Hydrology In Practice : txt
Elizabeth M Shaw, keith J. Beven, Nick A. Chappell and Rob Lamb. /
- Fourth edition
- xiv, 543 p. ill. ; maps ; 25 cm. book
Include index.
Includes bibliographical references.
Contents : Preface -- 1 The hydrological cycle and hydrometeorology -- 1.1 The hydrological cycle and water pathways 1 -- 1.2 Pathways generating river how 2 -- 1.3 Hydrometeorological control of hydrological pathways 6 -- 1.4 Evaporation 15 -- 1.5 Precipitation 16 -- 1.6 Weather patterns producing precipitation 19 -- 1.7 Climate 25 -- Note 29 -- References 29 -- PART I HYDROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS -- 2 Hydrometric networks 30 -- 2.1 Gauging networks 30 -- 2.2 Design considerations 31 -- 2.3 Precipitation networks 32 -- 2.4 Evaporation networks 33 -- 2.5 Overland flow networks 34 -- 2.6 Subsurface water networks 34 -- 2.7 River gauging networks 34 -- Note 35 -- References 36 -- 3 Precipitation 37 -- 3.1 Non - recording ( storage ) rain gauges 38 -- 3.2 Recording rain gauges 40 -- 3.3 Siting the rain gauge 42 -- 3.4 Horizontal rain and occult precipitation gauges 44 -- 3.5 Snowfall gauges 44 -- 3.6 Ground-based rainfall radar 45 -- 3.7 Combined radar and satellite observations 45 -- 3.8 Net precipitation gauges 47 -- Note 47 -- References 47 -- 4 Evaporation 49 -- 4.1 Factors affecting evaporation 49 -- 4.2 Measurement of open water evaporation 51 -- 4.3 Measurement of evapotranspiration 56 -- 4.4 Measurement of meteorological variables for evaporation estimation 57 -- 4.5 Direct measurement of evapotranspiration by eddy flux instruments 62 -- 4.6 Scintillometer measurements of evapotranspiration 64 -- References 64 5 Hillslope and aquifer hydraulic parameters 65 -- 5.1 Saturated hydraulic conductivity 66 -- 5.2 Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity curve 76 -- 5.3 Intrinsic permeability 77 -- 5.4 Porosity 78 -- 5.5 Dispersion coefficient 78 -- References 79 -- 6 Hillslope moisture states and flows 81 -- 6.1 Subsurface moisture content 81 -- 6.2 Pressure potential, pressure head and hydraulic head 88 -- 6.3 Moisture release curve 92 -- 6.4 Subsurface flow tracing 93 -- 6.5 Overland flow measurement 94 -- References 98 -- 7 River flow 101 -- 7.1 Open channel flow 101 -- 7.2 River gauging methods 104 -- 7.3 Stage 106 -- 7.4 Discharge by velocity-area methods 111 -- 7.5 Discharge by dilution gauging 118 -- 7.6 Structural methods: flumes and weirs 120 -- 7.7 Stage-discharge relationship 125 -- Note 132 -- References 132 -- 8 Water-quality measurement 133 -- 8.1 Water-quality characteristics 134 -- 134 8.2 Water-quality standards 137 -- 8.3 Water-quality sampling 141 -- 8.4 Laboratory water-quality analyses 145 -- 8.5 Automated field monitoring 147 -- 8.6 Bank-side sample analyses ( manual and automatic ) 149 -- 8.7 Load estimation , discharge consents and compliance 149 -- References 152 -- PART II HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS -- 9 Precipitation analysis 155 -- 9.1 Precipitation extremes 155 -- 9.2 Spatial variation in precipitation 165 -- 9.3 Missing data 173 -- 9.4 Areal reduction factors and depth-area-duration analysis 174 -- 9.5 Temporal variation in rainfalls 176 -- 9.6 Rainfall frequency analysis 180 -- 9.7 Droughts 187 -- 9.8 Stochastic rainfall models 189 -- 9.9 Other forms of precipitation 191 -- Notes 191 -- References 191 -- 10 Energy budget analysis , evapotranspiration and snowmelt 195 -- 10.1 The energy budget and evapotranspiration 195 -- 10.2 Calculation of open water evaporation Eo 199 -- 10.3 Calculation of evapotranspiration , Et 207 -- 10.4 Estimating wet canopy evaporation and interception losses 215 -- 10.5 Estimating Et over a landscape area or catchment 215 -- 10.6 Empirical formulae for Et and Ep 219 -- 10.7 Soil moisture deficit 221 -- 10.8 Land surface parameterisations 224 -- 10.9 Snow and the energy budget 225 -- Notes 232 -- References 232 -- 11 River flow analysis 235 -- 11.1 Peak discharges 239 -- 11.2 River regimes 241 -- 11.3 Mixing models for determining runoff sources 244 -- 11.4 Flow-duration curves 250 -- 11.5 Flood frequency 255 -- 11.6 Flood probabilities 257 -- 11.7 Analysis of an annual maximum series 260 -- 11.8 Other statistical distributions used in food frequency analysis 268 -- 11.9 Using historical flood data 269 -- 11.10 Droughts 270 -- 11.11 Frequency of low flows 272 -- 11.12 Low flows and water yield analysis 274 -- 11.13 Some concluding remarks 276 -- Notes 278 -- References 278 -- 12 Catchment modelling 280-- 12.1 The essentials of a catchment model 280 -- 12.2 A simple catchment model 282 -- 12.3 Estimating the proportion of rainfall equivalent to the stormflow hydrograph 283 -- 12.4 Estimating the time distribution of runoff 284 -- 12.5 The unit hydrograph 287 -- 12.6 Conceptual catchment rainfall - runoff models 295 -- 12.7 The application of rainfall - runoff models 297 -- 12.8 Examples of rainfall - runoff models 299 -- 12.9 Uncertainty in rainfall - runoff modelling 312 -- 12.10 Real - time forecasting models 313 -- Notes 316 -- References 317 -- 13 Estimating floods and low flows in the UK 322 -- 13.1 Background to the Flood Estimation Handbook 322 -- 13.2 The index flood and growth curve concepts in the Flood Estimation Handbook 323-- 13.3 Probability distributions used in the Flood Estimation Handbook 327 -- 13.4 Example: Flood Estimation Handbook peak flow estimates for the river Brett, Suffolk 328 --13.5 Design event methods in the Flood Estimation Handbook 332 -- 13.6 Low-flow estimation in the UK 341 -- 13.7 Some final comments on methods of regionalisation 347 -- Notes 347 -- References 348 -- 14 Flood routing 351 -- 14.1 Simple non-storage routing 353 -- 14.2 Storage routing 355 -- 14.3 Hydraulic routing 369 -- 14.4 Flood routing in practice 373 -- 14.5 Pollutant transport in rivers 376 -- 14.6 Some final comments 382 -- Notes 383 -- References 384 -- 15 Groundwater 386 -- 15.1 The importance of groundwater 386 -- 15.2 Groundwater flow equations 389 -- 15.3 Flow nets 392 -- 15.4 Unconfined flow and groundwater recharge 396 -- 15.5 Numerical groundwater models 399 -- 15.6 Transport of pollutants in groundwater 404 -- 15.7 Calibration of groundwater flow and transport models 410 -- Notes 410 -- References 410 -- PART III ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS -- 16 Flood risk management 412 -- 16.1 Drivers for flood risk management 412 -- 16.2 Flood management and land drainage responsibilities in the UK 413 -- 16.3 Flood risk concepts 418 -- 16.4 Flood management policy and delivery 428 -- 16.5 Catchment flood management plans 430 -- Notes 436 -- References 436 -- 17 Water resources management 439 -- 17.1 Drivers for water resources management 439 -- 17.2 Water resources management policy in the UK 440 -- 17.3 Water resources strategies and assessment processes 446 -- 17.4 Supply and demand 448 -- 17.5 Water resources yield assessment 450 -- Notes 455 -- References 456 -- 18 Urban hydrology -- 18.1 Hydrological regime modifications 458 -- 18.2 Catchment response modifications 461 -- 18.3 The Transport and Road Research Laboratory rational method 463 -- 18.4 The Transport and Road Research Laboratory hydrograph method 466 -- 18.5 The Wallingford procedure 469 -- 18.6 Urban drainage system modelling 474 -- 18.7 Sustainable urban drainage systems ( SUDS ) 477 -- 18.8 Urban flood risk mapping 480 -- 18.9 Integrated urban drainage pilots 483 -- 18.10 Industry guidance 485 -- Note 487 References 487 -- 19 Hydrology, climate and catchment change 489 -- 19.1 Global climate change 489 -- 19.2 UK climate change impacts on river flows 492 -- 19.3 Catchment change 499 -- 19.4 Studies of land management change and flood flows in the UK 505 -- Notes 512 -- References 512 -- PART IV THE FUTURE OF HYDROLOGY IN PRACTICE -- 20 The future of hydrology in practice 516 -- 20.1 The context of hydrology in practice 516 -- 20.2 The complexities of hydrology 519 -- 20.3 The uncertainties in hydrology 521 -- 20.4 The future data requirements of hydrology 522 -- 20.5 The future modelling requirements of hydrology 526 -- Notes 528 -- References 529 -- Appendix: useful tables 531 -- Index 535 --