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A definitive resource for students, instructors, and healthcare professionals for more than 40 years, Porth's Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States, 11th Edition , maintains a legacy of making pathophysiology accessible through accurate, comprehensive, up-to-date coverage presented in a logical, engaging approach packed with learning features and application opportunities.



Focused on the scientific basis behind healthcare practices, this unique text relates normal body functioning to the physiologic changes that occur because of disease, as well as the body's remarkable ability to compensate for these changes, establishing a holistic mastery of both the physical and psychological aspects of altered health. Early chapters detail fundamental concepts--such as cellular adaptation, inflammation and repair, and immunologic processes--followed by robust discussions of specific disease states.



The 11th Edition leverages the latest evidence-based information to support effective clinical decision-making in the changing healthcare environment, incorporating the expertise of contributors from an array of disciplines. Expanded definitions for key terms clarify complex healthcare alterations for today's diverse student population, and nursing concepts added to this edition categorize content to reinforce essential ideas. Current technological advancements, inclusive language, and relevant terminology equip students with the tools to critically analyze complex patient situations and to apply their knowledge from their first day on the job with confidence and competence.

Tabla de contenidos provista por Syndetics

• Unit 1 Concepts of Health and Disease(1)
• 1 Concepts of Health and Disease(2)
• Concepts of Health and Disease(3)
• Health(3)
• Disease(3)
• Health and Disease in Populations(7)
• Epidemiology and Patterns of Disease(7)
• Determination of Risk Factors(8)
• Natural History(9)
• Preventing Disease(9)
• Evidence-Based Practice and Practice Guidelines(10)
• Unit 2 Cell Function and Growth(13)
• 2 Cell and Tissue Characteristics(14)
• Functional Components of the Cell(15)
• Protoplasm(15)
• The Nucleus(16)
• The Cytoplasm and Its Organelles(16)
• The Cytoskeleton(19)
• The Ceil (Plasma) Membrane(20)
• Integration of Cell Function and Replication(22)
• Cell Communication(22)
• Cell Receptors(23)
• The Cell Cycle and Cell Division(24)
• Cell Metabolism and Energy Sources(25)
• Movement Across the Cell Membrane and Membrane Potentials(28)
• Movement of Substances Across the Cell Membrane(28)
• Membrane Potentials(31)
• Body Tissues(37)
• Cell Differentiation(37)
• Embryonic Origin of Tissue Types(37)
• Epithelial Tissue(37)
• Connective or Supportive Tissue(42)
• Muscle Tissue(42)
• Nervous Tssue(45)
• Extracellular Matrix(45)
• 3 Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Death(49)
• Cellular Adaptation(49)
• Atrophy(50)
• Hypertrophy(51)
• Hyperplasia(51)
• Metaplasia(52)
• Dysplasia(52)
• Intracellular Accumulations(52)
• Pathologic Calcifications(53)
• Cell Injury and Death(54)
• Causes of Cell Injury(54)
• Mechanisms of Cell Injury(58)
• Reversible Cell Injury and Cell Death(60)
• Cellular Aging(63)
• 4 Genetic Control of Cell Function and Inheritance(67)
• Genetic Control of Cell Function(68)
• DNA Structure and Function(68)
• From Genes To Proteins(70)
• Chromosomes(75)
• Cell Division(75)
• Chromosome Structure(76)
• Patterns of Inheritance(79)
• Definitions(79)
• Genetic Imprinting(79)
• Mendel's Laws(80)
• Pedigree(81)
• Gene Technology(81)
• Genetic Mapping(81)
• Recombinant DNA Technology(82)
• RNA Interference Technology(83)
• 5 Genetic and Congenital Disorders(86)
• Genetic and Chromosomal Disorders(87)
• Single-Gene Disorders(87)
• Inherited Multifactorial Disorders(92)
• Chromosomal Disorders(93)
• Mitochondrial Gene Disorders(97)
• Disorders Due to Environmental Influences(98)
• Period of Vulnerability(98)
• Teratogenic Agents(99)
• Folic Acid Deficiency(101)
• Diagnosis and Counseling(101)
• Genetic Assessment(102)
• Prenatal Screening and Diagnosis(102)
• 6 Neoplasia(106)
• Concepts of Cell Differentiation and Growth(107)
• The Cell Cycle(107)
• Cell Proliferation(108)
• Cell Differentiation(109)
• Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Neoplasms(112)
• Terminology(113)
• Benign Neoplasms(113)
• Malignant Neoplasms(113)
• Etiology of Cancer(120)
• Genetic and Molecular Basis of Cancer(120)
• Host and Environmental Factors(124)
• Clinical Manifestations(128)
• Tissue Integrity(128)
• Systemic Manifestations(129)
• Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment(131)
• Screening(131)
• Diagnostic Methods(131)
• Cancer Treatment(133)
• Childhood Cancers(140)
• Incidence and Types(140)
• Biology of Childhood Cancers(140)
• Diagnosis and Treatment(140)
• Unit 3 Disorders of Integrative Function(147)
• 7 Stress and Adaptation(148)
• Homeostasis(149)
• Constancy of the Internal Environment(149)
• Control Systems(149)
• Feedback Systems(150)
• Stress and Adaptation(151)
• The Stress Response(151)
• Coping and Adaptation to Stress(156)
• Disorders of the Stress Response(158)
• Effects of Acute Stress(158)
• Effects of Chronic Stress(159)
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder(159)
• Treatment and Research of Stress Disorders(160)
• 8 Disorders of Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance(164)
• Composition and Compartmental Distribution of Body Fluids(165)
• Dissociation of Electrolytes(166)
• Diffusion and Osmosis(166)
• Compartmental Distribution of Body Fluids(168)
• Capillary-Interstitial Fluid Exchange(169)
• Sodium and Water Balance(173)
• Body Water Balance(173)
• Sodium Balance(173)
• Mechanisms of Regulation(175)
• Disorders of Sodium and Water Balance(179)
• Potassium Balance(187)
• Regulation of Potassium Balance(187)
• Disorders of Potassium Balance(188)
• Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium Balance(193)
• Mechanisms Regulating Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium Balance(193)
• Disorders of Calcium Balance(195)
• Disorders of Phosphorus Balance(199)
• Disorders of Magnesium Balance(202)
• Acid-Base Balance(205)
• Acid-Base Chemistry(205)
• Metabolic Acid and Bicarbonate Production(206)
• Calculation of pH(208)
• Regulation of pH(209)
• Laboratory Tests(213)
• Disorders of Acid-Base Balance(214)
• Unit 4 Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity(985)
• 9 Inflammation, Tissue Repair, and Wound Healing(230)
• The Inflammatory Response(231)
• Acute Inflammation(231)
• Chronic Inflammation(242)
• Systemic Manifestations of Inflammation(242)
• Tissue Repair and Wound Healing(244)
• Tssue Repair(244)
• Wound Healing(245)
• 10 Mechanisms of Infectious Disease(254)
• Infectious Diseases(255)
• Infectious Disease Concepts(255)
• Agents of Infectious Disease(255)
• Mechanisms of Infection(264)
• Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases(264)
• Modes of Transmission(264)
• Source(265)
• Clinical Manifestations(266)
• Disease Course(266)
• Site of Infection(267)
• Virulence Factors(268)
• Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases(270)
• Diagnosis(270)
• Treatment(273)
• Bioterrorism and Emerging Global Infectious Diseases(276)
• Bioterrorism(276)
• Global Infectious Diseases(277)
• 11 Innate and Adaptive Immunity(281)
• The Immune Response(282)
• Cytokines and Their Role in Immunity(283)
• Innate Immunity(287)
• Epithelial Barriers(287)
• Cells of Innate Immunity(288)
• Pathogen Recognition(290)
• Soluble Mediators of Innate Immunity(291)
• The Complement System(291)
• Adaptive Immunity(293)
• Antigens(293)
• Cells of Adaptive Immunity(296)
• B Lymphocytes and Humoral Immunity(300)
• T Lymphocytes and Cellular Immunity(303)
• Lymphoid Organs(305)
• Active Vs Passive Immunity(306)
• Regulation of the Adaptive Immune Response(307)
• Developmental Aspects of the Immune System(308)
• Transfer of Immunity From Birthing Parent to Infant(309)
• Immune Response in the Older Adult(309)
• 12 Disorders of the Immune Response, Including HIV/AIDS(313)
• Disorders of the Immune Response(314)
• Immunodeficiency Disorders(314)
• Humoral (B-Cell) Immunodeficiencies(316)
• Cell-Mediated (T-Cell) Immunodeficiencies(319)
• Combined T-Cell and B-Cell Immunodeficiencies(321)
• Disorders of the Complement System(322)
• Disorders of Phagocytosis(324)
• Stem Cell Transplantation(325)
• Hypersensitivity Disorders(326)
• Type I Immediate Hypersensitivity Disorders(326)
• Type II Antibody-Mediated Disorders(330)
• Type III Immune Complex-Mediated Disorders(331)
• Type IV Cell-Mediated Hypersensitivity Disorders(332)
• Latex Allergy(334)
• Transplantation Immunopathology(336)
• Mechanisms Involved in Transplant Rejection(336)
• Autoimmune Disease(338)
• Immunologic Tolerance(338)
• Mechanisms of Autoimmune Disease(340)
• Diagnosis and Treatment of Autoimmune Disease(341)
• Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/Human Immunodeficiency Virus(342)
• The Aids Epidemic and Transmission of HIV Infection(342)
• Transmission of HIV Infection(343)
• Pathophysiology and Clinical Course(344)
• Molecular and Biologic Features of HIV(344)
• Clinical Course(347)
• Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment(349)
• Prevention(349)
• Diagnostic Methods(349)
• Treatment(349)
• HIV Infection in Pregnancy and in Infants and Children(350)
• Preventing Perinatal HIV Transmission(350)
• Diagnosis of HIV Infection in Children(351)
• Clinical Presentation of HIV Infection in Children(351)
• Unit 5 Disorders of Neural Function(355)
• 13 Organization and Control of Neural Function(356)
• Nervous Tissue Cells(357)
• Neurons(357)
• Neuroglial Cells(358)
• Metabolic Requirements of Nervous Tissue(360)
• Neurophysiology(361)
• Action Potentials(361)
• Synaptic Transmission(362)
• Messenger Molecules(363)
• Developmental Organization of the Nervous System(366)
• Embryonic Development(366)
• Segmental Organization(368)
• Structure and Function of the Spinal Cord and Brain(375)
• Spinal Cord(375)
• The Brain(377)
• The Autonomic Nervous System(388)
• Autonomic Efferent Pathways(389)
• Sympathetic Nervous System(389)
• Parasympathetic Nervous System(391)
• Central Integrative Pathways(392)
• Autonomic Neurotransmission(392)
• Acetylcholine and Cholinergic Receptors(393)
• 14 Somatosensory Function, Pain, Headache, and Temperature Regulation(397)
• Organization and Control of Somatosensory Function(398)
• Sensory Systems(398)
• Sensory Modalities(402)
• Clinical Assessment of Somatosensory Function(404)
• Pain(405)
• Pain Theories(406)
• Pain Mechanisms and Pathways(407)
• Pain Receptors and Mediators(407)
• Pain Threshold and Tolerance(411)
• Types of Pain(411)
• Assessment of Pain(414)
• Management of Pain(414)
• Alterations in Pain Sensitivity and Special Types of Pain(418)
• Alterations in Pain Sensitivity(418)
• Special Types of Pain(418)
• Headache and Associated Pain(420)
• Headache(420)
• Migraine Headache(420)
• Cluster Headache(422)
• Tension-Type Headache(422)
• Chronic Daily Headache(422)
• Temporomandibular Joint Pain(423)
• Pain in Children and Older Adults(423)
• Pain in Children(423)
• Pain in Older Adults(424)
• Body Temperature Regulation(425)
• Mechanisms of Heat Production(427)
• Mechanisms of Heat Loss(427)
• Increased Body Temperature(428)
• Fever(429)
• Hyperthermia(433)
• Decreased Body Temperature(435)
• Hypothermia(435)
• 15 Disorders of Motor Function(440)
• Organization and Control of Motor Function(441)
• Organization of Movement(441)
• The Motor Unit(442)
• Spinal Reflexes(443)
• Motor Pathways(445)
• Assessment of Motor Function(446)
• Disorders of the Motor Unit(449)
• Skeletal Muscle Disorders(450)
• Disorders of the Neuromuscular Junction(451)
• Lower Motor Neuron Disorders(453)
• Peripheral Nerve Disorders(453)
• Disorders of the Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia(458)
• Disorders of the Cerebellum(458)
• Disorders of the Basal Ganglia(459)
• Upper Motor Neuron Disorders(464)
• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis(464)
• Multiple Sclerosis(465)
• Vertebral and Spinal Cord Injury(468)
• 16 Disorders of Brain Function(479)
• Manifestations and Mechanisms of Brain Injury(480)
• Manifestations of Brain Injury(480)
• Mechanisms of Brain Injury(484)
• Traumatic Brain Injury(492)
• Primary and Secondary Brain Injuries(493)
• Hematomas(494)
• Cerebrovascular Disease(495)
• Cerebral Circulation(495)
• Stroke(497)
• Infections and Neoplasms(504)
• Infections(504)
• Brain Tumors(506)
• Seizure Disorders(509)
• Etiology(509)
• Classification(509)
• Diagnosis and Treatment(511)
• Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures(512)
• Status Epiiepticus(512)
• Nonconvuisive Seizures(513)
• 17 Sleep and Sleep-Wake Disorders(516)
• Neurobiology of Sleep(517)
• Neural Structures and Pathways(517)
• The Sleep-Wake Cycle(517)
• Orcadian Rhythms(521)
• Melatonin(521)
• Sleep Disorders(522)
• Diagnostic Methods(522)
• Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders(523)
• Insomnia(524)
• Narcolepsy(526)
• Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders(528)
• Parasomnias(530)
• Sleep and Sleep Disorders in Children and Older Adults(531)
• Sleep and Sleep Disorders in Children(531)
• Sleep and Sleep Disorders in Older Adults(532)
• 18 Disorders of Thought, Emotion, and Memory(536)
• Psychiatric Disorders(537)
• Incidence and Prevalence(537)
• The Diagnosis of Psychiatric Disorders(537)
• Understanding Psychiatric Disorders(537)
• Types of Psychiatric Disorders(541)
• Schizophrenia(541)
• Mood Disorders(543)
• Anxiety Disorders(545)
• Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders(546)
• Substance Use Disorders(547)
• Disorders of Memory and Cognition(548)
• Normal Cognitive Aging(548)
• Neurocognitive Disorders(548)
• Unit 6 Disorders of Special Sensory Function(559)
• 19 Disorders of Visual Function(560)
• Disorders of the Accessory Structures of the Eye(561)
• Disorders of the Eyelids(562)
• Disorders of the Lacrimal System(564)
• Disorders of the Conjunctiva, Cornea, and Uveal Tract(564)
• Disorders of the Conjunctiva(564)
• Disorders of the Comea(567)
• Disorders of the Uveal Tract(569)
• The Pupil and Pupillary Reflexes(570)
• Intraocular Pressure and Glaucoma(571)
• Control of Intraocular Pressure(571)
• Glaucoma(572)
• Disorders of the Lens and Lens Function(575)
• Disorders of Refraction and Accommodation(575)
• Cataracts(576)
• Disorders of the Vitreous and Retina(577)
• Disorders of the Vitreous(578)
• Disorders of the Retina(576)
• Disorders of Neural Pathways and Cortical Centers(588)
• Optic Pathways(588)
• Visual Cortex(589)
• Visual Fields(589)
• Disorders of Eye Movement(591)
• Extraocular Eye Muscles and Their Innervation(591)
• Strabismus(593)
• Amblyopia(595)
• Eye Examination in Infants and Children(596)
• 20 Disorders of Hearing and Vestibular Function(599)
• Disorders of the Auditory System(600)
• Disorders of the External Ear(600)
• Disorders of the Middle Ear and Eustachian Tube(602)
• Disorders of the Inner Ear(607)
• Disorders of the Central Auditory Pathways(609)
• Hearing Loss(610)
• Disorders of Vestibular Function(614)
• The Vestibular System and Vestibular Reflexes(614)
• Vertigo(616)
• Motion Sickness(617)
• Disorders of Peripheral Vestibular Function(617)
• Disorders of Central Vestibular Function(618)
• Diagnosis and Treatment of Vestibular Disorders(619)
• Unit 7 Disorders of the Hematopoietic System(623)
• 21 Blood Cells and the Hematopoietic System(624)
• Composition of Blood and Formation of Blood Cells(624)
• Plasma(625)
• Blood Cells(626)
• Formation of Blood Cells (Hematopoiesis)(629)
• Diagnostic Tests(632)
• Blood Count(632)
• Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate(632)
• Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy(632)
• 22 Disorders of Hemostasis(635)
• Mechanisms of Hemostasis(636)
• Vascular Spasm(636)
• Formation of the Platelet Plug(636)
• Coagulation Cascade and Fibrin Clot Formation(637)
• Blood Coagulation(637)
• Clot Retraction(639)
• Clot Dissolution(639)
• Hypercoagulability States(642)
• Hypercoagulability Associated With Increased Platelet Function(643)
• Hypercoagulability Associated With Increased Clotting Activity(644)
• Bleeding Disorders(645)
• Bleeding Associated With Platelet Disorders(645)
• Bleeding Associated With Coagulation Factor Deficiencies(647)
• Bleeding Associated With Vascular Disorders(649)
• Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation(649)
• 23 Disorders of Red Blood Cells(654)
• The Red Blood Cell(655)
• Hemoglobin Synthesis(656)
• Red Cell Production(656)
• Red Cell Destruction(653)
• Red Cell Metabolism and Hemoglobin Oxidation(658)
• Laboratory Tests(659)
• Blood Types and Transfusion Therapy(660)
• ABO Blood Groups(662)
• Rh Types(662)
• Blood Transfusion Reactions(662)
• Anemia(666)
• Blood Loss Anemia(667)
• Hemolytic Anemias(667)
• Anemias of Deficient Red Cell Production(671)
• Polycythemia(675)
• Absolute Polycythemia: Primary(675)
• Absolute Polycythemia: Secondary(675)
• Age-Related Changes in Red Blood Cells(675)
• Red Cell Changes in the Neonate(675)
• Red Cell Changes with Aging(677)
• 24 Disorders of White Blood Cells and Lymphoid Tissues(681)
• Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues(682)
• Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)(682)
• Bone Marrow and Hematopoiesis(682)
• Lymphoid Tissues(684)
• Nonneoplastic Disorders of White Blood Cells(686)
• Neutropenia (Agranulocytosis)(686)
• Infectious Mononucleosis(688)
• Neoplastic Disorders of Lymphoid and Hematopoietic Origin(689)
• Malignant Lymphomas(689)
• Leukemias(693)
• Plasma Cell Dyscrastas(698)
• Unit 8 Disorders of Cardiovascular Function(705)
• 25 Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular System(706)
• The Heart as a Pump(707)
• Functional Anatomy of the Heart(707)
• Cardiac Cycle(711)
• Regulation of Cardiac Performance(713)
• Organization of the Circulatory System(715)
• Pulmonary and Systemic Circulations(715)
• Volume and Pressure Distribution(716)
• Principles of Blood Flow(717)
• Relationships Between Blood Flow, Pressure, and Resistance(717)
• Wall Tension, Radius, and Pressure(720)
• Distention and Compliance(721)
• The Systemic Circulation and Control of Blood Flow(721)
• Blood Vessels(721)
• Arterial System(722)
• Venous System(723)
• Local and Humoral Control of Blood Flow(724)
• The Microcirculation and Lymphatic System(726)
• Structure and Function of the Microcirculation(726)
• Capillary-Interstitial Fluid Exchange(727)
• The Lymphatic System(729)
• Neural Control of Circulatory Function(729)
• Autonomic Nervous System Regulation(730)
• Central Nervous System Responses(731)
• 26 Disorders of Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation(733)
• Blood Vessel Structure and Function(734)
• Endothelium(734)
• Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells(734)
• Regulation of Systemic Arterial Blood Pressure(736)
• Mechanisms of Blood Pressure Regulation(737)
• Vasculitis(742)
• Temporal Arteritis (Giant Cell Arteritis)(742)
• Thromboangiitis Obliterans(742)
• COVID-19-Related Vasculitis(743)
• Disorders of Systemic Arterial Blood Flow(744)
• Dyslipidemia(744)
• Atherosclerosis(748)
• Aneurysms(751)
• Aortic Aneurysms(753)
• Aortic Dissection(754)
• Acute Arterial Occlusion(754)
• Chronic Occlusive Arterial Disorders of the Extremities(755)
• Disorders of Systemic Venous Circulation(757)
• Venous Thrombosis, Thrombophlebitis, and Thromboembolism(758)
• Varicose Veins(760)
• Chronic Venous Insufficiency(761)
• Disorders of Blood Pressure Regulation(762)
• Hypertension(762)
• Orthostatic Hypotension(768)
• 27 Disorders of Cardiac Function, and Heart Failure and Circulatory Shock(774)
• Disorders of Cardiac Function(776)
• Disorders of the Pericardium(776)
• Acute Pericarditis(777)
• Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade(778)
• Constrictive Pericarditis(779)
• Coronary Artery Disease(780)
• Coronary Circulation(780)
• Acute Coronary Syndrome(787)
• Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease(795)
• Cardiomyopathies(797)
• Primary Cardiomyopathies(798)
• Secondary Cardiomyopathies(802)
• Infectious and Immunologic Disorders(802)
• Infective Endocarditis(802)
• Rheumatic Heart Disease(805)
• Valvular Heart Disease(807)
• Hemodynamic Derangements(807)
• Mitral Valve Disorders(807)
• Aortic Valve Disorders(811)
• Heart Failure and Circulatory Shock(813)
• Heart Failure in Adults(813)
• Pathophysiology of Heart Failure(813)
• Acute Heart Failure Syndromes(821)
• Heart Disease in Infants and Children(826)
• Embryonic Development of the Heart(827)
• Fetal and Perinatal Circulation(828)
• Congenital Heart Defects(829)
• Kawasaki Disease(837)
• Heart Failure in Children and Older Adults(839)
• Heart Failure in Infants and Children(839)
• Heart Failure in Older Adults(840)
• Circulatory Failure (Shock)(842)
• Pathophysiology of Circulatory Shock(842)
• Cardiogenic Shock(844)
• Hypovolemic Shock(846)
• Distributive Shock(848)
• Obstructive Shock(850)
• Complications of Shock(850)
• 28 Disorders of Cardiac Conduction and Rhythm(857)
• Cardiac Conduction System(857)
• Action Potentials(859)
• Electrocardiography(862)
• Disorders of Cardiac Rhythm and Conduction(864)
• Mechanisms of Arrhythmias and Conduction Disorders(864)
• Types of Arrhythmias and Conduction Disorders(865)
• Treatment(873)
• Unit 9 Disorders of Respiratory Function(879)
• 29 Structure and Function of the Respiratory System(880)
• Structural Organization of the Respiratory System(881)
• Conducting Airways(882)
• Lungs and Respiratory Airways(886)
• Pulmonary Vasculature and Lymphatic Supply(888)
• Innervation(888)
• Pleura(888)
• Exchange of Gases between the Atmosphere and the Lungs(890)
• Basic Properties of Gases(890)
• Ventilation and the Mechanics of Breathing(890)
• Lung Volumes(896)
• Pulmonary Function Studies(896)
• Efficiency and the Work of Breathing(896)
• Exchange and Transport of Gases(898)
• Ventilation(898)
• Perfusion(899)
• Mismatching of Ventilation and Perfusion(901)
• Diffusion(901)
• Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport(902)
• Control of Breathing(907)
• Respiratory Center(907)
• Regulation of Breathing(908)
• Cough Reflex(909)
• Dyspnea(909)
• 30 Respiratory Tract Infections, Neoplasms, and Childhood Disorders(912)
• Respiratory Tract Infections(913)
• The Common Cold(913)
• Rhinosinusitis(914)
• Influenza(916)
• Pneumonias(918)
• Tuberculosis(922)
• Fungal Infections(925)
• Cancer of the Lung(928)
• Histologic Subtypes and Pathogenesis(928)
• Clinical Manifestations(929)
• Diagnosis and Treatment(930)
• Respiratory Disorders in Children(931)
• Lung Development(931)
• Manifestations of Respiratory Disorders or Infection in the Infant or Small Child(933)
• Respiratory Disorders in the Neonats(934)
• Respiratory Infections in Children(935)
• COVID-19 Infection(939)
• Risk Factors(939)
• Pathogenesis(939)
• Clinical Manifestations(940)
• Diagnosis(940)
• Management(941)
• Vaccines(941)
• 31 Disorders of Ventilation and Gas Exhange(945)
• Physiologic Effects of Ventilation and Diffusion Disorders(946)
• Hypoxemia(947)
• Hypercapnia(950)
• Disorders of Lung Inflation(951)
• Disorders of the Pleura(951)
• Atelectasis(955)
• Obstructive Airway Disorders(956)
• Physiology of Airway Disease(956)
• Asthma(957)
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease(961)
• Bronchiectasis(966)
• Cystic Fibrosis(967)
• Chronic Interstitial (Restrictive) Lung Diseases(969)
• Etiology and Pathogenesis of Interstitial Lung Diseases(969)
• Clinical Manifestations(969)
• Diagnosis and Treatment(970)
• Occupational and Environmental Interstitial Lung Diseases(970)
• Sarcoidosis(971)
• Disorders of the Pulmonary Circulation(972)
• Pulmonary Embolism(972)
• Pulmonary Hypertension(974)
• Cor Pulmonale(976)
• Acute Respiratory Disorders(976)
• Acute Lung Injury/Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome(977)
• Acute Respiratory Failure(979)
• Unit 10 Disorders of Renal Function(985)
• 32 Structure and Function of the Kidney(986)
• Kidney Structure and Function(987)
• Gross Structure and Location(987)
• Renal Blood Supply(988)
• The Nephron(988)
• Urine Formation(991)
• Regulation of Renal Blood Row(994)
• Elimination Functions of the Kidney(998)
• Endocrine Functions of the Kidney(1000)
• Action of Diuretics(1000)
• Tests of Renal Function(1002)
• Urine Tests(1002)
• Glomerular Filtration Rate(1003)
• Blood Tests(1004)
• Cystoscopy and Ureteroscopy(1004)
• Ultrasonography(1005)
• Radiologic and Other Imaging Studies(1005)
• 33 Disorders of Renal Function(1007)
• Congenital and Inherited Disorders of the Kidneys(1008)
• Congenital Disorders of the Kidneys(1008)
• Inherited Cystic Kidney Diseases(1009)
• Simple and Acquired Renal Cysts(1012)
• Obstructive Disorders(1013)
• Mechanisms of Renal Damage(1013)
• Hydronephrosis(1014)
• Renal Calculi(1015)
• Urinary Tract Infections(1018)
• Etiology and Pathogenesis(1018)
• Clinical Manifestations(1021)
• Diagnosis and Treatment(1021)
• Infections in Special Populations(1021)
• Disorders of Glomerular Function(1023)
• Etiology and Pathogenesis of Glomerular Injury(1024)
• Types of Glomerular Disease(1026)
• Glomerular Lesions Associated With Systemic Disease(1030)
• Tubulointerstitial Disorders(1031)
• Renal Tubular Acidosis(1031)
• Pyelonephritis(1032)
• Drug-Related Nephropathies(1033)
• Malignant Tumors of the Kidney(1034)
• Wilms Tumor(1034)
• Renal Cell Carcinoma(1034)
• 34 Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease(1039)
• Acute Kidney Injury(1040)
• Types of Acute Kidney Injury(1040)
• Phases of AKI(1042)
• Diagnosis and Treatment(1043)
• Chronic Kidney Disease(1044)
• Definition and Classification(1044)
• Assessment of Glomerular Filtration Rate and Other Indicators of Renal Function(1045)
• Clinical Manifestations(1046)
• Treatment(1052)
• Chronic Kidney Disease in Children and Older Adults(1056)
• Chronic Kidney Disease in Children(1056)
• Chronic Kidney Disease in Older Adults(1057)
• 35 Disorders of the Bladder and Lower Urinary Tract(1061)
• Control of Urine Elimination(1062)
• Bladder Structure(1062)
• Neural Control of Bladder Function(1062)
• Diagnostic Methods of Evaluating Bladder Structure and Function(1065)
• Alterations in Bladder Function(1067)
• Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction and Stasis(1067)
• Neurogenic Bladder Disorders(1068)
• Urinary Incontinence(1071)
• Cancer of the Bladder(1076)
• Etiology and Pathophysiology(1076)
• Clinical Manifestations(1076)
• Diagnosis and Treatment(1076)
• Unit 11 Disorders of Gastrointestinal Function(1079)
• 36 Structure and Function of the Gastrointestinal System(1080)
• Structure and Organization of the Gastrointestinal Tract(1081)
• Upper Gastrointestinal Tract(1082)
• Middle Gastrointestinal Tract(1082)
• Lower Gastrointestinal Tract(1082)
• Gastrointestinal Wa;ll Structure(1083)
• Motility(1085)
• Control of Gastrointestinal Motility(1085)
• Swallowing and Esophageal Motility(1086)
• Gastric Motility(1088)
• Small intestinal Motility(1090)
• Colonic Motility and Defecation(1090)
• Hormonal, Secretory, and Digestive Functions(1091)
• Gastrointestinal Hormones(1091)
• Gastrointestinal Secretions(1092)
• Intestinal Flora(1095)
• Digestion and Absorption(1096)
• Carbohydrate Absorption(1097)
• Fat Absorption(1098)
• Protein Absorption(1098)
• The Gastrointestinal Immunity(1099)
• Immune Barrier(1099)
• Microfold Cells(1100)
• Antigen-Presenting Cells(1101)
• T Cells(1101)
• 37 Disorders of Gastrointestinal Function(1103)
• Common Manifestations of GI Disorders: Anorexia, Nausea, and Vomiting(1104)
• Anorexia(1104)
• Nausea, Vomiting, and Retching(1104)
• Disorders of the Esophagus(1106)
• Congenital Anomalies(1106)
• Dysphagia(1106)
• Esophageal Diverticulum(1107)
• Tears (Mallory-Weiss Syndrome)(1107)
• Hiatal Hernia(1108)
• Gastroesophageal Reflux(1108)
• Cancer of the Esophagus(1111)
• Disorders of the Stomach(1112)
• Gastric Mucosal Barrier(1112)
• Gastritis(1113)
• Peptic Ulcer Disease(1115)
• Cancer of the Stomach(1118)
• Disorders of the Small and Large Intestines(1120)
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome(1120)
• Inflammatory Bowel Disease(1121)
• Infectious Enterocolitis(1128)
• Diverticular Disease(1130)
• Appendicitis(1132)
• Alterations in Intestinal Motility(1132)
• Alterations in Intestinal Absorption(1138)
• Neoplasms(1139)
• 38 Disorders of Hepatobiliary and Exocrine Pancreas Function(1151)
• The Liver and Hepatobiliary System(1152)
• Metabolic Functions of the Liver(1154)
• Bile Production and Cholestasis(1156)
• Bilirubin Elimination and Jaundice(1157)
• Tests of Hepatobiliary Function(1159)
• Disorders of Hepatic and Biliary Function(1160)
• Hepatotoxic Disorders(1160)
• Viral Hepatitis(1162)
• Autoimmune Hepatitis(1169)
• Intrahepatic Biliary Disorders(1170)
• Alcohol-induced Liver Disease(1171)
• Cirrhosis, Portal Hypertension, and Liver Failure(1174)
• Cancer of the Liver(1180)
• Disorders of the Gallbladder and Exocrine Pancreas(1182)
• Disorders of the Gallbladder and Extrahepatic Bile Ducts(1182)
• Disorders of the Exocrine Pancreas(1186)
• 39 Alterations in Nutritional Status(1195)
• Nutritional Status(1196)
• Energy Metabolism(1196)
• Energy Storage(1196)
• Energy Expenditure(1197)
• Nutritional Needs(1199)
• Dietary Reference Intakes(1199)
• Nutritional Needs(1199)
• Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Storage(1202)
• Overweight and Obesity(1204)
• Body Mass Index(1204)
• Causes of Obesity(1204)
• Types of Obesity(1205)
• Health Risks Associated With Obesity(1205)
• Prevention and Treatment of Obesity(1206)
• Undernutrition and Eating Disorders(1208)
• Malnutrition and Starvation(1208)
• Eating Disorders(1210)
• Unit 12 Disorders of Endocrine Function(1217)
• 40 Mechanisms of Endocrine Control(1218)
• The Endocrine System(1218)
• Hormones(1219)
• Control of Hormone Levels(1224)
• Diagnostic Tests(1228)
• 41 Disorders of Endocrine Control of Growth and Metabolism(1235)
• General Aspects of Altered Endocrine Function(1236)
• Hypofunction, Hyperfunction, and Hormone Resistance(1236)
• Primary and Secondary Endocrine Disorders(1236)
• Pituitary and Growth Disorders(1237)
• Assessment of Hypothaiamic-Pituitary Function(1237)
• Pituitary Tumors(1237)
• Hypopituitarism(1237)
• Growth Hormone and Growth Disorders(1238)
• Precocious Puberty(1243)
• Thyroid Disorders(1244)
• Control of Thyroid Function(1244)
• Hypothyroidism(1248)
• Hyperthyroidism(1250)
• Disorders of Adrenal Cortical Function(1252)
• Control of Adrenal Cortical Function(1252)
• Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia(1255)
• Adrenal Cortical Insufficiency(1256)
• Glucocorticoid Hormone Excess (Gushing Disease and Cushing Syndrome)(1258)
• Primary Hyperaldosteronism (Conn Syndrome)(1260)
• Pheochromocytoma(1260)
• General Aspects of Altered Glucose Regulation(1260)
• Hormonal Control of Glucose, Fat, and Protein Metabolism(1260)
• Glucose-Regulating Hormones(1261)
• Counterregulatory Hormones(1263)
• Diabetes Mellitus and the Metabolic Syndrome(1264)
• Overview, Incidence, and Prevalence(1264)
• Testing for Diagnosis and Management(1264)
• Classifications and Pathophysiology(1266)
• Clinical Manifestations of Diabetes Mellitus(1269)
• Treatment Recommendations(1269)
• Complications of Diabetes Mellitus(1270)
• Acute Complications of Diabetes(1270)
• Diabetic Complications Related to Counterregulatory Mechanisms(1272)
• Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus(1273)
• Diabetic Foot Ulcers(1274)
• Altered Immune Functioning(1274)
• Unit 13 Disorders of Genitourinary and Reproductive Function(1279)
• 42 Structure and Function of the Male Genitourinary System(1281)
• Structure of the Male Reproductive System(1282)
• Embryonic Development(1282)
• Testes and Scrotum(1282)
• Genital Duct System(1283)
• Accessory Organs(1283)
• Penis(1285)
• Spermatogenesis and Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Function(1285)
• Spermatogenesis(1285)
• Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Function(1286)
• Neural Control of Sexual Function and Changes With Aging(1290)
• Neural Control(1290)
• Changes With Aging(1291)
• 43 Disorders of the Male Reproductive System(1294)
• Disorders of the Penis(1294)
• Congenital and Acquired Disorders(1295)
• Disorders of Erectile Function(1297)
• Cancer of the Penis(1301)
• Disorders of the Scrotum and Testes(1301)
• Congenital and Acquired Disorders(1301)
• Infection and Inflammation(1305)
• Neopiasms(1306)
• Disorders of the Prostate(1308)
• Infection and Inflammation(1308)
• Hyperplasia and Neoplasms(1309)
• 44 Structure and Function of the Female Reproductive System(1317)
• Reproductive Structures(1318)
• External Genitalia(1318)
• Internal Genitalia(1319)
• Menstrual Cycle(1322)
• Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle(1322)
• Ovarian Follicie Development and Ovulation(1325)
• Endometrial Changes(1326)
• Cervical Mucus Changes(1326)
• Menopause(1327)
• Breasts(1330)
• Structure and Function(1330)
• Changes During Pregnancy and Lactation(1331)
• 45 Disorders of the Female Reproductive System(1335)
• Disorders of the External Genitalia and Vagina(1336)
• Disorders of the External Genitalia(1336)
• Disorders of the Vagina(1338)
• Disorders of the Cervix and Uterus(1339)
• Disorders of the Uterine Cervix(1339)
• Disorders of the Uterus(1343)
• Disorders of the Fallopian Tubes and Ovaries(1347)
• Pelvic Inflammatory Disease(1347)
• Ectopic Pregnancy(1348)
• Cancer of the Fallopian Tube(1349)
• Ovarian Cysts and Tumors(1350)
• Disorders of Pelvic Support and Uterine Position(1354)
• Disorders of Pelvic Support(1354)
• Variations in Uterine Position(1357)
• Menstrual Disorders(1357)
• Dysfunctional Menstrual Cycles(1357)
• Amenorrhea(1358)
• Dysmenorrhea(1359)
• Premenstrual Symptom Disorders(1359)
• Disorders of the Breast(1361)
• Galactorrhea(1361)
• Mastitis(1361)
• Ductal Disorders(1361)
• Fibroadenoma and Fibrocystic Changes(1361)
• Breast Cancer(1362)
• Infertility(1365)
• Male Factors(1365)
• Female Factors(1366)
• Assisted Reproductive Technology(1367)
• 46 Sexually Transmitted Infections(1373)
• Infections of the External Genitalia(1374)
• Condylomata Acuminata (Genital Warts)(1374)
• Genital Herpes(1376)
• Molluscum Contaglosum(1378)
• Chancroid(1378)
• Granuloma Inguinale(1378)
• Lymphogranuloma Venereum(1379)
• Vaginal Infections(1380)
• Candidiasis(1380)
• Trichomoniasis(1380)
• Bacterial Vaginosis(1381)
• Vaginal-Urogenital-Systemic Infections(1382)
• Chlamydial Infections(1382)
• Gonorrhea(1384)
• Syphilis(1386)
• Other Infections(1388)
• Zika(1388)
• Unit 14 Disorders of Musculoskeletal Function(1391)
• 47 Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System(1392)
• Bony Structures of the Skeletal System(1393)
• Bone Structures(1393)
• Bone Tissue(1396)
• Cartilage(1397)
• Hormonal Control of Bone Formation and Metabolism(1398)
• Articulations and Joints(1400)
• Tendons and Ligaments(1400)
• Types of Joints(1400)
• 48 Disorders of Musculoskeletal Function: Trauma, Infection, Neoplasms(1405)
• Injury and Trauma of Musculoskeletal Structures(1406)
• Athletic injuries(1406)
• Soft-Tissue Injuries(1406)
• Joint (Musculotendinous) Injuries(1407)
• Fractures(1411)
• Complications of Fractures and Other Musculoskeletal Injuries(1416)
• Bone Infections(1421)
• Osteomyelitis(1422)
• Tuberculosis of the Bone or Joint(1424)
• Osteonecrosis(1424)
• Etiology and Pathogenesis(1425)
• Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Treatment(1425)
• Neoplasms(1426)
• Characteristics of Bone Tumors(1426)
• Benign Neoplasms(1427)
• Malignant Bone Tumors(1427)
• Metastatic Bone Disease(1430)
• 49 Disorders of Musculoskeletal Function: Developmental and Metabolic Disorders, Activity Intolerance, and Fatigue(1434)
• Alterations in Skeletal Growth and Development(1435)
• Bone Growth and Remodeling(1435)
• Alterations During Normal Growth Periods(1436)
• Hereditary and Congenital Deformities(1442)
• Juvenile Osteochondroses(1446)
• Scoliosis(1447)
• Metabolic Bone Disease(1449)
• Osteopenia(1449)
• Osteoporosis(1449)
• Osteomalacia and Rickets(1453)
• Paget Disease(1455)
• Activity Intolerance and Fatigue(1457)
• Mechanisms of Fatigue(1457)
• Acute Physical Fatigue(1457)
• Chronic Fatigue(1458)
• 50 Disorders of Musculoskeletal Function: Rheumatic Disorders(1465)
• Systemic Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases(1466)
• Rheumatoid Arthritis(1466)
• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus(1472)
• Systemic Sclerosis/Scleroderma(1475)
• Polymyositis and Dermatomyosttis(1475)
• Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies(1476)
• Ankylosing Spondylitis(1476)
• Reactive Arthropathies(1478)
• Psoriatic Arthritis(1479)
• Enteropathic Arthritis(1479)
• Osteoarthritis Syndrome(1479)
• Epidemiology and Risk Factors(1480)
• Pathogenesis(1480)
• Clinical Manifestations(1481)
• Diagnosis and Treatment(1483)
• Crystal-Induced Arthropathies(1484)
• Gout(1485)
• Rheumatic Diseases in Children and Older Adults(1487)
• Rheumatic Diseases in Children(1487)
• Rheumatic Diseases in Older Adults(1488)
• Unit 15 Disorders of Integumentary Function(1495)
• 51 Structure and Function of the Skin(1496)
• Structure and Function of the Skin(1497)
• Skin Structures(1497)
• Skin Appendages(1503)
• Functions of the Skin(1504)
• Manifestations of Skin Disorders(1505)
• Lesions and Rashes(1505)
• Pruritus(1508)
• Dry Skin(1509)
• Skin Variations(1509)
• 52 Disorders of Skin Integrity and Function(1512)
• Primary Disorders of the Skin(1513)
• Pigmentary Skin Disorders(1513)
• Infectious Processes(1514)
• Acne and Rosacea(1521)
• Allergic and Hypersensitivity Dermatoses(1527)
• Papulosquamous Dermatoses(1531)
• Arthropod Infestations(1535)
• Ultraviolet Radiation, Thermal, and Pressure Injury(1537)
• Skin Damage Caused by Ultraviolet Radiation(1537)
• Thermal Injury(1538)
• Pressure Injuries(1542)
• Nevi and Skin Cancers(1545)
• Nevi(1545)
• Skin Cancer(1546)
• Age-Related Skin Manifestations(1549)
• Skin Manifestations of infancy and Childhood(1549)
• Skin Manifestations and Disorders in Older Adults(1552)
• Appendix: Lab Values(1559)
• Glossary(1562)
• Index(1589)