09119nam a2200301Ia 450000100070000000500170000700800410002401000170006502000260008202000260010804000130013404100080014704200080015505000230016310000410018624500510022725000190027826000510029730000500034850400680039850579880046650501970845465000330865165000510868465000250873565000270876065000300878731317220191122090354.0110822s2013    cau           000 0 eng    a  2011937056  a9781847875402 (cloth)  a9781847875419 (paper)  aDLCcDLC  aspa  apcc00aQH308.2 .B376 20131 aBarnes, Jimc(Reader in psychology),10aEssential biological psychology /cJim Barnes.  aFirst edition.  aThousand Oaks, CA:bSAGE Publications,cc2013.  axxvi, 390 pagesbcolour illustrationsc24 cm.  aIncludes bibliographical references (p. [348]-374) and indexes.0 aPART ONE: NEURONS, NEUROTRANSMISSION AND COMMUNICATION How the Nervous System Is Organised Cells of the Nervous System The Neuron Neuroglial cells Information Exchange in the Nervous System The Resting Membrane Potential The Action Potential and Nerve Impulse Summation Effects Synaptic Transmission The Synaptic Vesicle Modulation of Synaptic Transmission Non-Synaptic Chemical Communication Post Synaptic Receptors and Receptors Types Neurotransmitters The Amino Acids Monoamines Acetylcholine Neuropeptides and Neuromodulators Soluble Gases PART TWO: NEUROANATOMY AND BRAIN MAPPING Anatomical terms of location Brodmann Areas Planes of Section The Central Nervous System Basic Brain Structure The Hindbrain The Midbrain The Forebrain Cerebral Cortex or Neocortex Ventricular System Spinal cord The Peripheral Nervous System Spinal Nerves Cranial Nerves The Autonomic Nervous System Brain Mapping Techniques Lesion Techniques Electrical Recording Structural Imaging Techniques Functional Imaging Techniques Neurochemical Techniques Behavioural Genetic Techniques Neuropsychological Techniques PART THREE: GENES AND EVOLUTION Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) DNA Replication Cell Division Mitosis Meiosis Protein Synthesis Pre-Initiation Complex and Promoters RNA Synthesis Transcription Regulation Translation Genetic Mutations Sex Cells Influence of the Environment on Gene Expression The Evolution of the Nervous System Diffuse Nervous Systems Centralised Nervous Systems - Cephalised Systems Centralised Nervous Systems - Compartmentalised Systems Centralised Nervous Systems - Complex Compartmentalised Nervous Systems The Vertebrate System The primitive state Encephalisation Dominance of the cerebrum PART FOUR: DEVELOPMENT AND PLASTICITY OF THE BRAIN The Emergence of the Nervous System Induction Proliferation Migration Aggregation Differentiation and Axon Growth Synaptogenesis Selective Cell Death Functional Validation Developmental Abnormalities Spina bifida Anencephaly Microcephaly Macrocephaly Down Syndrome Phenylketonuria (PKU) Fragile X syndrome Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) Neural Plasticity Effects of Visual Deprivation on Ocular Dominance The Critical Period Neuronal Regeneration Contralateral Sprouting Denervation Supersensitivity Reorganization of Sensory Representations Regenerating the Nervous System: cell transplantations PART FIVE: VISUAL SYSTEM The Eye The Retina Photoreceptors: the rods and cones Transduction of Visual Information Major types of Ganglion Cells Horizontal Cells Amacrine Cells Pathways of the Eye and Brain Analysis of Information: the visual cortex Dorsal and Ventral Streams Recognition of Objects Secondary Visual Cortex The Perception of Colour, Motion and Depth Colour Vision Motion Perception The Binding Problem Disorders of Object Perception Visual Agnosia Apperceptive Agnosia Associative Agnosia Blindsight Hemispatial Neglect PART SIX: NON-VISUAL SENSORY SYSTEMS Sensory Processing The Somatosenses Skin Receptors Spinal Cord Dermatone Somatosensory Pathways Conscious sensation Unconscious sensation Gate Theory of Pain Somatosensory Cortex Auditory System The Ear Transduction of Sound Wave to Nerve Signal The Neural Connections and the Pathway to Auditory Cortex Primary Auditory Cortex Detection of Frequency Perception of Amplitude Music Perception Hearing loss - Deafness Balance - The Vestibular System Chemical Senses Taste Olfaction PART SEVEN: MOTOR CONTROL AND MOVEMENT The Mechanics of Movement Control Striated or Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle and Cardiac Muscle Structure of Striated or Skeletal Muscle Tendon Organs Muscle Spindles Spinal Reflexes Renshaw Cells Gamma Motor System Movement Controlled by the Cortex Primary motor cortex(M1) Secondary motor cortex Posterior Parietal Cortex Motor Pathways Pathways Originating in Cortex Pathways Originating in Subcortex Cerebellum The Structure of the Cerebellum Inputs and outputs to the cerebellum The Cerebellum Circuits Basal Ganglia PART EIGHT: THE BIOPSYCHOLOGY OF MOTIVATION Motives Eating The Role of the Hypothalamus in Hunger and Satiety Paraventricular and Arcuate Nuclei Glucostatic Principle Ghrelin Environmental Factors of Eating The Lipostatic Theory Set Point Theory Genetics and Obesity Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Drinking Dry Mouth Theory Osmostic Thirst Hypovolemic Thirst Reproductive Behaviour Development of the Reproductive Organs Sex Differences in the Brain Role of SDN in the management of male sexual behaviours PART NINE: SLEEP AND BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS Biological Rhythms The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) Influence of light-dark cycle How Much Sleep Do People Require? Measuring Sleep Sleep Stages REM Sleep Ponto-Geniculo-Occipital Waves or PGO Waves Sequences of NREM and REM Sleep Neural Mechanisms of Sleep Passive Sleep Theory Active Reticular Activation System Theory Hypothalamus Basal Forebrain Raphe Nucleus Theories Regarding Reasons for Sleep Evolutionary Theory of Sleep Repair and Restoration Theory of Sleep Information Consolidation Theory of Sleep Sleep Disorders Insomnia Sleep related breathing disorders: sleep apnea Hypersomnia: narcolepsy Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders Parasomnias PART TEN: BIOPSYCHOLOGY OF EMOTIONS, STRESS AND HEALTH Biopsychology of Emotions Darwin's Theory James Lange Theory Canon-Bard Theory Schachter-Singer Theory Sham Rage Anatomy of Emotions The Limbic system and the Papez circuit Hippocampus Amygdala Thalamus Hypothalamus Cingulate gyrus Ventral Tegmental Area Septum Prefrontal area Insula Cerebral Hemispheres and Emotion Emotions and Facial Expressions Primary and Secondary Facial Emotions Facial Feedback Hypothesis Duchenne Smile Fear, Attack and Escape Behaviours Attack Behaviours Heredity and Aggression Neurotransmitters and Hormones Testosterone Glucocorticoids Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Serotonin Stress and Health Theories Relating to Stress General adaptation model How the body reacts to stress The Immune System Psychoneuroimmunology (PIN) Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) PART ELEVEN: MEMORY, LEARNING AND AMNESIA Processing of Information Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory Working Memory Long Term Memory Reinforcement Classic Conditioning Instrumental or Operant Conditioning Neural mechanisms of reinforcement Hebbian Theory Learning in Aplysia Brain Areas Involved in Memory The Hippocampus Second Messenger Systems and Memory The Cellular Basis of Memory: Long Term Potentiation Other Brain Structures Associated with Memory Disorders of Memory: amnesia Anterograde Amnesia Retrograde Amnesia Psychogenic or Functional amnesia Case Study 1: Clive Wearing Case Study 2: Henry Gustav Molaison PART TWELVE: LATERALISATION AND LANGUAGE Lateralisation of Brain Function Split-Brain Patients Language Involvement of the Right Hemisphere in Language Is Language Innate or Do We Learn It? Speech Production Broca Aphasia Speech Comprehension Wernicke's Aphasia The Wernicke-Geschwind model The Bilingual Brain Other Disorders of Speech Production Fluent Aphasias Non Fluent Aphasias Apraxia of Speech Verbal auditory agnosia Reading Writing Disorders of Reading and Writing Alexia and Agraphia Dysgraphia Dyslexia PART THIRTEEN: BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOUR DISORDERS Diagnosis of affective disorders Depression Major Depression Dysthymia Bipolar Disorders Cyclothymia Causes of Depression Genetics Neurochemistry and Depression Neuroanatomy of Depression The role of HPA system in depression Treatment of Depression Schizophrenia Course of schizophrenia The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia The NMDA and Glutamate Hypothesis of Schizophrenia Brain Damage and Schizophrenia Neurological Disorders The Neurological Examination Dementia: Alzheimer's Disease Classification of Alzheimer's Disease Assessment of Azheimer's Disease Neurotransmitters and the ACH Hypothesis APP and Amyloid Beta Hypothesis Tau Hypothesis Presenilins Apolipoprotein E Hypothesis Movement Disorder: Parkinson's Disease Signs and0 a Symptoms Assessment of Parkinson's Disease Causes of Parkinson's Disease Neural Structures Involved in Parkinson's Disease Motor circuit in Parkinson disease Management of Parkinson's Disease00aBiological psychiatry2Local00aNervous System Psysiological Processes.2Local00aPsychobiology2Local00aNeuropsychology2Local00aBrainxPhysiology.2Local