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The first three-genre introduction to literature text to address the changing canon is now the first to include a comprehensive guide for writing about literature-with full coverage of critical thinking, argument, and the writing process. Teachers themselves, Kirszner & Mandell take students through each step of the research and writing process, helping them to craft literary analyses and arguments and to understand that writing about literature is a process of discovery, examination, and debate. Combining the broadest selection of literature available with time-proven and class-tested instruction, LITERATURE: READING, REACTING, WRITING, Sixth Edition, remains the most useful and student-friendly introduction to literature text available.

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• Preface
• A Guide To Writing About Literature
• 1 Understanding Literature
• Imaginative Literature
• Conventional Themes
• The Literary Canon
• Luisa Valenzuela, All about Suicide
• Wole Soyinka, Telephone Conversation
• Interpreting Literature
• Evaluating Literature
• The Function of Literary Criticism
• Checklist: Evaluating Literary Criticism
• 2 Reading and Writing About Literature
• Reading Literature
• Previewing
• Highlighting
• Checklist: Using Highlighting Symbols
• Maya Angelou, My Arkansas
• Annotating
• Writing about Literature
• Planning an Essay
• Drafting an Essay
• Revising and Editing an Essay
• Checklist: Using Sources
• Checklist: Conventions of Writing about Literature
• Exercise: Two Student Papers
• Student Paper: Initiation into Adulthood
• Student Paper: Hard Choices
• 3 Writing Special Kinds of Papers
• Writing a Comparison-Contrast Paper
• Checklist: Writing a Comparison-Contrast Paper
• Sample Student Paper: Comparing Two Fictional Characters
• Student Paper: The Dangerous Consequences of Societal Limbo
• Suggested Topics for Comparison-Contrast Papers
• Writing an Explication
• Checklist: Writing an Explication
• Sample Student Paper: Explicating a Poem
• Student Paper: A Lingering Doubt
• Suggested Topics for Explication Papers
• Writing a Character Analysis
• Checklist: Writing a Character Analysis
• Sample Student Paper: Analyzing a Character in a Play
• Student Paper: Linda Loman: Breaking the Mold
• Suggested Topics for Character Analysis Papers
• Writing about a Work''s Historical Context
• Checklist: Writing about a Work''s Historical Context
• Sample Student Paper: Setting a Literary Work in Its Historical Context
• Student Paper: Dreaming of Home
• Suggested Topics for Historical Papers
• 4 Thinking Critically About Your Writing
• Distinguishing Fact from Opinion
• Evaluating Supporting Evidence
• Detecting Bias in Your Writing
• Understanding Logic
• Inductive Reasoning
• Deductive Reasoning
• Toulmin Logic
• Recognizing Logical Fallacies
• 5 Writing Literary Arguments
• Planning a Literary Argument
• Choosing a Debatable Topic
• Developing an Argumentative Thesis
• Defining Your Terms
• Considering Your Audience
• Refuting Opposing Arguments
• Using Evidence Effectively
• Supporting Your Literary Argument
• Establishing Credibility
• Being Fair
• Using Visuals as Evidence
• Organizing a Literary Argument
• Writing a Literary Argument
• Student Paper: The Politics of "Everyday Use"
• 6 Writing A Researchc Paper
• Choosing a Topic
• Doing Exploratory Research
• Narrowing your Topic
• Doing Focused Research
• Library Research
• Internet Research
• Taking Notes
• Integrating Sources
• Drafting a Thesis Statement
• Making an Outline
• Writing your Paper
• Sample Literature Paper with MLA Documentation
• Student Paper: And Again She Makes the Journey: Character and Act in Eudora Welty''s "A Worn Path"
• 7 Avoiding Plagiarism and Documenting Sources
• Avoiding Plagiarism
• Document All Material That Requires Documentation
• Enclose Borrowed Words in Quotation Marks
• Do Not Imitate a Source''s Syntax and Phrasing
• Differentiate Your Words from Those of Your Source
• Checklist: Plagiarism and Internet Sources
• Documenting Sources
• Parenthetical References in the Text
• Checklist: Guidelines for Punctuating Parenthetical References
• The List of Works Cited
• Content Notes
• 8 Writing Essay Exams About Literature
• Planning an Essay Exam Answer
• Review Your Material
• Consider Your Audience and Purpose
• Read through the Entire Exam
• Read Each Question Carefully
• Brainstorm to Find Ideas
• Shaping an Essay Exam Answer
• State Your Thesis
• Make a Scratch Outline
• Drafting and Revising an Essay Exam Answer
• Sample Student Essay Exam Answer
• Fiction
• 9 Understanding Fiction
• Origins of Modern Fiction
• The History of the Novel
• The History of the Short Story
• Defining the Short Story
• Ernest Hemingway, Hills Like White Elephants
• Recognizing Kinds of Fiction
• 10 Fiction Sampler: The Short-Short
• Gary Gildner, Sleepy Time Gal
• Jonathan Safran Foer, A Primer for the Punctuation of Hea