Descripciones mejoradas de Syndetics:

The first text to integrate microscopic anatomy with cell biology, general pathology, and physiology , Histology and Cell Biology: An Introduction to Pathology, Sixth Edition , continues to set the standard for studying today's rapidly evolving, molecular-oriented medicine. Drs. Abraham L. Kierszenbaum and Laura L. Tres present essential concepts in an accessible, easy-to-understand manner , with full-color illustrations, diagrams, photomicrographs, and pathology photos fully integrated on every page. Linking pathological conditions to basic sciences throughout, this award-winning text helps you build a substantial clinical knowledge base while learning the structure and function of normal organs . Provides cover-to-cover updates throughout , reflecting current terminology, basic science, and clinical concepts Includes new material at the beginning of each chapter that assists you with the microscope as you first encounter the architectural complexity of tissues or organs Includes Primers in most chapters that provide a practical, self-contained integration of histology, cell biology, and pathology, helping you understand the relationship between basic and clinical sciences Contains Essential Concepts at the end of each chapter highlighting relevant issues-perfect for studying and reviewing for in-course and board examinations Uses a light green background throughout the text to identify essential concepts of histology -a feature requested by both students and instructors to quickly locate which concepts are most important for beginning learners or when time is limited Identifies clinical terms throughout the text and lists all clinical boxes in the table of contents for quick reference Helps you understand the links between chapter concepts with concept mapping animations online, providing a dynamic supplement to in-class instruction An eBook version is included with purchase. The eBook allows you to access all of the text and figures, with the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud

Tabla de contenidos provista por Syndetics

• Basic Tissues
• Classification of epithelia(2)
• Epitheljal cell polarity(2)
• Box 1-A General characteristics of epithelia(2)
• Concept Mapping(3)
• Apical domain(3)
• Cilia. Multiple motile cilia(3)
• Single or primary non-motile cilium(3)
• Microvilli(7)
• Stereociiia (stereovilli)(7)
• Cell adhesion molecules and cell junctions(7)
• Ca 2+ -dependent molecules. Cadherins(7)
• Selectins (C-type lectins)(8)
• Ca 2+ -independent molecules. Superfamily of immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules (lg-CAMs)(9)
• Integrins(11)
• Primer 1-B Transmigration of leukocytes through the endothelial barrier(12)
• Cell junctions(12)
• Tight junctions(13)
• Adhering junctions(13)
• Primer 1-C ADAM, a member of the Family of sheddase proteins(15)
• Hemidesmosomes(16)
• Gap junctions or communicating junctions(17)
• Box 1-B Tight junctions and disease(18)
• Connexin mutations(19)
• Basement membrane(20)
• Box 1-C Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction(21)
• Primer 1-D Cell adhesion molecules, cell junctions and basement membrane(22)
• Cytoskeleton(22)
• Microfilaments(23)
• Primer 1-E Actin microfilaments: Assembly and disassembly(25)
• Microtubules(26)
• Box 1-D Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome(26)
• Centrosomes(26)
• Axoneme(28)
• Microtubule-targeting agents(29)
• Box 1-E Centrosomes, centromeres and kinetochores(29)
• Ciliopathies(29)
• Box 1-F Bardet-Biedl syndrome(30)
• Cargo transport and motor proteins(30)
• Intraciliary transport(30)
• Primer 1-F Intraciliary and axonal (neuronal) transport(31)
• Axonal (neuronal) transport(32)
• Myosin motor proteins(32)
• Primer 1-G Myosin motor proteins(33)
• Smooth muscle and myosin light-chain kinase(33)
• Intermediate filaments(34)
• Box 1-G Summary: Intermediate filament proteins(36)
• Hemidesmosomes and skin blistering diseases(36)
• Cell nucleus(37)
• Nuclear lamina(38)
• Laminopathies(39)
• Box 1-H Clinical aspects of several laminopathies(40)
• Chromatin(40)
• Chromatin condensation and transcription(40)
• Nucleolus(42)
• Protein nuclear import and export(43)
• X chromosome inactivation(44)
• Cellular localization of nucleic acids(44)
• Cell cycle(44)
• Primer 1-H Ran GTPase directs nucleocytoplasmic bidirectional transport(45)
• Autoradiography and FACS(46)
• Disassembly of the nuclear envelope(46)
• The mitotic cycle(47)
• Box 1-I PAS and Feulgen reactions(47)
• Box 1-J Basophilia and acidophilia(47)
• Karyotyping (chromosome analysis)(47)
• Retinoblastoma (Rb) protein(47)
• Box 1-K Cytochemistry and histochemistry methods used in Histology and Pathology(49)
• Retinoblastoma tumors(50)
• p53 protein, a transcription regulator(51)
• Primer 1-I Disassembly and reassembly of the nuclear envelope(52)
• Box 1-L Summary of cell division(54)
• Telomerase: Aging, senescence and cancer(55)
• Box 1-M Li-Fraumeni syndrome(56)
• Box 1-N The telomere length: Shelterin and telomerase(57)
• Basic concepts of medical genetics(58)
• Chromosomal disorders(58)
• Concept Mapping(59)
• Mendelian inheritance(60)
• Box 1-O Pedigree analysis(61)
• Non-mendelian inheritance(62)
• Concept Mapping(63)
• Essential Concepts I Epithelium(63)
• Epithelial glands(68)
• Types of epithelial glands(68)
• Components of exocrine glands(68)
• Composition of secretion of an exocrine gland(69)
• Components of a branched (compound) gland(72)
• Mechanisms of secretion of an exocrine gland(72)
• Plasma membrane and cytomembranes(73)
• Plasma membrane(73)
• Types of lipids and lipid domains(73)
• Box 2-A Lipid rafts(73)
• Plasma membrane proteins(74)
• Transporter and channel proteins(75)
• Box 2-B Glycocalyx(75)
• Endoplasmic reticulum(75)
• Primer 2-A Freeze-fracture(76)
• Freeze-fracture technique(77)
• Protein synthesis and sorting(77)
• Golgi apparatus(79)
• Functions of the Golgi apparatus(79)
• Primer 2-B Protein synthesis(80)
• Vesicle transport(81)
• Lysosomal sorting pathway(82)
• Cholesterol uptake by receptor-mediated endocytosis(82)
• Sorting of clathrin- and COP-coated vesicles(83)
• Box 2-C Familial hypercholesterolemia(83)
• Primer 2-C Clathrin- and COP-mediated vesicle transport and targeting of transporting vesicles(84)
• Lysosomes(84)
• Box 2-D Macroautophagy and autophagy(85)
• Phagocytosis, endocytosis and macroautophagy(85)
• Primer 2-D Lysosomes(86)
• Lysosome storage disorders(87)
• Mitochondria(87)
• Box 2-E Lysosome hydrolytic enzymes can be secreted(87)
• Primer 2-E Lysosome storage disorders: Tay-Sachs disease and Gaucher's disease(88)
• Mitochondria participate in apoptosis, steroidogenesis and thermogenesis(90)
• Mitochondria maternal inheritance(91)
• Mitochondria replacement therapies(93)
• Peroxisomes(93)
• Peroxisome biogenesis(93)
• Peroxisome biogenesis disorders (PBDs)(94)
• Concept Mapping(96)
• Essential Concepts(96)
• Chapter 3 Cell Signaling
• Cell signaling mechanisms(100)
• Cell signaling and feedback action(100)
• Types of signaling molecules and their ligands(100)
• Steroid hormones(100)
• Box 3-A Steroid hormones(101)
• Peptide hormones and growth factors(101)
• Nitric oxide(102)
• Neurotransmitters(102)
• Box 3-B Peptide hormones(102)
• Eicosanoids(103)
• Box 3-C Protein kinases and protein phosphorylation(103)
• Cell surface receptors(103)
• G protein-coupled receptors(103)
• Receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases(104)
• Cytokine receptors(104)
• Receptors with tyrosine phosphatase activity(105)
• Major signal transduction pathways(106)
• Thee AMP pathway(106)
• The cGMP pathway(107)
• The phospholipid-calcium pathway(107)
• The calcium-calmodulin pathway(107)
• The Ras-Raf/MAP kinase (MEK-ERK) pathway(108)
• The IAK-STAT pathway(108)
• NF-kB transcription factor pathway(109)
• The integrin-actin pathway(109)
• Specific signaling pathways(109)
• Stem cell niches and sternness(110)
• Regenerative medicine and cell plasticity(110)
• Primer 3-A Specific cell signaling pathways(111)
• Primer 3-B Specific cell signaling pathways(112)
• Box 3-D Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)(113)
• Cell culture(113)
• Single-cell genomics(115)
• Cell and tissue injury(115)
• Concept Mapping(116)
• Necrosis(117)
• Apoptosis(117)
• What a nematode worm told us about apoptosis(118)
• Extrinsic and intrinsic signaling of apoptosis(119)
• Caspases: Initiators and executioners of cell death(120)
• Intrinsic pathway: Mitochondria cytochrome c(120)
• Apoptosis and the immune system(120)
• Apoptosis and neurodegenerative diseases(120)
• Necroptosis(121)
• Primer 3-C Necroptosis(122)
• Ferroptosis(123)
• Primer 3-D Ferroptosis(123)
• Mitochondria permeability transition(124)
• Intracellular degradation(125)
• Autophagy pathway(125)
• Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway(125)
• Mitophagy signaling pathway(126)
• Neoplasia(126)
• Box 3-E Proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor proteins(128)
• Proto-oncogenes, oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes(129)
• Identification of oncogenes in retroviruses(130)
• Essential Concepts(131)
• Concept Mapping(132)
• Chapter 4 Connective Tissue
• Classification(136)
• Box 4-A Types of collagens(136)
• Components of connective tissue(137)
• Fibroblast(137)
• Box 4-B Diverse cell sources of collagen(138)
• Synthesis, secretion and assembly of collagen(139)
• Ehlers-Danlos syndrome(140)
• Elastic fibers(140)
• Box 4-C Characteristics of collagens(142)
• Marfan's syndrome(142)
• Macrophages(144)
• Box 4-D Metachromasia(145)
• Mast cells(146)
• Plasma cells(146)
• Box 4-E Allergic hypersensitivity reactions(146)
• Extracellular matrix (ECM)(147)
• Degradation of the ECM(148)
• Molecular biology of tumor invasion(149)
• Primer 4-A Tumor invasion and metastasis(150)
• Adipose tissue or fat(151)
• Adipogenesis(151)
• Lipid storage and breakdown (lipolysis)(153)
• Box 4-F Visualization of fat in histology sections(154)
• Leptin and obesity(154)
• Cartilage(155)
• Box 4-G Chondrocytes respond to mechanical stress(155)
• Box 4-H Cartilage repair after injury(155)
• Chondrogenesis(155)
• Types of cartilage(155)
• Box 4-I Structure of the articular cartilage(160)
• Box 4-J Sox9 transcription factor(160)
• Bone(160)
• Macroscopic structure of mature bone(160)
• Microscopic structure of mature bone(160)
• Periosteum and endosteum(161)
• Bone matrix(161)
• Cellular components of bone(162)
• The osteoblast(163)
• Primer 4-B Genes involved in osteoblast differentiation(166)
• Differentiation of preosteoblasts to osteoblasts to osteocytes(166)
• The osteoclast(167)
• Osteoclastogenesis(170)
• Postmenopausal osteoporosis(171)
• Osteopetrosis and osteomalacia(171)
• Concept Mapping(172)
• Essential Concepts(173)
• Chapter 5 Osteogenesis
• Osteogenesis (Bone development or ossification)(178)
• Intramembranous ossification(178)
• Endochondral ossification(178)
• Secondary centers of ossification(180)
• Zones of endochondral ossification(180)
• Growth in length of the diaphysis(181)
• Hedgehog signaling: The epiphyseal growth plate and dwarfism(182)
• Conversion of trabecular bone into osteons(183)
• Box 5-A Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia(184)
• Bone remodeling(187)
• Bone fracture and healing(188)
• Primer 5-A Bone fracture and healing(190)
• Bone disorders(191)
• Concept Mapping j Metabolic and hereditary bone disorders(192)
• Joints(192)
• Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis(192)
• Concept Mapping(195)
• Essential Concepts(196)
• Chapter 6 Blood and Hematopoiesis
• Blood(200)
• Plasma(200)
• Red blood cells (RBC; erythrocytes)(200)
• Cytoskeletal and hemoglobin abnormalities of red blood cells(200)
• Hemoglobin Ale (glycated hemoglobin) and diabetes mellitus(201)
• Erythroblastosis fetalis(201)
• Box 6-A Hemolysis in erythroblastosis Fetalis(202)
• Leukocytes(202)
• Granulocytes(202)
• Neutrophils(202)
• Eosinophils(203)
• Box 6-B Blood cells/µL or mm 3 and two major proteins(203)
• Box 6-C Neutrophils and their cytoplasmic granules(204)
• Basophils(204)
• Box 6-D Eosinophilic esophagitis(205)
• Agranulocytes(205)
• Lymphocytes(205)
• Monocytes(206)
• Leukocyte recruitment and inflammation(207)
• Box 6-E Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD)(208)
• Mast cell, eosinophil 3nd asthma(208)
• Platelets(208)
• Coagulation disorders(210)
• Hemostasis 3nd blood clotting(211)
• Box 6-F Hemophilia(211)
• Primer 6-A Blood clotting pathways(212)
• Hematopoiesis(213)
• The vascular niche(213)
• The endosteal niche(213)
• Hematopoietic cell populations(213)
• Hematopoietic growth factors(216)
• Erythroid lineage(216)
• Leukopoiesis(217)
• Granulocytes(217)
• Box 6-G Anemia(219)
• Agranulocytes. Lymphocytes(221)
• Monocytes(221)
• Colony-stimulating factors and interleukins(224)
• c-kit receptor and its ligand stem cell factor(225)
• Leukemias(227)
• Megakaryocytes and platelets(229)
• Iron-overload disorders(229)
• Primer 6-B Uptake of iron by internalization of transferrin and iron-linked disorders(230)
• Box 6-H Iron homeostasis and transferrin(231)
• Megaloblastic anemia(232)
• Concept Mapping(233)
• Essential Concepts(233)
• Chapter 7 Muscle Tissue
• Skeletal muscle(238)
• Skeletal muscle cell or fiber(238)
• The sarcomere(240)
• Components of the sarcomere(241)
• Sarcomere changes during" muscle contraction(243)
• Creatine phosphate(244)
• Neuromuscular junction: Motor end plate(244)
• Disorders of neuromuscular synaptic transmission(244)
• Box 7-A Myasthenia gravis(244)
• T tubules, calcium ions and muscle contraction(245)
• Box 7-8 Functional types of muscle fibers(245)
• Muscular dystrophies(246)
• Satellite cells and muscle repair(249)
• Neuromuscular spindle and Golgi tendon organ(249)
• Primer 7-A Satellite cells and muscle repair(250)
• Cardiac muscle(253)
• Transport proteins and the sarcolemma(253)
• Myocardial infarction(253)
• Smooth muscle(255)
• Mechanism of smooth muscle contraction(256)
• Concept Mapping(258)
• Essential Concepts(258)
• Chapter 8 Nervous Tissue
• Development of the nervous system(262)
• Box 8-A Ectoderm embryonic cell layer(263)
• Cell types: Neurons(263)
• Box 8-B Brain development(264)
• Types of neurons(264)
• Designation of neurons and axons(264)
• Synaptic terminals and synapses(265)
• Axonal transport(265)
• Box 8-C Neural tube defects(265)
• Box 8-D Neuronal migration(265)
• Box 8-E Cerebral cortex(267)
• Glial cells(270)
• Astrocytes(271)
• Box 8-F Neurotransmitters: Mechanisms of action(271)
• Oligodendrocytes(272)
• Myelmizetion(272)
• Myelin(274)
• Box 8-G Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease(275)
• Unmyelinated nerve fibers(275)
• Demyelinating diseases(277)
• Neurodegenerative diseases(277)
• Box 8-H APOE4 gene and Alzheimer's disease(281)
• Microglia(281)
• Function of microglia(281)
• Primer 8-A Microglia(282)
• Ependyma(283)
• Choroid plexus(283)
• Cerebrospinal fluid(283)
• Brain permeability barriers(285)
• Peripheral nervous system(287)
• Structure of a peripheral nerve(287)
• Segmental demyelination and axonal degeneration(287)
• Autonomic nervous system(291)
• Enteric nervous system(291)
• Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous divisions(291)
• Box 8-I Neurotrophins(291)
• Box 8-J Schwannomas(291)
• Autonomic (sympathetic) ganglia(293)
• Sensory (spinal) ganglia(293)
• Neurohistochemistry(293)
• Box 8-K Neurotransmitters: Classification(294)
• Concept Mapping(295)
• Essential Concepts(295)
• Chapter 9 Sensory Organs: Vision and Hearing Eye(300)
• Development of the eye(300)
• Outer tunic: Sclera and cornea(301)
• Cornea(301)
• Box 9-A Development of the cornea(301)
• Middle tunic: Uvea(302)
• Box 9-B Cornea transplantation(302)
• Box 9-C Uvea(303)
• Three chambers of the eye(305)
• Lens(309)
• Accommodation(311)
• Box 9-D Cataracts(312)
• Inner layer: Retina(312)
• Cell layers of the retina(313)
• Box 9-E Detachment of the retina(313)
• Photoreceptor neurons: Rods and cones(313)
• Box 9-F The retina(314)
• Conducting neurons: Bipolar and ganglion cells(314)
• Association neurons: Horizontal and amacrine cells(315)
• Supporting glial cells: Muller cells(317)
• Fovea centralis and optic disk(317)
• The eyelids, conjunctiva and the lacrimal glands(317)
• Box 9-G The synaptic ribbon(321)
• Box 9-H Retinitis pigmentosa(322)
• Box 9-I Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)(323)
• Box 9-J Red eye and conjunctivitis(325)
• Ear(326)
• External ear(326)
• Middle ear(327)
• Inner ear: Development of the inner ear(328)
• General structure of the inner ear(328)
• Vestibular system(329)
• Semicircular canals(329)
• Otolithic organs: Utricle and saccule(332)
• Box 9-K Meniere's disease(333)
• Cochlea(333)
• Organ of Corti(333)
• Molecular and mechanical aspects of the hearing process(335)
• Deafness and balance(338)
• Essential Concepts(339)
• Concept Mapping(342)
• Organ Systems
• Chapter 10 Immune-Lymphatic System
• Components of the immune-lymphatic system(344)
• Types of immunity(345)
• Box 10-A Toll-like receptors(345)
• Properties of adaptive or acquired immunity(346)
• Development and maturation of B cells in bone marrow(346)
• Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and the human-equivalent leukocyte antigens (HLA)(346)
• T-cell receptor(347)
• LCK and CD4 and CD8 coreceptors(348)
• Box 10-C The immune synapse(348)
• Thymocyte maturation in the thymus: Positive and negative selection(348)
• Primer 10-A Structure of the T cell receptor and class I and II major histocompatibility complex (MHC)(349)
• CD4 + T-cell subsets: Th1 , Th2, Th17 and TFH cells(350)
• Box 10-D Immunoglobulins(351)
• How do CD4 + helper T cells help?(351)
• Box 10-E Multiple myeloma(352)
• How do CD8 + cytolytic T cells kill?(352)
• Natural killer cells(353)
• Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)(354)
• Box 10-F HIV reproductive cycle(354)
• Primer 10-B Immune system and HIV infection(355)
• Hypersensitivity reactions(356)
• Complement system(358)
• Inflammation(358)
• Primer 10-C Complement system(359)
• Acute inflammation(360)
• Concept Mapping(360)
• Concept Mapping j Acute and chronic inflammation compared(362)
• Resolution of acute inflammation(362)
• Types of acute inflammation(363)
• Chronic inflammation(363)
• Lymphoid organs(364)
• Lymph nodes(365)
• Lymphadenitis and lymphomas(365)
• Box 10-G Lymph flow and dendritic cell migration(368)
• Thymus(368)
• Development of the thymus(368)
• Development of thymic epithelial cells(368)
• Box 10-H Aire gene and autoimmunity(369)
• Structure of the thymus(369)
• Box 10-I DiGeorge syndrome(370)
• Spleen(371)
• Vascularization of the spleen(375)
• White pulp(380)
• Red pulp(380)
• How does the spleen react when confronting a pathogen?(380)
• Sickle cell disease(380)
• Box 10-J CRISPR gene-editing: A novel therapy for sickle cell disease(380)
• Asplenia(381)
• Cellular immunotherapy(382)
• Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy(383)
• Concept Mapping(384)
• Essential Concepts(384)
• Chapter 11 Integumentary System
• Organization and types of skin(390)
• Epidermis(390)
• Differentiation of keratinocytes(397)
• Melanocytes(392)
• Melanin production by melanocytes(394)
• Box 11-A Cornified cell envelope disorders(394)
• Box 11-B Disorders of keratinization(397)
• Box 11-C Differentiation of melanocytes(398)
• Langerhans cells (dendritic cells)(399)
• Merkel cell-neurite complex(400)
• Box 11-D Leprosy(400)
• Dermis(401)
• Wound healing(401)
• Concept Mapping(401)
• Psoriasis(403)
• Tumors of the epidermis(403)
• Box 11-E Tumors of the epidermis(403)
• Epithelial antimicrobial proteins(405)
• Skin: Blood and lymphatic supply(405)
• Cutaneous end-organ complexes(406)
• Box 11-F Vascular disorders of the skin(407)
• Hypodermis (superficial fascia)(409)
• Development of the hair follicle(409)
• Structure of the hair follicle(409)
• Hair follicle regeneration: Hair follicle stem cell (HFSC)(411)
• Glands of the skin. Sebaceous glands(412)
• Sweat glands(414)
• Cystic fibrosis(415)
• Fingernails(415)
• Concept Mapping(417)
• Essential Concepts(417)
• Organ Systems
• Chapter 12 Cardiovascular System
• The cardiovascular system(422)
• Heart(422)
• Conductive system of the heart(422)
• Purkinje fibers(422)
• Blood vessels(423)
• Arteries(423)
• Large elastic arteries (conducting vessels)(424)
• Aortic aneurysms(424)
• Muscular arteries (distributing vessels)(424)
• Arterioles (resistance vessels)(425)
• Capillaries (exchange vessels)(425)
• Types of capillaries(426)
• Arterial and venous portal systems(427)
• Veins (capacitance, or reservoir, vessels)(428)
• Vasculitis(430)
• Box 12-A Capillary endothelial barriers(430)
• Lymphatic vessels(432)
• Primer 12-A Vasculitis(433)
• Box 12-B Lymphatic vascular disorders(433)
• Edema(434)
• Hemorrhage(435)
• Atherosclerosis(435)
• Functions of the vascular endothelium(435)
• Primer 12-B Atherosclerosis(436)
• Primer 12-C Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis(438)
• Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis(439)
• Angiogenesis and tumor progression(440)
• Box 12-C Kaposi's sarcoma(440)
• Concept Mapping(441)
• Thrombosis, embolism and infarction(441)
• Hypertension(442)
• Concept Mapping(442)
• Concept Mapping(443)
• Essential Concepts(443)
• Chapter 13 Respiratory System
• The respiratory system(448)
• Nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses(448)
• Nasopharynx(448)
• Olfactory neuroepithelium(449)
• Box 13-A Olfactory neuroepithelium(449)
• Larynx(451)
• Box 13-B True vocal cords or folds(451)
• Trachea and primary bronchi(453)
• Box 13-C Airway mucus(453)
• Cystic fibrosis(453)
• Box 13-D Cystic fibrosis gene(455)
• Segmentation of the bronchial tree(455)
• Pulmonary lobule and pulmonary acinus(458)
• Club cells (formerly Clara cells)(460)
• Respiratory portion of the lung(460)
• The alveolus(460)
• Alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells(464)
• Bronchopulmonary diseases(467)
• Asthma(467)
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(467)
• Acute respiratory distress syndrome(468)
• Primer 13-A Asthma(468)
• Lung cancer(472)
• Box 13-E Lung cancer immunotherapy(474)
• Pleura(474)
• Disorders of the pleura(475)
• Essential Concepts(475)
• Concept Mapping(476)
• Chapter 14 Urinary System
• The kidneys(480)
• The renal vascular system(480)
• Vasa recta(480)
• Renal medullary pyramid, renal lobe and renal lobule(482)
• The uriniferous tubule(482)
• The renal corpuscle, the filter(483)
• Glomerular filtration barrier(483)
• Pathology of the GBM(484)
• Box 14-A Acute kidney injury(485)
• Mesangium(489)
• Podocyte injury(490)
• Primer 14-A Pathology of the renal corpuscle: Glomerulonephritis(492)
• Juxtaglomerular apparatus(493)
• Proximal convoluted tubule, the metabolic unit(493)
• LoopofHenie(493)
• Box 14-8 Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23, the kidneys and phosphate metabolism(495)
• Distal convoluted tubule(495)
• Collecting tubule/duct(497)
• Renal interstitium(497)
• Micturition(498)
• Box 14-C Osmoregulation(501)
• Regulation of water and NaCl absorption(501)
• Primer 14-B Renin-angiotensin system (RAS)(502)
• Renin-angiotensin system (RAS)(503)
• Countercurrent multiplier and exchanger(503)
• Mechanism of action of diuretics(506)
• Essential Concepts(507)
• Concept Mapping(507)
• Organ Systems
• Chapter 15 Upper Digestive Segment
• Mouth (oral cavity)(512)
• Lips(512)
• Gingiva, hard and soft palate(513)
• Tongue(513)
• Types and function of taste receptor cells(513)
• Tooth(516)
• Tooth development(517)
• Dental pulp(518)
• Periodontium(518)
• Odontoblasts(518)
• Ameloblasts(520)
• Non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions of the oral mucosa(521)
• General organization of the digestive tube(522)
• Microvasculature of the stomach(523)
• Enteric nervous system [ENS](525)
• Esophagus(525)
• Box 15-A Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)(527)
• Box 15-B Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)(527)
• Stomach(527)
• Cardia region of the stomach(529)
• Fundus-body region of the stomach(529)
• Chief cells and parietal cells(531)
• Secretion of hydrochloric acid(533)
• Box 15-C Menetrier's disease(533)
• Box 15-D Autoimmune gastritis(533)
• Infection with Helicobacter pylori(534)
• Primer 15-A Helicobacter pylori, chronic gastric inflammation and ulcers(535)
• Gastroenteroendocrine cells(536)
• Box 15-E Zollinger-Ellison syndrome(537)
• Pyloric region of the stomach(538)
• Concept Mapping(539)
• Essential Concepts(539)
• Chapter 16 Lower Digestive Segment
• Small intestine(544)
• The peritoneum(544)
• Intestinal wall(544)
• Microcirculation of the small intestine(545)
• Innervation and motility of the small intestine(546)
• Histology differences between the duodenum, Jejunum and ileum(547)
• Villi and crypts of Lieberkühn(547)
• Enterocytes: Absorptive cells(547)
• Trafficking of peptides and sugars(549)
• Trafficking of lipids and cholesterol(551)
• Goblet cells(553)
• Gastroenteroendocrine cells (GECs)(553)
• Tuft cells(553)
• Intestinal stem cells (ISCs)(553)
• Protection of the small intestine(554)
• Intestinal tight junction barrier(554)
• Peyer's patches(555)
• Follicle-associated epithelium (FAE)(556)
• Box 16-A Development of Peyer's patches(558)
• Polymeric IgA(559)
• Paneth cells(560)
• Intestinal antimicrobial proteins (AMPs)(561)
• Box 16-B Lgr5+-intestinal stem cells are regulated by FoxL1+-telocytes located in the lamina propria(561)
• Inflammatory bowel diseases(562)
• Malabsorption syndromes(563)
• Large intestine(563)
• The appendix(566)
• The rectum(566)
• Hirschsprung's disease(566)
• Colorectal tumorigenesis(568)
• Primer 16-A APC (adenomatous polyposis co(t) and Cancer of the colon(569)
• BRAF-mutant metastatic colon cancer(570)
• Box 16-C Lynch syndrome(570)
• Concept Mapping(571)
• Essential Concepts(571)
• Chapter 17 Digestive Glands
• Structure of a salivary gland(576)
• Box 17-A Classification of exocrine glands(576)
• Saliva(576)
• Parotid gland(576)
• Submandibular (submaxillary) gland(577)
• Sublingual gland(577)
• Exocrine pancreas(577)
• Box 17-B Parotid gland: Mumps, rabies, autoimmunity and tumors(579)
• Pancreatic tumors(582)
• Functions of the pancreatic acinus(585)
• Pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis(585)
• Liver(587)
• Organization of the hepatic lobule(587)
• Concepts of the hepatic lobule(589)
• Hepatocyte(589)
• Peroxisomes(591)
• Perisinusoidal cells(594)
• Perisinusoidal cells and chronic liver disease(595)
• Box 17-C Liver iron-overload disorders(595)
• Alcoholism and fatty liver (alcoholic steatohepatitis)(595)
• Chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis(595)
• Box 17-D Liver regeneration(597)
• Metabolism of bilirubin(598)
• Gallbladder(598)
• Primer 17-A Metabolism of bilirubin(599)
• Hyperbilirubinemia(599)
• Mechanism of bile secretion(600)
• Composition of the bile(601)
• Conditions affecting bile secretion and transport(602)
• Concept Mapping(603)
• Essential Concepts(603)
• Organ Systems
• Chapter 18 Neuroendocrine System
• Hypophysis(608)
• Embryoiogic origin of the hypophysis(608)
• Hypothalamohypophyseal portal circulation(608)
• Histology of the pars distalis (anterior lobe)(610)
• Hormones secreted by acidophils: Growth hormone and prolactin(612)
• Growth hormone(612)
• Gigantism (in children) and acromegaly (in adults)(613)
• Prolactin(613)
• Hyperprolactinemia(614)
• Hormones secreted by basophils: Gonadotropins, TSH and ACTH(615)
• Gonadotropins: Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone(615)
• Infertility(616)
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin)(616)
• Hypothyroidism(616)
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone(617)
• Cushing's disease(618)
• Neurohypophysis(618)
• Histology of the neurohypophysis(618)
• Function of AVP/ADH and oxytocin(618)
• Hypothalamic diabetes insipidus(621)
• Pineal gland(622)
• Development of the pineal gland(622)
• Histology of the pineal gland(622)
• Pinealocytes secrete melatonin(625)
• Circadian rhythmicity and steep homeostasis(625)
• Pinealomas(627)
• Concept Mapping(628)
• Essential Concepts(628)
• Chapter 19 Endocrine System
• Thyroid gland(632)
• Development of the thyroid gland(632)
• Histologic organization of the thyroid gland(632)
• Function of the thyroid gland(632)
• Graves' disease and hypothyroidism(636)
• Box 19-A Pathology of the thyroid gland(636)
• Calcium regulation(638)
• Parathyroid glands(639)
• Development of the parathyroid glands(639)
• Histology of the parathyroid glands(639)
• Signal transduction mediated by CaSR(639)
• Functions of the parathyroid hormone(639)
• Dysfunction of the parathyroid glands(641)
• CaSR and Gq/11 mutations(641)
• Box 19-B Rickets and osteomalacia(641)
• C cells (thyroid follicle)(641)
• Vitamin D (calcitriol)(641)
• Adrenal (suprarenal)glands(644)
• Development of the adrenal gland(644)
• Functions of the fetal adrenal cortex(644)
• Histology of the adrenal cortex(644)
• Zona glomerulosa(648)
• Zona fasciculata(648)
• Zona reticularis(650)
• Dysfunction of the adrenal cortex(650)
• Box 19-C Congenital adrenal hyperplasia(650)
• Adrenal medulla(650)
• Blood supply to the adrenal gland(653)
• Box 19-D Bone morphogenic proteins determine the sympathoadrenal fate of neural crest cells. Pheochromocytoma(653)
• Endocrine pancreas(653)
• Development of the pancreas(653)
• Islets of Langerhans(653)
• Peptides produced by cells of the islets of Langerhans(656)
• Cell entry and fate of insulin(656)
• Cell entry and fate of glucose(656)
• Diabetes mellitus(658)
• Box 19-E Incretins and insulin secretion(659)
• Concept Mapping(660)
• Essential Concepts(660)
• Organ Systems
• Chapter 20 Spermatogenesis
• The testes(664)
• Seminiferous epithelium(664)
• Basal and adluminal compartments(666)
• The spermatogenic cell progeny(666)
• Primer 20-A The spermatogenic cell progeny(667)
• Sertoli cells(670)
• Box 20-A Androgens and spermatogenesis(671)
• Spermatogonia(671)
• Regulation of spermatogonia cell function(671)
• Box 20-B Sertoli cell-only syndrome (SCOS)(672)
• Spermatocytes(673)
• Meiosis(673)
• Primer 20-B Meiosis 1: Prophase I (from leptotene to pachytene)(675)
• Primer 20-C Meiosis I: Prophase 1 (from diplotene to diakinesis)(676)
• Primer 20-D Molecular structure of the synaptonemal complex(677)
• Spermatids(678)
• Box 20-C Acroplaxome(678)
• Shaping spermatids into fertilizing sperm(681)
• Primer 20-E Manchette and acroplaxome(682)
• Box 20-D Intramanchette transport (IMT)(683)
• Completion of spermiogenesis(683)
• Structure of the sperm(683)
• Conditions affecting male fertility(684)
• Temperature(684)
• Box 20-E Semen analysis(685)
• Cryptorchidism(685)
• Inguinal hernia, cysts and hydrocele(685)
• Cancer chemotherapy(685)
• Viral orchitis(685)
• Spermatic cord torsion(686)
• Varicocele(686)
• Leydig cells(687)
• Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)(687)
• Bioregulation of spermatogenesis(688)
• Box 20-F Actions of testosterone in the male reproductive system(688)
• The spermatogenic cycle(688)
• Epigenetics reprogramming(692)
• Testicular tumors(694)
• Essential Concepts(696)
• Concept Mapping(697)
• Chapter 21 Sperm Transport and Maturation
• Development of the gonads(702)
• Development of the testes(702)
• Primer 21-A Migration of primordial germinal cells from the yolk sac to the gonadal ridges(703)
• Development of internal genitalia(704)
• Box 21-A Development of internal genitalia(704)
• Testicular descent(704)
• Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)(704)
• Steroid 5a-reductase 2 deficiency(705)
• Sperm maturation pathway(705)
• The epididymal ducts(707)
• Box 21-B Epididymal duct(710)
• Vas deferens, spermatic cord and ejaculatory duct(710)
• The azoospermia factor (AZF)(710)
• Accessory genital glands(710)
• Seminal vesicles(710)
• Box 21-C Klinefelter's syndrome(711)
• Prostate gland(711)
• Box 21-D Seminal fluid (semen)(712)
• Benign prostatic hyperplasia(712)
• The androgen receptor(715)
• Prostate cancer and tumor suppressor genes(716)
• Male and female urethra(717)
• Penis(718)
• Box 21-E Erectile dysfunction(719)
• Bulbourethral glands(719)
• Concept Mapping(720)
• Essential Concepts(720)
• Chapter 22 Folliculogenesis and Menstrual Cycle
• Development of the female reproductive tract(724)
• Development of the ovary(724)
• Development of the female genital ducts(724)
• Box 22-A Turner's syndrome(724)
• Box 22-B Mullerian duct development. The role of anti-müllerian hormone in folliculogenesis(724)
• Development of the external genitalia(726)
• The ovaries(726)
• Box 22-C Lgr5+ stem cells in the ovarian surface epithelium(726)
• The ovarian cycle(726)
• Granulosa cell-primary oocyte interaction(729)
• Primer 22-B Granulosa cell-primary oocyte interaction(730)
• Box 22-D Polycystic ovary syndrome(731)
• Box 22-E Ovarian hormones(731)
• Theca interna cell-granulosa cell interaction(731)
• Follicular atresia or degeneration(731)
• Ovulatory phase(732)
• Box 22-F Follicular atresia(733)
• Luteal phase: Luteinization and luteolysis(733)
• Hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle(736)
• Oviduct, fallopian or uterine tube(737)
• The uterus(737)
• Box 22-G Decidualization(743)
• Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and GnRH(744)
• Endometriosis(744)
• Cervix and vagina(745)
• Cervical cancer and high-risk human papillomavirus infection(745)
• Diagnostic cytopathology(748)
• Mons pubis, labia majora and labia minora(748)
• Female urethra and glands (paraurethral glands and Bartholin's glands)(749)
• Box 22-H Krause corpuscles and sexual behavior(749)
• Concept Mapping(750)
• Essential Concepts(750)
• Chapter 23 Fertilization, Placentation and Lactation
• Fertilization(756)
• Sperm capacitation(756)
• Acrosome reaction and sperm-egg fusion(756)
• Box 23-A Tetraspanins(757)
• Box 23-B Oocyte activation(757)
• Conditions leading to fertilization(759)
• Box 23-C Fertilization in vitro(759)
• Implantation of the blastocyst(760)
• Box 23-D Timetable of implantation(760)
• Differentiation of the trophoblast(760)
• Immunoprotective decidua during implantation(761)
• Primary, secondary and tertiary villi(762)
• Box 23-E Trophoblast cells(763)
• Structure of the placenta(763)
• Decidua basalis and chorion(763)
• Placental blood circulation(764)
• Structure of the chorionic villus(765)
• Functions of the placenta(767)
• Exchange of gases(767)
• Transfer of maternal immunoglobulins(769)
• Rh (D antigen) isoimmunization(769)
• The fetoplacental unit(769)
• The luteal-placental shift(769)
• Active transport of ions and glucose(769)
• Fetal alcohol syndrome(769)
• Infectious agents(770)
• Placenta and fetal tissues and the maternal Immune system(770)
• Abnormal placentation(770)
• Box 23-F Ectopic pregnancy(771)
• Box 23-G Hydramnios(771)
• Gestational trophoblastic diseases(771)
• Box 23-H Placenta previa(772)
• Lactation(773)
• The mammary glands(773)
• Morphogenesis of the mammary glands(773)
• Mammary gland development(774)
• Mammary glands during puberty and pregnancy(775)
• Histology of the mammary glands(776)
• Suckling during lactation(776)
• Mammary cell lineages and the branched epithelial ductal tree(776)
• Primer 23-A Distinct cell lineages form the branched epithelial ductal tree of the mammary glands(779)
• Box 23-I Lactation(780)
• Benign breast diseases and breast cancer(781)
• Concept Mapping(783)
• Essential Concepts(783)
• Index(787)