Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of contributors -- 1 Emerging technologies and the criminal law -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Artificial intelligence and criminal justice -- (a) Artificial intelligence -- 3. Privacy, surveillance and biometrics -- 4. Censoring the Internet at large to prevent online harms -- 5. Overview of the chapters herein -- 2 Financial technology: opportunities and challenges to law and regulation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fintech -- 3. DLT -- 4. Contract law -- 5. Tort/delict -- 6. Property law -- 7. Separate legal personality -- (a) How the law should be adapted -- (b) International conventions and model laws -- (c) Regulation and regulatory sandboxes -- 8. Conclusion -- 3 Between prevention and enforcement: the role of "disruption" in confronting cybercrime -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The nature of disruption -- 3. The role of intelligence -- 4. The role of disruption in cybercrime -- (a) Enforcement -- (b) Technical means -- (c) Intelligence gathering -- 5. Legislative frameworks and oversight -- 6. Criminal offences -- 7. Investigation powers -- 8. International cooperation -- 9. Conclusion -- 4 Preventive cybercrime and cybercrime by omission in China -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Pre-inchoate criminalisation and early harm prevention -- (a) Background of the latest amendments to PRC criminal law -- (b) The harm justification for criminalising pre‑inchoate cyberharm -- 3. Omissions liability for internet service providers -- (a) Effective governance of cybercrime and the addition of citizens' positive duties -- 4. The constitutional dilemma: the deviation from marketplace norms -- (a) The principle of personal responsibility -- 5. The normativity of private censorship and pre‑inchoate criminalisation -- 6. Conclusion -- 5 Criminal law protection of virtual property in China -- 1. Introduction.

2. Conceptualising virtual property -- (a) General concept of a virtual asset -- 3. Categorising virtual property -- (a) The problem with virtual property in China -- (b) Virtual property articles -- (c) Virtual currency as property -- (d) Questions raised -- 4. Virtual property as property -- 5. The principle of legality -- 6. China's current practice concerning virtual property -- 7. The value of virtual property -- 8. Conclusion -- 6 Criminalising cybercrime facilitation by omission and its remote harm form in China -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cybercrime: extending the reach of the current law -- 3. Liability for indirect remote harm and direct pre‑inchoate harm -- 4. Internet service provider offences -- (a) Criminalisation and the duty of the ISP to act -- (b) Allowing others to cause harm through failures to prevent -- (c) Responsibility for allowing others to leak data -- (d) Allowing the loss of criminal evidence -- (e) The crime of fabricating and disseminating false information -- 5. Obstacles to applying complicity liability to cybercrimes -- 6. The limits of national jurisdiction -- 7. Conclusion -- 7 Rethinking personal data protection in the criminal law of China -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The legal status of personal data -- (a) Is privacy a public good? -- (b) The current law in China -- 3. Difference from GDPR -- 4. Related criminal offences in China -- 5. Fair labelling and applying the right crime -- 6. Conclusion -- 8 Using conspiracy and complicity for criminalising cyberfraud in China: lessons from the common law -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cyberfraud in China -- 3. Remote harm offences vs. inchoate and pre‑inchoate offences -- 4. Complicity -- 5. Successive complicity in Japanese law -- 6. Conclusion -- 9 The threat from AI -- 1. Introduction of risk -- 2. The nature of the threat -- 3. Definition and scope of AI.

(a) Machine learning methods -- (b) Learning from incomplete data -- (c) Predicting behaviours and outcomes -- (d) Incomprehension of decisions -- 4. Four apertures of cyberharm -- 5. AI as a weapon -- (a) Targeting and control enhancements due to AI -- (b) Attacker persistence, covertness and effects enhancement due to AI -- (c) Attack (un)mitigatability enhancements due to AI -- (d) Threat to individuals -- (e) Threat to businesses or organisations -- (f) Threat to nations or societies -- (g) Global threats -- 6. AI as an environmental threat -- (a) The question of dual-use -- (b) Vulnerability introduction -- (c) Growth of threat environment -- (d) Polarisation of wealth -- (e) Outliers and oversimplification -- (f) Rule of law and responsibility for harm -- 7. Reflection -- 10 AI vs. IP: criminal liability for intellectual property offences of artificial intelligence entities -- 1. Introduction: the legal problem -- 2. AI entities -- 3. Three models of criminal liability of artificial intelligence entities for commission of IP offences -- (a) Perpetration-by-Another liability -- (b) Natural-Probable-Consequence liability -- (c) Direct liability -- (d) Combination liability -- 4. Punishing AI -- 5. Conclusion -- 11 Don't panic: artificial intelligence and Criminal Law 101 -- 1. Introduction -- (a) The defendant -- 2. The actus reus -- (a) Specific conduct offences -- (b) Specific consequence offences -- (c) State of affairs offences -- 3. The mens rea -- (a) Preliminaries -- (b) Intention -- (c) Knowledge/belief -- (d) Recklessness and negligence -- (e) Consent -- (f) Contemporaneity -- (g) Rationale-based defences -- (h) Application -- 4. Complicity liability -- 5. Inchoate offences -- 6. Conclusion -- Index.

This volume presents new research in artificial intelligence (AI) and Law with special reference to criminal justice. It brings together leading international experts including computer scientists, lawyers, judges and cyber-psychologists. The book examines some of the core problems that technology raises for criminal law ranging from privacy and data protection, to cyber-warfare, through to the theft of virtual property. Focusing on the West and China, the work considers the issue of AI and the Law in a comparative context presenting the research from a cross-jurisdictional and cross-disciplinary approach. As China becomes a global leader in AI and technology, the book provides an essential in-depth understanding of domestic laws in both Western jurisdictions and China on criminal liability for cybercrime. As such, it will be a valuable resource for academics and researchers working in the areas of AI, technology and criminal justice.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2021. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.

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