14747nam a22002777a 4500003000600000005001700006008004100023010001500064020001500079020001800094040003400112050002300146082002300169245011200192264003500304300004000339336002600379337002800405338002700433490005400460504005100514505458000565505925205145650004914397700002314446pucpr20250903112740.0011510s2000 enka bi 001 0 eng  a 99087685  a0419246509 a9780419246503 apucprbengcpucprdpucprerda00aHT166 bU7425 200000a307.1/216/090422100aUrban Planning in a Changing World :bthe twentieth century experience. /cedited by Robert Freestone.htxt aLondon :bE & FN Spon ,c2000. aviii, 293 p.bill. ; c24 cm.fbook 2rdacontentatextbtxt 2rdamediaaunmediadedbn 2rdacarrieravolumebnc 0aStudies in history, planning, and the environment aIncludes bibliographical references and index. aContributors ix -- Learning From Planning’s Histories Robert Freestone 1 -- Planning and History 1 -- The History of Planning 7 -- Purpose and Structure of this Book 11 -- Conclusion 15 -- The Centenary of Modern Planning Peter Hall 20 -- 1898: The Rejection of the Paleotechnic City 21 -- 1923: The Triumph of Vision and the Failure of Practice 23 -- 1948: The Great Postwar Rebuild 26 -- 1973: The Great Shift in Zeitgeist 29 -- 1998: The Search for Sustainable Urban Development 32 -- Conclusion 36 -- Re Examining The International Diffusion of Planning Stephen V. Ward 40 -- International Diffusion as a Historical Theme 41 -- A Typology of Diffusion 43 -- Diffusion by Borrowing 45 -- Diffusion by Imposition 51 -- Conclusions and Speculations 55 -- Quasi Utopias: Perfect Cities in an Imperfect World Dennis Hardy 61 -- Imperfect Cities in an Imperfect World 61 -- Perfect Cities in a Perfect World 64 -- Perfect Cities in an Imperfect World 68 -- Utopianism and Town Planning 72 -- Conclusion 76 -- Learning From Twentieth Century Urban Design Paradigms: Lessons For The Early Twenty First Century Jon Lang 78 -- Twentieth Century Paradigms: Empiricism and Rationalism 79 -- The Empiricist Paradigms 80 -- The Rationalist Paradigms 84 -- Paradigms for Cities and their Precincts 87 -- The Utility and Limitations of Paradigms 90 -- Looking Ahead: Paradigms for the Early Twenty First Century 93 -- Conclusion 95 -- Rethinking The Significance of the City Beautiful Idea Gilbert A. Stelter 98 -- The City as Work of Art 99 -- Broadening the Decision Making Powers of the Public 107 -- A Theory of the City as an Organism 110 -- Success and Relevance 113 -- The Neighborhood Paradigm: From Garden Cities To Gated Communities Dirk Schubert 118 -- Decentralization, Urban Reform, and Planned Communities 118 -- American Experiments in the 1920s and 1930s 121 -- Neighborhoods in England 125 -- The Local Group as a Settlement Cell in Germany 127 -- Neighborhoods in Postwar Reconstruction 129 -- Epilogue and Conclusions 132 -- Planning For Social Betterment: From Standard Of Living To Quality of Life Raphaël Fischler 139 -- The Standardization of Need 141 -- The Paradox of the Standard of Living 143 -- The Quality of Life Movement 145 -- Quality of Life in Post Industrial Society 148 -- Conclusion 152 -- The Paradoxes of Anti Sprawl Reform Robert Bruegmann 158 -- From Blight to Sprawl 158 -- Aesthetic Objections 160 -- Efficiency Arguments 163 -- Equity Arguments 165 -- Environmental Arguments 167 -- The Debate becomes International 168 -- The Anti Spawl Coalition 169 -- Conclusion 170 -- Motor Vehicles and The Inner City Jeffry M. Diefendorf 175 -- Cologne: The Persistence of Arterial Planning 178 -- Basel: The Rewards of Frustrated Traffic Planning 182 -- Boston: Constructing and Destructing a Central Artery 187 -- Conclusion 190 -- Planning And Heritage: Towards Integration David Hamer 194 -- The Hausmannite Tradition 194 -- Rejection of the Victorian City 196 -- Planners and the Past: Models of Evolution and Change 197 -- The Reconstruction of Historic City Centres by Dictators 199 -- The Impacts of the Secord World War and the Triumph of Modernism 199 -- The Reaction against Modernism 201 The Historic District as the Focus for the Convergence of Interests 205 -- Third World and Post Colonial Issues 207 -- Conclusion 208 -- Open Space, Urban Planning And The Evolution Of The Green City Maurits Van Rooijen 212 -- Categorizing Urban Open Spaces Historically 213 -- Common Open Space 214 -- The Royal Public Garden 214 -- The Bourgeois Park 216 -- People’s Parks 219 -- Garden City New Town 222 -- Green Town Planning of Tomorrow 224 -- Conclusion 226 -- Diversity, Difference And The Multi Layered City Susan Thompson 230 -- Global Migration and the Emergence of the Multi Layered City 231 -- The Multi Layerd City 233 -- Planning and the Multi Layered City 238 -- Responding to the Multi Layered City: Governance in Australia 241 -- A Way Forward 243 -- Conclusion 245 -- Global City Regions: Planning And Policy Dilemmas In A Neo Liberal World Allen J. Scott 249 -- Setting the Scene: City and Region in the Postwar Era 250 -- Global City Regions: Form and Function 254 -- Prospective Planning and Political Agendas for Global City Regions 258 -- Conclusion 265 -- Is Planning History? Brendan Gleeson and Nicholas Law 269 -- The Decay of Planning Values 270 -- Neo Liberalism, Globalization and Planning 272 -- Contemporary Neo Liberal Planning Reform in Australia 276 -- Is Planning History? 281 -- Conclusion 282 -- Index 285 --  aFigures: Figure 2.1 The Three Magnets, 1898. Howard’s Original diagram. The town offered economic and social opportunity, but a degraded environment. The country, after years of agricultural depression, in contrast offered and unpolluted environment but few jobs, poor social opportunities and overall poverty. But the third magnet, town country, could offer all the advantages of town and country without the concomitant disadvantages 34 -- Figure 2.2 The Three Magnets, 1998. Howard’s Diagram still encapsulates the contrasts, but the polarities are reversed. Today, the deindustrialized town lacks economic opportunities for many workers, marginalized in social exclusion. The country has a buoyant economy because of electricity and highways and telecommunications, but is often socially exclusive. Oddly, town in country has happened through decentralization, but seldom according to Howard’s prescription 35 -- Figure 4.1 The type of urban environment described by George Orwell and J.B. Priestley was portrayed in propagandist posters by Arthur Wragg for the garden cities and town planning movement 63 -- Figure 4.2 The futurist vision Antonio Sant’Elia above stands in contrast to the poster advertising the carden city idyll right 66 -- Figure 4.3 The opening of Welwyn Garden City railway station in 1926 by the Rt. Hon Neville Chamberlain MP left illustrates official recognition of the first garden cities 69 -- Figure 4.4 Cover page of the book New Town by W.R. Hughes,1919 71 -- Figure 5.1 Les Arcades du Lac, St. Quentin en Yvellines, France. This Proposal by Ricardo Bofill is as much large scale architecture as urban design. It illustrates the classical revivalist approach of a sub set of neo Rationalist architects in both its overall composition and architectural style 81 -- Figure 5.2 The Avenue of the Victory of Socialism, Bucharest. City beautiful concept are still used to achieve an urban design of grandeur but not as grand a scale as Ceausescu’s Bucharest. The buildings designed to frame the public realm lie largely vacant 82 -- Figure 5.3 Louvain la Neuve, Belgium. The precedent for the design of Louvain la Neuve is clearly the medieval town. The pedestrian spine threading through the mixed use town links various elements of the university to each other and to the railway station 84 -- Figure 5.4 Southside Chicago. Many of the principles of Rationalist thinking of what cities should be were applied in a highly diluted if extensive manner. The bleak housing environments which have resulted hardly test the paradigm 86 -- Figure 5.5 Fort Worth Plan. Victor Gruen’s plan for Forth Worth may well be the exemplar of the Central Business District as a super block. Never implemented, its basic principles have been applied in bits and pieces around the world 89 -- Figure 6.1 Charles Garnier’s Paris Opera House. The Opéra became the symbol of Haussmann’s transformed Paris, partially for the elegance of its architectural style but also because of its dominant setting as the focal point of several major radiating streets 100 -- Figure 6.2 The Court of Honour at the World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893. The unified ensemble, with its neoclassical styles, was designed to promote a sense of dignity and harmony. It became an influential model for North American civic centres 103 -- Figure 6.3 Plan of the Washington Mall, 1902. This Plan represented the first American attempt to redesign the centre of a city on City Beautiful principles 104 -- Figure 6.4 Plan for central Toronto, 1911. Shown are John Lyle’s plans for a grand civic centre and a new street, federal Avenue, to connect the civic centre to the city’s entry point, Union Station 106 -- Figure 6.5 The proposed municipal plaza of Ottawa, 1915. This drawing by Jules Guérin pictured possible changes to Ottawa as described in E.H. Bennett’s plan. The existing Parliament Buildings are at the upper left 109 -- Figure 7.1 Clarence Perry’s neighborhood unit. This version emerged from the Regional Plan of New York and Its Environs, 1929. The conventional grid street system eschewed as the neighborhood becomes a self contained suburban subdivision 123 -- Figure 7.2 Aerial photo of Radburn, 1929. A new suburban model segregating modes of traffic and integrating roads and paths into the landscape 124 -- Figure 7.3 Neighborhood as a settlement cell. A design by German architect H.B. Reichow. The idea was developed in his 1948 book Organic City Planning 130 -- Figure 7.4 Plan of North Park Villages, Merced, California. New neighborhoods set within a larger master planned community in the new conservative style of the New Urbanism 134 -- Figure 10.1 Cologne, north south artery, 1963. This high capacity artery, part of the postwar reconstruction plan of Rudolph Schwarz, runs from top to bottom on the left side of the photograph. The entire area in the photo lies within Stübben’s ring road around the historic centre of the city; Cologne’s cathedral and central business district are toward the top. An underpass left centre takes the artery beneath a pedestrian shopping zone, but the road and cloverleaf constitute a major rupture in the fabric of the southern part of the central city 181 -- Figure10.2 Basel Schumacher Plan, 1933 to 1934. Cross hatched area indicates the historic city, with the cathedral, town hall and central business district on the south side of the Rhine heaviest line. Medium dark lines show new arteries and new or enlarged bridges to carry motor vehicles through and around the old city. Proposed by Adolf Schumacher, the plan was approved but not implemented because of high costs, the onset of the Depression, and World War Two 184 -- Figure 10.3 Boston, 1999 aerial photo figure 10.3 a showing central artery and construction site for the Big dig project to bury the artery, with arched entry to Rowes Wharf on right. Photographed at noon rather that rush hour, the congested artery now carries more then 200,000 vehicles daily, three times the volume when it opened. Moored boats on the right of Rowes Wharf indicate the proximity of Boston’s waterfront. The eight to ten lane artery is being put below ground. The artist’s drawing figure 10.3b shows part of the 40 acre park that will replace the surface area now used by the artery. Greenery, pools, pedestrian paths, and vastly reduced number of motor vehicles are expected to cut noise, improve air quality, and create a pedestrian friendly environment for residents, visitors and office workers 189 -- Fire 11.1 The opening of the Via dell’Impero, Rome by the Italian Fascist Regimen. This 900 metre long route was designed to link the Piazza Venexia and the Colosseum. Its construction involved the demolition of vast swathes of old Rome, including 5500 housing units 200 -- Figure 11.2 a The students at work surveying conditions in Te Aro 202 -- Figure 11.2 b A photograph of existing buildings including the War Memorial Carillo, the Museum, and the High School taken by the students whose model envisaged the almost complete disappearance of this heritage 202 -- Figure 11.2 c The model from the labor side. The site shown in figure 11.2 a can be seen in the middle rear of the model 203 -- Figure 12.1 The typical design for a villa park by Dutch landscape architect L.A. Springer for Zwaluwenberg, located between Utrecht and Hilversum. Characteristics for late nineteenth and early twentieth century town design were green residential parks, with villas for the prosperous middle classes placed on plots scattered in a landscaped plan with winding roads. In Europe these areas were often created on country estates on the outskirts of town with good rail connection for commuting to the city. The original manor house was either demolished or re used as a hotel, hospital, office builfing 217 -- Figure 12.2 H.P. Berlage’s suiderlijk uibreidingsplan Plan South for Amsterdam, 1915. In the beginning of the nineteenth century the Dutch capital Amsterdam acquire the reputation as meca for social housing. The famous extension plan for the southern part of the city was designed by H.P. Berlage. His first plan 1904 showed large amounts of green open space and upmarket houses. The second version 1915 reproduced here was aimed at the middle and upper lower classes. A large recreational area, the Amsterdam Bos, was created on the out skirts 220 -- Figure 12.3 The Finger Plan of Copenhagen. One of the most famous city plans developed for the Danish Capital Copenhagen shortly after 1945, it proposed concentrated urban growth along narrow finger allowing for green wedges areas for recreational purpose to stretch into town. Over the years, however, the fingers have swollen and the wedges have come under attack 222 -- Figure 12.4 Le Corbusier’s Ville verte, 1930. The Swiss architect proposed a geometrical distribution of high rise accommodation in a park like landscape. The concentration of people allowed for large areas for sport and paly at ground floor level and also allowed for sunshine to enter into apartments. This vision had a major influence on residential planning in the second half of the twentieth century 223 -- Tables: Table 3.1 Typology of diffusion 44 --  0aCity planningxHistoryy20th century.2Local1 aFreestone, Robert.