Descripciones mejoradas de Syndetics:

The exceptional quality of previous editions has been built upon to make the twelfth edition of Atkins' Physical Chemistry even more closely suited to the needs of both lecturers and students. The writing style has been adapted in collaboration with current students of physical chemistry in order to retain clarity but match the way you read.The new edition is now available as an enhanced e-book, which offers a richer, more dynamic experience than either a print textbook or a flat e-book. It does this by incorporating digital enhancements that are carefully curated and thoughtfully inserted at meaningful points to enhance the learning experience. In addition, it offers formative auto-graded assessment materials to provide students with regular opportunities to test their understanding.Digital enhancements introduced for the new edition include dynamic graphs, which you can interact with to explore how the manipulation of variables affects the results of the graphs, self-check questions at the end of every Topic, video content from physical chemists, and video tutorials to accompany each Focus, which dig deeper into the key equations introduced. There is also a new foundational prologue entitled 'Energy: A First Look', which summarizes key concepts that are best kept in mind right from the beginning.The coupling of the broad coverage of the subject with a structure and use of pedagogy that is even more innovative will ensure Atkins' Physical Chemistry remains the textbook of choice for studying physical chemistry.

Tabla de contenidos provista por Syndetics

• Conventions(xxii)
• Physical chemistry: people and perspectives(xxii)
• List of tables(xxiii)
• List of The chemist's toolkits(xxiv)
• List of material provided as A deeper look(xxv)
• List of Impacts(xxvi)
• Energy A First Look(xxvii)
• Focus 1 The properties of gases(3)
• Topic 1A The perfect gas(4)
• 1A.1 Variables of state(4)
• (a) Pressure and volume(4)
• (b) Temperature(5)
• (c) Amount(5)
• (d) Intensive and extensive properties(5)
• 1A.2 Equations of state(6)
• (a) The empirical basis of the perfect gas law(6)
• (b) The value of the gas constant(8)
• (c) Mixtures of gases(9)
• Checklist of concepts(10)
• Checklist of equations(10)
• Topic 1B The kinetic model(11)
• 1B.1 The model(11)
• (a) Pressure and molecular speeds(11)
• (b) The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of speeds(12)
• (c) Mean values(14)
• 1B.2 Collisions(16)
• (a) The collision frequency(16)
• (b) The mean free path(16)
• Checklist of concepts(17)
• Checklist of equations(17)
• Topic 1C Real gases(18)
• 1C.1 Deviations from perfect behaviour(18)
• (a) The compression factor(19)
• (b) Virial coefficients(20)
• (c) Critical constants(21)
• 1C.2 The van der Waals equation(22)
• (a) Formulation of the equation(22)
• (b) The features of the equation(23)
• (c) The principle of corresponding states(24)
• Checklist of concepts(26)
• Checklist of equations(26)
• Focus 2 The First Law(33)
• Topic 2A Internal energy(34)
• 2A.1 Work, heat, and energy(34)
• (a) Definitions(34)
• (b) The molecular interpretation of heat and work(35)
• 2A.2 The definition of internal energy(36)
• (a) Molecular interpretation of internal energy(36)
• (b) The formulation of the First Law(37)
• 2A.3 Expansion work(37)
• (a) The general expression for work(37)
• (b) Expansion against constant pressure(38)
• (c) Reversible expansion(39)
• (d) Isothermal reversible expansion of a perfect gas(39)
• 2A.4 Heat transactions(40)
• (a) Calorimetry(40)
• (b) Heat capacity(41)
• Checklist of concepts(43)
• Checklist of equations(44)
• Topic 2B Enthalpy(45)
• 2B.1 The definition of enthalpy(45)
• (a) Enthalpy change and heat transfer(45)
• (b) Calorimetry(46)
• 2B.2 The variation of enthalpy with temperature(47)
• (a) Heat capacity at constant pressure(47)
• (b) The relation between heat capacities(49)
• Checklist of concepts(49)
• Checklist of equations(49)
• Topic 2C Thermochemistry(50)
• 2C.1 Standard enthalpy changes(50)
• (a) Enthalpies of physical change(50)
• (b) Enthalpies of chemical change(51)
• (c) Hess's law(52)
• 2C.2 Standard enthalpies of formation(53)
• 2C.3 The temperature dependence of reaction enthalpies(54)
• 2C.4 Experimental techniques(55)
• (a) Differential scanning calorimetry(55)
• (b) Isothermal titration calorimetry(56)
• Checklist of concepts(56)
• Checklist of equations(57)
• Topic 2D State functions and exact differentials(58)
• 2D.1 Exact and inexact differentials(58)
• 2D.2 Changes in internal energy(59)
• (a) General considerations(59)
• (b) Changes in internal energy at constant pressure(60)
• 2D.3 Changes in enthalpy(62)
• 2D.4 The Joule-Thomson effect(63)
• Checklist of concepts(64)
• Checklist of equations(65)
• Topic 2E Adiabatic changes(66)
• 2E.1 The change in temperature(66)
• 2E.2 The change in pressure(67)
• Checklist of concepts(68)
• Checklist of equations(68)
• Focus 3 The Second and Third Laws(75)
• Topic 3A Entropy(76)
• 3A.1 The Second Law(76)
• 3A.2 The definition of entropy(78)
• (a) The thermodynamic definition of entropy(78)
• (b) The statistical definition of entropy(78)
• 3A.3 The entropy as a state function(80)
• (a) The Carnot cycle(81)
• (b) The thermodynamic temperature(83)
• (c) The Clausius inequality(84)
• Checklist of concepts(85)
• Checklist of equations(85)
• Topic 3B Entropy changes accompanying specific processes(86)
• 3B.1 Expansion(86)
• 3B.2 Phase transitions(87)
• 3B.3 Heating(88)
• 3B.4 Composite processes(89)
• Checklist of concepts(90)
• Checklist of equations(90)
• Topic 3C The measurement of entropy(91)
• 3C.1 The calorimetric measurement of entropy(91)
• 3C.2 The Third Law(92)
• (a) The Nernst heat theorem(92)
• (b) Third-Law entropies(93)
• (c) The temperature dependence of reaction entropy(94)
• Checklist of concepts(95)
• Checklist of equations(95)
• Topic 3D Concentrating on the system(96)
• 3D.1 The Helmholtz and Gibbs energies(96)
• (a) Criteria of spontaneity(96)
• (b) Some remarks on the Helmholtz energy(97)
• (c) Maximum work(97)
• (d) Some remarks on the Gibbs energy(99)
• (e) Maximum non-expansion work(99)
• 3D-2 Standard molar Gibbs energies(100)
• (a) Gibbs energies of formation(100)
• (b) The Born equation(101)
• Checklist of concepts(102)
• Checklist of equations(103)
• Topic 3E Combining the First and Second Laws(104)
• 3E.1 Properties of the internal energy(104)
• (a) The Maxwell relations(105)
• (b) The variation of internal energy with volume(106)
• 3E.2 Properties of the Gibbs energy(107)
• (a) General considerations(107)
• (b) The variation of the Gibbs energy with temperature(108)
• (c) The variation of the Gibbs energy of condensed phases with pressure(109)
• (d) The variation of the Gibbs energy of gases with pressure(109)
• Checklist of concepts(110)
• Checklist of equations(111)
• Focus 4 Physical transformations of pure substances(119)
• Topic 4A Phase diagrams of pure substances(120)
• 4A.1 The stabilities of phases(120)
• (a) The number of phases(120)
• (b) Phase transitions(121)
• (c) Thermodynamic criteria of phase stability(121)
• 4A.2 Coexistence curves(122)
• (a) Characteristic properties related to phase transitions(122)
• (b) The phase rule(123)
• 4A.3 Three representative phase diagrams(125)
• (a) Carbon dioxide(125)
• (b) Water(125)
• (c) Helium(126)
• Checklist of concepts(127)
• Checklist of equations(127)
• Topic 4B Thermodynamic aspects of phase transitions(128)
• 4B.1 The dependence of stability on the conditions(128)
• (a) The temperature dependence of phase stability(128)
• (b) The response of melting to applied pressure(129)
• (c) The vapour pressure of a liquid subjected to pressure(130)
• 4B.2 The location of coexistence curves(131)
• (a) The slopes of the coexistence curves(131)
• (b) The solid-liquid coexistence curve(132)
• (c) The liquid-vapour coexistence curve(132)
• (d) The solid-vapour coexistence curve(134)
• Checklist of concepts(134)
• Checklist of equations(135)
• Focus 5 Simple mixtures(141)
• Topic 5A The thermodynamic description of mixtures(143)
• 5A.1 Partial molar quantities(143)
• (a) Partial molar volume(143)
• (b) Partial molar Gibbs energies(145)
• (c) The Gibbs-Duhem equation(146)
• 5A.2 The thermodynamics of mixing(147)
• (a) The Gibbs energy of mixing of perfect gases(148)
• (b) Other thermodynamic mixing functions(149)
• 5A.3 The chemical potentials of liquids(150)
• (a) Ideal solutions(150)
• (b) Ideal-dilute solutions(151)
• Checklist of concepts(153)
• Checklist of equations(154)
• Topic 5B The properties of solutions(155)
• 5B.1 Liquid mixtures(155)
• (a) Ideal solutions(155)
• (b) Excess functions and regular solutions(156)
• 5B.2 Colligative properties(158)
• (a) The common features of colligative properties(158)
• (b) The elevation of boiling point(159)
• (c) The depression of freezing point(161)
• (d) Solubility(161)
• (e) Osmosis(162)
• Checklist of concepts(165)
• Checklist of equations(165)
• Topic 5C Phase diagrams of binary systems: liquids(166)
• 5C.1 Vapour pressure diagrams(166)
• 5C.2 Temperature-composition diagrams(168)
• (a) The construction of the diagrams(168)
• (b) The interpretation of the diagrams(169)
• 5C.3 Distillation(170)
• (a) Fractional distillation(170)
• (b) Azeotropes(171)
• (c) Immiscible liquids(172)
• 5C.4 Liquid-liquid phase diagrams(172)
• (a) Phase separation(173)
• (b) Critical solution temperatures(174)
• (c) The distillation of partially miscible liquids(175)
• Checklist of concepts(177)
• Checklist of equations(177)
• Topic 5D Phase diagrams of binary systems: solids(178)
• 5D.1 Eutectics(178)
• 5D.2 Reacting systems(180)
• 5D.3 Incongruent melting(180)
• Checklist of concepts(181)
• Topic 5E Phase diagrams of ternary systems(182)
• 5E.1 Triangular phase diagrams(182)
• 5E.2 Ternary systems(183)
• (a) Partially miscible liquids(183)
• (b) Ternary solids(184)
• Checklist of concepts(185)
• Topic 5F Activities(186)
• 5F.1 The solvent activity(186)
• 5F.2 The solute activity(187)
• (a) Ideal-dilute solutions(187)
• (b) Real solutes(187)
• (c) Activities in terms of molalities(188)
• 5F.3 The activities of regular solutions(189)
• 5F.4 The activities of ions(190)
• (a) Mean activity coefficients(190)
• (b) The Debye-Hückel limiting law(191)
• (c) Extensions of the limiting law(192)
• Checklist of concepts(193)
• Checklist of equations(193)
• Focus 6 Chemical equilibrium(205)
• Topic 6A The equilibrium constant(206)
• 6A.1 The Gibbs energy minimum(206)
• (a) The reaction Gibbs energy(206)
• (b) Exergonic and endergonic reactions(207)
• 6A.2 The description of equilibrium(207)
• (a) Perfect gas equilibria(208)
• (b) The general case of a reaction(209)
• (c) The relation between equilibrium constants(211)
• (d) Molecular interpretation of the equilibrium constant(212)
• Checklist of concepts(213)
• Checklist of equations(213)
• Topic 6B The response of equilibria to the conditions(214)
• 6B.1 The response to pressure(214)
• 6B.2 The response to temperature(216)
• (a) The van't Hoff equation(216)
• (b) The value of K at different temperatures(217)
• Checklist of concepts(218)
• Checklist of equations(218)
• Topic 6C Electrochemical cells(219)
• 6C.1 Half-reactions and electrodes(219)
• 6C.2 Varieties of cell(220)
• (a) Liquid junction potentials(220)
• (b) Notation(221)
• 6C.3 The cell potential(221)
• (a) The Nernst equation(222)
• (b) Cells at equilibrium(223)
• 6C.4 The determination of thermodynamic functions(224)
• Checklist of concepts(225)
• Checklist of equations(225)
• Topic 6D Electrode potentials(226)
• 6D.1 Standard potentials(226)
• (a) The measurement procedure(227)
• (b) Combining measured values(228)
• 6D.2 Applications of standard electrode potentials(228)
• (a) The electrochemical series(228)
• (b) The determination of activity coefficients(229)
• (c) The determination of equilibrium constants(229)
• Checklist of concepts(230)
• Checklist of equations(230)
• Focus 16 Molecules in motion(237)
• Topic 16A Transport properties of a perfect gas(238)
• 16A.1 The phenomenological equations(238)
• 16A.2 The transport parameters(240)
• (a) The diffusion coefficient(241)
• (b) Thermal conductivity(242)
• (c) Viscosity(244)
• (d) Effusion(245)
• Checklist of concepts(246)
• Checklist of equations(246)
• Topic 16B Motion in liquids(247)
• 16B.1 Experimental results(247)
• (a) Liquid viscosity(247)
• (b) Electrolyte solutions(248)
• 16B.2 The mobilities of ions(249)
• (a) The drift speed(249)
• (b) Mobility and conductivity(251)
• (c) The Einstein relations(252)
• Checklist of concepts(253)
• Checklist of equations(253)
• Topic 16C Diffusion(254)
• 16C.1 The thermodynamic view(254)
• 16C.2 The diffusion equation(256)
• (a) Simple diffusion(256)
• (b) Diffusion with convection(258)
• (c) Solutions of the diffusion equation(258)
• 16C.3 The statistical view(260)
• Checklist of concepts(262)
• Checklist of equations(262)
• Focus 17 Chemical kinetics(267)
• Topic 17A The rates of chemical reactions(269)
• 17A.1 Monitoring the progress of a reaction(269)
• (a) General considerations(269)
• (b) Special techniques(270)
• 17A.2 The rates of reactions(271)
• (a) The definition of rate(271)
• (b) Rate laws and rate constants(272)
• (c) Reaction order(273)
• (d) The determination of the rate law(274)
• Checklist of concepts(276)
• Checklist of equations(276)
• Topic 17B Integrated rate laws(277)
• 178.1 Zeroth-order reactions(277)
• 17B.2 First-order reactions(277)
• 17B.3 Second-order reactions(279)
• Checklist of concepts(282)
• Checklist of equations(282)
• Topic 17C Reactions approaching equilibrium(283)
• 17C.1 First-order reactions approaching equilibrium(283)
• 17C.2 Relaxation methods(284)
• Checklist of concepts(286)
• Checklist of equations(286)
• Topic 17D The Arrhenius equation(287)
• 17D.1 The temperature dependence of rate constants(287)
• 17D.2 The interpretation of the Arrhenius parameters(289)
• (a) A first look at the energy requirements of reactions(289)
• (b) The effect of a catalyst on the activation energy(290)
• Checklist of concepts(291)
• Checklist of equations(291)
• Topic 17E Reaction mechanisms(292)
• 17E.1 Elementary reactions(292)
• 17E.2 Consecutive elementary reactions(293)
• 17E.3 The steady-state approximation(294)
• 17E.4 The rate-determining step(296)
• 17E.5 Pre-equilibria(297)
• 17E.6 Kinetic and thermodynamic control of reactions(298)
• Checklist of concepts(298)
• Checklist of equations(298)
• Topic 17F Examples of reaction mechanisms(299)
• 17F.1 Unimolecular reactions(299)
• 17F.2 Polymerization kinetics(301)
• (a) Stepwise polymerization(301)
• (b) Chain polymerization(302)
• 17F.3 Enzyme-catalysed reactions(304)
• Checklist of concepts(307)
• Checklist of equations(307)
• Topic 17G Photochemistry(308)
• 17G.1 Photochemical processes(308)
• 17G.2 The primary quantum yield(309)
• 17G.3 Mechanism of decay of excited singlet states(310)
• 17G.4 Quenching(311)
• 17G.5 Resonance energy transfer(313)
• Checklist of concepts(314)
• Checklist of equations(314)
• Focus 18 Reaction dynamics(323)
• Topic 18A Collision theory(324)
• 18A.1 Reactive encounters(324)
• (a) Collision rates in gases(325)
• (b) The energy requirement(325)
• (c) The steric requirement(328)
• 18A.2 The RRK model(329)
• Checklist of concepts(330)
• Checklist of equations(330)
• Topic 18B Diffusion-controlled reactions(331)
• 18B.1 Reactions in solution(331)
• (a) Classes of reaction(331)
• (b) Diffusion and reaction(332)
• 18B.2 The material-balance equation(333)
• (a) The formulation of the equation(333)
• (b) Solutions of the equation(334)
• Checklist of concepts(334)
• Checklist of equations(335)
• Topic 18C Transition-state theory(336)
• 18C.1 The Eyring equation(336)
• (a) The formulation of the equation(336)
• (b) The rate of decay of the activated complex(337)
• (c) The concentration of the activated complex(337)
• (d) The rate constant(338)
• 18C.2 Thermodynamic aspects(339)
• (a) Activation parameters(339)
• (b) Reactions between ions(341)
• 18C.3 The kinetic isotope effect(342)
• Checklist of concepts(344)
• Checklist of equations(344)
• Topic 18D The dynamics of molecular collisions(345)
• 18D.1 Molecular beams(345)
• (a) Techniques(345)
• (b) Experimental results(346)
• 18D.2 Reactive collisions(348)
• (a) Probes of reactive collisions(348)
• (b) State-to-state reaction dynamics(348)
• 18D.3 Potential energy surfaces(349)
• 18D.4 Some results from experiments and calculations(350)
• (a) The direction of attack and separation(351)
• (b) Attractive and repulsive surfaces(351)
• (c) Quantum mechanical scattering theory(352)
• Checklist of concepts(353)
• Checklist of equations(353)
• Topic 18E Electron transfer in homogeneous systems(354)
• 18E.1 The rate law(354)
• 18E.2 The role of electron tunnelling(355)
• 18E.3 The rate constant(356)
• 18E.4 Experimental tests of the theory(358)
• Checklist of concepts(359)
• Checklist of equations(359)
• Focus 19 Processes at solid surfaces(365)
• Topic 19A An introduction to solid surfaces(366)
• 19A.1 Surface growth(366)
• 19A.2 Physisorption and chemisorption(367)
• 19A.3 Experimental techniques(368)
• (a) Microscopy(369)
• (b) Ionization techniques(370)
• (c) Diffraction techniques(371)
• (d) Determination of the extent and rates of adsorption and desorption(372)
• Checklist of concepts(373)
• Checklist of equations(373)
• Topic 19B Adsorption and desorption(374)
• 19B.1 Adsorption isotherms(374)
• (a) The Langmuir isotherm(374)
• (b) The isosteric enthalpy of adsorption(375)
• (c) The BET isotherm(377)
• (d) The Temkin and Freundlich isotherms(379)
• 19B.2 The rates of adsorption and desorption(380)
• (a) The precursor state(380)
• (b) Adsorption and desorption at the molecular level(380)
• (c) Mobility on surfaces(382)
• Checklist of concepts(382)
• Checklist of equations(382)
• Topic 19C Heterogeneous catalysis(383)
• 19C.1 Mechanisms of heterogeneous catalysis(383)
• (a) Unimolecular reactions(383)
• (b) The Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism(384)
• (c) The Eley-Rideal mechanism(385)
• 19C.2 Catalytic activity at surfaces(385)
• Checklist of concepts(386)
• Checklist of equations(386)
• Topic 19D Processes at electrodes(387)
• 19D.1 The electrode-solution interface(387)
• 19D.2 The current density at an electrode(388)
• (a) The Butler-Volmer equation(388)
• (b) Tafel plots(392)
• 19D.3 Voltammetry(392)
• 19D.4 Electrolysis(395)
• 19D.5 Working galvanic cells(395)
• Checklist of concepts(396)
• Checklist of equations(396)
• Resource section(407)
• 1 Mathematical resources(408)
• 1.1 Integration(408)
• 1.2 Differentiation(408)
• 1.3 Series expansions(411)
• 2 Quantities and units(412)
• 3 Data(414)
• 4 Character tables(433)
• Index(437)

Notas de autor provistas por Syndetics

James Keeler | Associate Professor of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, and Walters Fellow in Chemistry at Selwyn College, Cambridge, UK