21540nam a2200469Ia 45000030006000000050017000060080041000230100017000640150014000810200025000950200022001200200031001420200028001730400034002010410008002350500024002430820015002672450094002822640041003763000078004173360026004953370028005213380027005495000010005765040017005865052622006035052134032255051087805359505384816237520058420085650006920669650005020738650006420788650002520852650002820877650003420905700002720939700002720966700002420993700002921017700002421046pucpr20260225112455.0031413s2010 dcuab b i001 0 eng  a 2009040408 aGBA9A2888 a9780821380468 (pbk.) a082138046X (pbk.) a9780821381441 (electronic) a082138144X (electronic) apucprbengcpucprdpucprerda aspa00aHT384.D44bS89 201000a307.7622200aEco2 Cities :becological cities as economic cities. /cHiroaki Suzuki ... [et al.].htxt aWashington :bThe World Bank,c2010. axxviii, 358 p.bill. (chiefly col.) ; maps (chiefly col.) ;c28 cm.fbook 2rdacontentatextbtxt 2rdamediaaunmediadedbn 2rdacarrieravolumebnc aIndex aBibliography aTABLE OF CONTENTS : Foreword xv -- Preface xvii -- Acknowledgments xxiii -- The Structure of This Book xxv -- Abbreviations xxvii -- Executive Summary 1 -- PART ONE : THE FRAMEWORK 11 -- Chapter 1 : Ecological Cities as Economic Cities 13 -- Challenges and Opportunities -- Innovations in Urban Sustainability and Their Benefits -- Powerful Lessons from Best Practice Cities -- Opportunities to Capitalize -- Chapter 2 : Eco2 Cities Initiative : Principles and Pathways 29 -- The Many Challenges That Cities Face -- A Principled Approach That Can Overcome the Challenges -- The Move from Principles to Core Elements and a Unique Eco2 Pathway -- Chapter 3 : A City - Based Approach 43 -- The Core Elements of a City - Based Approach -- Stepping Stones for a City - Based Approach -- Chapter 4 : An Expanded Platform for Collaborative Design and Decision Making 51 -- The Core Elements of a Platform for Collaboration -- Stepping Stones for an Expanded Platform for Collaboration -- Chapter 5 : A One - System Approach 61 -- The Core Elements of a One - System Approach -- Stepping Stones for the One - System Approach -- Chapter 6 : An Investment Framework That Values Sustainability and Resiliency 89 -- The Core Elements of Investment in Sustainability and Resiliency -- Stepping Stones for Investing in Sustainability and Resiliency -- Chapter 7 : Moving Forward Together 103 -- Knowledge Sharing , Technical Assistance , and Capacity Building -- Financial Resources -- PART TWO : A CITY - BASED DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM 107 -- Chapter 8 : Methods for Collaborative Design and Decision Making 111 -- Organizing and Managing Collaborative Working Groups -- Developing a Shared Framework for Aligning Visions and Actions -- Conducting a Regional Systems Design Charrette -- Chapter 9 : Methods for Analyzing Flows and Forms 123 -- Meta Diagrams and Material Flow Analysis -- Effective Overlay Mapping -- Chapter 10 : Methods for Investment Planning 143 -- Life - Cycle Costing -- Environmental Accounting -- Foresight Workshops and Resiliency Planning -- PART THREE : THE FIELD REFERENCE GUIDE 165 -- Eco2 Case Studies 167 -- Case 1 : Curitiba , Brazil -- Case 2 : Stockholm , Sweden -- Case 3 : Singapore -- Case 4 : Yokohama , Japan -- Case 5 : Brisbane , Australia -- Case 6 : Auckland , New Zealand -- Eco2 Sector Notes 225 -- Sector Note 1 : Cities and Energy -- Sector Note 2 : Cities and Water -- Sector Note 3 : Cities and Transport -- Sector Note 4 : Cities and Solid Waste -- Managing the Spatial Structure of Cities -- World Bank Group ' s Financial Instruments and Multidonor Funds 329 -- Index 339 --  aBOXES : Box 1 . 1 The City - Based Approach Is Bottom – Up 45 -- Box 1 . 2 Combining Forecasts and Backcasts to Achieve Resiliency and Sustainability 56 -- Box 1 . 3 Combining Flows and Forms to Create a Transdisciplinary Platform 63 -- Box 1 . 4 Form and Flows 73 -- Box 1 . 5 Urban Land Pooling and Land Readjustment 84 -- Box 3 . 1 The Development Strategies of Stockholm 185 -- Box 3 . 2 The Measures in the CitySmart Program in Brisbane 214 -- Box 3 . 3 Examples of Grants and Rebates for Environmentally Sustainable Home Projects in Brisbane 214 -- Box 3 . 4 Eight Goals Direct the Auckland Sustainability Framework 222 -- Box 3 . 5 Energy Planning in Mannheim 235 -- Box 3 . 6 Public Agencies with Significant Influence on Electricity Production , Distribution , and Use , California 237 -- Box 3 . 7 An Extensive Solar Water Heating Program in Rizhao , China 241 -- Box 3 . 8 Improving Energy Efficiency , Reducing Energy Costs , and Releasing Municipal Budgets 246 -- Box 3 . 9 The Effect of Distribution System Configuration on Energy Consumption 257 -- Box 3 .10 Conservation and Domestic Water Consumption , Canada 260 -- Box 3 . 11 Combined Water and Energy Activities in Water Supply Management 262 -- Box 3 .12 The Watergy Case Study in Fortaleza , Brazil 263 -- Box 3 .13 The Four Pillars of Sustainable Urban Transportation Institutions 273 -- Box 3 .14 Transit - Oriented Development 278 -- Box 3 .15 Emission - Based Road Pricing in Milan , Italy 280 -- Box 3 .16 Beijing : Travel Demand Management and the Legacy of the Olympic Games 280 -- Box 3 .17 Bus Rapid Transit 288 -- Box 3 .18 Performance Metrics 301 -- Box 3 . 19 An Innovative Waste Collection Approach 303 -- Box 3 . 20 A Recycling Program Involving Citizens 303 -- Box 3 . 21 Waste Reduction through Stakeholder Engagement , Yokohama 305 -- Box 3 . 22 The Clean Development Mechanism and Waste Management 307 -- Box 3 . 23 Landfill Gas Capture and Use in Tianjin , China 308 -- Box 3 . 24 Using Various Climate Change Funds Simultaneously or Sequentially 337 -- Box 3 . 25 Citywide Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction and Carbon Finance 337 -- aFIGURES : Figure 1 .1 The Hammarby Model , Stockholm : An Example of Integrated Planning and Management 20 -- Figure 1 . 2 Initial First - Phase Results of Hammarby Sjöstad according to the Environmental Load Profile Life - Cycle Analysis Tool 21 -- Figure 1 . 3 The Integrated Transportation Network , 1974 - 95 and 2009 22 -- Figure 1 .4 A Possible Government Role : Administering a National Eco Fund to Support Participating Cities 48 -- Figure 1 . 5 The City ' s Collaborative Working Group at Three Tiers : Corporate , Municipal , and Regional 53 -- Figure 1. 6 Aalborg Charter 58 -- Figure 1 . 7 The Load Curve of a District Heating System 65 -- Figure 1 . 8 Cascading Water Use 66 -- Figure 1 . 9 Cascading and Looping Water in Singapore 67 -- Figure 1 . 10 Looping Resources 67 -- Figure 1 . 11 The Cluster Management of Waste 68 -- Figure 1 . 12 Distributed Systems 70 -- Figure 1 . 13 Uses of a Pedestrian Pathway 71 -- Figure 1 . 14 A Distributed System for Wastewater Treatment 71 -- Figure 1 . 15 Integrated Materials and Waste Management 72 -- Figure 1 . 16 Innovative Energy Infrastructure 72 -- Figure 1 . 17 Integrated Storm Water Management 72 -- Figure 1 . 18 Traditional Dwelling Supply Systems 72 -- Figure 1 . 19 Combined Trenching for Infrastructure Systems 73 -- Figure 1 . 20 A Broad View of the City Center of Houston 74 -- Figure 1 . 21 Urban Density and Transport - Related Energy Consumption -- Figure 1 . 22 A Different Paradigm for Urban Design 76 -- Figure 1 . 23 Integrating the Benefits of Natural Systems in Communities 77 -- Figure 1 . 24 The Multiple Uses of a Public School 77 -- Figure 1 . 25 Time Rings 79 -- Figure 1. 26 Shantigram Township before the Land Readjustment Scheme , Gujarat , India 85 -- Figure 1 . 27 Shantigram Township : Final Serviced Land Parcels for Sale , Gujarat , India 86 -- Figure 1 . 28 Summary of Resource Flows through London , 2000 93 -- Figure 1 . 29 Targeted Indicator Type , by Level of City Personnel 97 -- Figure 1 . 30 An Inflexible Energy System 99 -- Figure 1 . 31 An Adaptable Energy System 99 -- Figure 1 . 32 Financial Instruments 105 -- Figure 2 . 1 The Collaborative Model 112 -- Figure 2 . 2 The Collaborative Working Group 113 -- Figure 2 . 3 The Core Team and Sector Advisers 114 -- Figure 2 . 4 A Long - Term Planning Framework 115 -- Figure 2 . 5 Catalyst Projects 118 -- Figure 2 . 6 Design Workshop : Systems Design Charrette 119 -- Figure 2 . 7 A Regional Design Charrette 121 -- Figure 2 . 8 A Sankey Diagram 124 -- Figure 2 . 9 An Example of a Meta Diagram 125 -- Figure 2 . 10 Baseline Water Flows for Irvine , California 126 -- Figure 2 . 11 An Example of a Countrywide Meta Diagram 127 -- Figure 2 . 12 Meta Diagram Patterns : Physical Flows 127 -- Figure 2 .13 Meta Diagram for Jinze , Shanghai : The Current Energy System 128 -- Figure 2 . 14 Meta Diagram for Jinze , Shanghai : An Advanced System 128 -- Figure 2 . 15 A Schematic for a Downtown Neighborhood 129 -- Figure 2 . 16 Meta Diagrams on Energy for a Proposed New Town 130 -- Figure 2 . 17 Annual Energy Use as an Indicator in Squamish , Canada 131 -- Figure 2 . 18 Approaches to the Development of Meta Diagrams 131 -- Figure 2 . 19 Auditing Reference Buildings to Create a Meta Diagram 132 -- Figure 2 . 20 Sample Universal Flow Matrix for Water 135 -- Figure 2 . 21 Layering Data 136 -- Figure 2 . 22 Overlay Mapping 137 -- Figure 2 . 23 An Example of an Overlay Map Used for Risk Assessment 138 -- Figure 2 . 24 An Example of an Overlay Map of Renewable Energy Sources 139 -- Figure 2 . 25 Community Viz 140 -- Figure 2 . 26 The Life Cycle of a Building 144 -- Figure 2 . 27 Baseline Low - Density Scenario Developed Using a Mask 147 -- Figure 2 . 28 Baseline Scenario : Initial Capital Costs 148 -- Figure 2 . 29 Baseline Scenario : Annual Operating Costs per Unit 149 -- Figure 2 . 30 Baseline Scenario : Graphic Representation of Initial Capital Costs and Annual Operating Costs per Unit 149 -- Figure 2 . 31 Baseline Scenario : Representation of True Life - Cycle Costs , gall Including Replacement 149 -- Figure 2 . 32 Baseline Scenario : Graphic Representation of True Life - Cycle Costs 150 -- Figure 2 . 33 Baseline Scenario : Estimate of Taxes , User Fees , and Initial Development Cost Charges 150 -- Figure 2 . 34 Sustainable Neighborhood Scenario : Initial Capital Costs per Unit 151 -- Figure 2 . 35 Sustainable Neighborhood Scenario : Annual Operating Costs per Unit 151 -- Figure 2 . 36 Sustainable Neighborhood Scenario : Graphic Representation of Initial Capital Costs and Annual Operating Costs per Unit 151 -- Figure 2 . 37 Sustainable Neighborhood Scenario : Representation of True Life - Cycle Costs , Including Replacement 152 -- Figure 2 . 38 Sustainable Neighborhood Scenario : Graphic Representation of True Life - Cycle Costs 152 -- Figure 2 . 39 Sustainable Neighborhood Scenario : Estimate of Taxes , User Fees , and Initial Development Cost Charges 152 -- Figure 2 . 40 Comparison of Baseline and Sustainable Neighborhood Scenarios : Initial Capital Costs 153 -- Figure 2 . 41 Comparison of Baseline and Sustainable Neighborhood Scenarios : Annual Operating Costs 153 -- Figure 2 . 42 Comparison of Baseline and Sustainable Neighborhood Scenarios : Annual Municipal Costs and Necessary Revenues over 75 Years 153 -- Figure 2 . 43 Comparison of Baseline and Sustainable Neighborhood Scenarios : Annual Life - Cycle Costs per Household 154 -- Figure 2 . 44 RETScreen Software 155 -- Figure 2 . 45 An Example of a RETScreen Financial Summary 156 -- Figure 2 . 46 An Example of a RETScreen Financial Summary Visual 157 -- Figure 2 . 47 The Environmental Load Profile 158 -- Figure 2 . 48 ELP – Related Achievements in Hammarby Sjöstad 159 -- Figure 2 . 49 Opportunities to Reduce Environmental Impacts 160 -- Figure 2 . 50 Template for an Influence Diagram 163 -- Figure 3 . 1 Curitiba Cityscape 169 -- Figure 3 . 2 Policy Integration in Curitiba 170 -- Figure 3 . 3 Urban Growth Axes in Curitiba 171 -- Figure 3 . 4 Density of Curitiba , 2004 171 -- Figure 3 . 5 Zoning in Curitiba , 2000 171 -- Figure 3 . 6 Evolution of the Integrated Bus Network in Curitiba , 1974 - 95 and 2009 172 -- Figure 3 . 7 The Trinary Road System in Curitiba 172 -- Figure 3 . 8 Bi - articulated BRT Bus and Bus Station in Curitiba 174 -- Figure 3 . 9 Color - Coded Buses in Curitiba 174 -- Figure 3 . 10 Barigüi Park , Curitiba 175 -- Figure 3 . 11 Slums in Flood - Prone Areas in Curitiba 175 -- Figure 3 . 12 The Transfer of Development Rights for Environmental Preservation in Curitiba 176 -- Figure 3 . 13 Curitiba ' s Waste Program 177 -- Figure 3 . 14 Illegal Occupancy in Curitiba 178 -- Figure 3 . 15 Social Housing in Curitiba 179 -- Figure 3 . 16 The Transfer of Development Rights for Social Housing in Curitiba 179 -- Figure 3 . 17 Pedestrian Streets in the Center of Curitiba 179 -- Figure 3 . 18 The Transfer of Development Rights for Heritage Preservation in Curitiba 180 -- Figure 3 . 19 The Green Line 180 -- Figure 3 . 20 Stockholm Cityscape 183 -- Figure 3 . 21 The Hammarby Model for Stockholm 189 -- Figure 3 . 22 Monitoring Major Reductions in Environmental Loads , Hammarby Sjöstad Stockholm 190 -- Figure 3 . 23 Local Investment Subsidy Program Funding across Types of Projects in Sweden 191 -- Figure 3 . 24 Stockholm Royal Seaport : Vision of a New City District 192 -- Figure 3 . 25 Singapore Cityscape 195 -- Figure 3 . 26 A Green Area in Singapore 197 -- Figure 3 . 27 A Closed Water Loop in Singapore 199 -- Figure 3 . 28 The Yokohama Waterfront 205 -- Figure 3 . 29 Public Awareness Campaigns for Waste Reduction and Separation in Yokohama 207 -- Figure 3 . 30 Waste Reduction in Yokohama , Fiscal Years 2001 - 07 208 -- Figure 3 . 31 The Waste Flow in Yokohama , Fiscal Year 2007 208 -- Figure 3 . 32 Auckland Harbor Viewed from the East 208 -- Figure 3 . 33 The START Logo 220 -- Figure 3 . 34 Strategic Planning among Many Stakeholders at a Three - Day Regional Charrette , New Zealand 221 -- Figure 3 . 35 The Auckland Sustainability Framework 223 -- Figure 3 . 36 A Stylized Framework for Urban Energy Planning and Management 230 -- Figure 3 . 37 Urban Energy Supply Sources and Systems : A Stylized Sketch 234 -- Figure 3 . 38 New York City : Key Stakeholders in Electricity Supply and Consumption 238 -- Figure 3 . 39 Urban Density and Transportation - Related Energy Consumption 247 -- Figure 3 . 40 The Input - Output Framework in the Water Sector 252 -- Figure 3 . 41 The Institutional Setup in the Water Sector 255 -- Figure 3 . 42 Schematic Diagram of a Water System 256 -- Figure 3 . 43 Area at Risk If There Were a 0 . 5 - Meter Rise in Sea Level in Asia 258 -- Figure 3 . 44 Changes in the Annual Mean Daily Precipitation Expected by 2100 258 -- Figure 3 . 45The Stakeholder Dynamics and Accountability Triangle 264 -- Figure 3 . 46 Savings in the Supply of Water 264 -- Figure 3 . 47 The Input - Output Framework of Transportation Interventions 268 -- Figure 3 . 48 Average New Vehicle Fuel Economy Standards 271 -- Figure 3 . 49 The Structure of the Integrated Public Transportation Network in Curitiba , Brazil 276 -- Figure 3 . 50 A Locality in the State of Colorado 277 -- Figure 3 . 51 A Pedestrian - Friendly Street in Curitiba , Brazil 279 -- Figure 3 . 52 An Example of Microdesign and Walking Isochrones 279 -- Figure 3 . 53 The Benefits under Speed Conditions of Select Highway Applications of Intelligent Transportation Systems 284 -- Figure 3 . 54 Classification of Intelligent Transportation System Market Packages 284 -- Figure 3 . 55 Elements of Utility in Models for Choosing a Transportation Mode 289 -- Figure 3 . 56 Curitiba : Terminal Carmo , Adjacent Shops , and Citizenship Street 289 -- Figure 3 . 57 The Amount of Roadway Used by the Same Passengers Traveling by Car , Bicycle , or Bus 291 -- Figure 3 . 58 The Input - Output Framework of a Waste Management System 296 -- Figure 3 . 59 Waste Hierarchy 298 -- Figure 3 . 60 Waste Sorting Plant and Windrow Composting Operation , Cairo 304 -- Figure 3 . 61 A Compactor Operating on a Landfill 304 -- Figure 3 . 62 Central Electricity Generation Facility and Flare for Landfill Gas , Tianjin , China 304 -- Figure 3 . 63 Spatial Structures and Trip Patterns 313 -- Figure 3 . 64 Parking Space as Real Estate at Marina Towers , Chicago 315 -- Figure 3 . 65 Car Space Requirements and Available Space Densities 315 -- Figure 3 . 66 A Three - Dimensional Representation of the Spatial Distribution of Population , Gauteng and Metropolitan Jakarta , Indonesia , 2001 317 -- Figure 3 . 67 The Profile of Built - Up Areas in 12 Large Metropolises 320 -- Figure 3 . 68 The Affordability of the Minimum Plot Size in Suburban Areas , Addis Ababa 323 -- Figure 3 . 69 Sharing Larger Plots among Lower - Income Households , in Sebokeng , Gauteng , South Africa 325 --  aTABLES -- Table 1 . 1 The Eco2 Cities : Principles and Pathways , 39 -- Table 1 . 2 Impacts of Government Actions on Land Markets , the Size of the Informal Sector , and the Spatial Structure of Cities , 82 -- Table 1 . 3 A Design Assessment Matrix , 94 -- Table 1 . 4 Sample Indicators in the Four Capitals Approach , 96 -- Table 2 . 1 A Policy Matrix , 120 -- Table 2 . 2 Sample Forms for the Collection of Standardized Data on Water Flows , 134 -- Table 2 . 3 City of Fort St . John : Comparative Statistics for Two Scenarios , 147 -- Table 3 . 1 The Time and Fuel Losses Caused by Congestion 173 -- Table 3 . 2 Water Tariffs in Singapore 200 -- Table 3 . 3 Water Consumption and Water Bills per Household , 1995 , 2000 , and 2004 201 -- Table 3 . 4 The Power of Stakeholder Engagement in Yokohama , Fiscal Years 2001 – 07 206 -- Table 3 . 5 Waste in Yokohama , Fiscal Years 2001 – 07 207 -- Table 3 . 6 CO2 Reduction through Waste Reduction , Fiscal Years 2001 - 07 209 -- Table 3 . 7 Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Electricity Use by the Brisbane City Council , Fiscal Years 2005 – 08 215 -- Table 3 . 8 Energy Consumption in Cities : Main Sectors and Clusters 231 -- Table 3 . 9 Energy Consumption in Cities : Key End Use Activities and Energy Types 232 -- Table 3 . 10 Energy Policies and Regulations and Links to Cities 236 -- Table 3 . 11 The Indicative Economics of Sustainable Energy Options 240 -- Table 3 . 12 Sustainable Urban Energy Indicators and Benchmarks : Preliminary Proposal 242 -- Table 3 . 13 Typical Barriers to Public Sector Sustainable Energy Investments 243 -- Table 3 . 14 A Comparative Economic Analysis of Selected Streetlighting Systems 245 -- Table 3 . 15 Water Sector Management Systems 253 -- Table 3 . 16 The Policy , Legislative , and Regulatory Framework Affecting the Water Sector 254 -- Table 3 . 17 The Typical Objectives or Desired Outputs of Transport Interventions 269 -- Table 3 . 18 Urban Transportation Outcomes in Selected Cities 269 -- Table 3 . 19 Policies , Legislation , and Regulations Affecting the Transportation Sector 270 -- Table 3 . 20 Institutional Functions and Jurisdictions in Transportation 272 -- Table 3 . 21 The Framework of Transportation Interventions 274 -- Table 3 . 22 Basic and Advanced Transportation Interventions 274 -- Table 3 . 23 Type of Development and the Implications for Transportation 282 -- Table 3 . 24 Mobility Infrastructure Hierarchy 282 -- Table 3 . 25 Elements of a Public Transportation Network 283 -- Table 3 . 26 Summary of Select Vehicle and Fuel Interventions 285 -- Table 3 . 27 CO2 Emissions from a Range of Vehicle Types 286 -- Table 3 . 28 Basic and Advanced Stakeholder Interests 286 -- Table 3 . 29 Economic and Financial Aspects 287 -- Table 3 . 30 Summary of Cross - Sector Integration Opportunities 292 -- Table 3 . 31 Waste Generation Rates 297 -- Table 3 . 32 The Composition of Waste by the Waste Producer ' s Income 297 -- Table 3 . 33 The Impact of Government on Land Markets , the Informal Sector , and the Spatial Structure of Cities 318 -- Table 3 . 34 World Bank IBRD Loans / IDA Credits : Specific Investment Loans 330 -- Table 3 . 35 World Bank IBRD Loans / IDA Credits : Subnational Development Policy Lending ( DPL ) 330 -- Table 3 . 36 World Bank Group Financing : Joint World Bank – IFC Subnational Finance 331 -- Table 3 . 37 World Bank Group Financing : IFC Financing and Services 332 -- Table 3 . 38 World Bank Group Financing : MIGA Guarantees 332 -- Table 3 . 39 Multidonor Funds - Climate Investment : Clean Technology Fund ( CTF ) 333 -- Table 3 . 40 Multidonor Funds - Climate Investment : Strategic Climate Fund ( SCF ) 334 -- Table 3 . 41 Multidonor Funds - Global Environment Facility ( GEF ) 335 -- Table 3 . 42 Market - Based Instruments : Carbon Finance Carbon Partnership Facility ( CPF ) 336 --  aThe Eco2 Cities approach is a point of departure for cities that would like to reap the many benefits of ecological and economic sustainability. It provides an analytical and operational framework that offers strategic guidance to cities on sustainable and integrated urban development. At the same time case studies are used throughout the book to provide a matter-of-fact and ground-level perspective. The Eco2 framework is flexible and easily customized to the context of each country or city. Based on the particular circumstances and the development priorities of a city? -- 0aUrbanizationxEnvironmental aspectszDeveloping countries2Local 0aSustainable developmentzDeveloping countries 0aUrbanizationxEconomic aspectszDeveloping countries2Local 0aDeveloping Countries 0aAgricultural industries 0aAgricultural intensification 1 aSuzuki, Hiroakid1951-1 aMaruyama, Hinako.4aut1 aYabuki, Nanae.4aut1 aMoffatt, Sebastian.4aut1 aDastur, Arish.4aut