches to Vegetation Analysis 419 -- Sampling Vegetation 421 -- Vegetation and Environmental Assessment 422 -- Case Study: Vegetation and Wildlife Habitat in Residential Planning, Central Texas 423 -- Selected References for Further Reading 426 -- Chapter 20 -- Landscape Ecology, Land Use, and Habitat Conversation Planning 429 -- Introduction 430 -- The Biogeographical Foundation 430 -- habitat, Land Use, and Biodiversity 432 -- Endangered, Threatened, and Protected Species 436 -- Patterns and Measures of Landscape Fragmentation 437 -- Habitat Conservation Planning 440 -- Case Study: Marsh Restoration for Bird Habitat in the Fraser River Delta, British Columbia 443 -- Selected References for Further Reading 445 -- Chapter 21 -- Wetlands, Habitat, and Land Use Planning 447 -- Introduction 448 -- Wetland Management Rationale 448 -- Wetland Hydrology 449 -- The Wetland Ecosystem 450 -- Wetland Types and Settings 452 -- Comprehensive Wetland Classification System 455 -- Wetland Mapping 458 -- Management and Mitigation Considerations 459 -- Case Study: In Search of Better Wetland Regulation and Management 462 -- Selected References for Further Reading 465 -- Chapter 22 -- Framing the Land Use Plan: A Systems Approach 467 -- Introduction 468 -- Getting a Handle on Systems 469 -- Framing Space in a Watershed 473 -- Designing Conceptual Alternatives 476 -- Testing and Evaluating Concept Plans 476 -- Advancing the Plan 477 -- Case Study: The Mountain watershed Variation 479 -- Selected References for Further Reading 481 -- Glossary 483 -- Credits 499 -- Index 501 -- ER -