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Cover -- The Oxford Handbook of ETHICS OF AI -- Copyright -- Contents -- Editors' Preface -- List of Contributors -- Part I: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW -- Chapter 1: The Artificial Intelligence of the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence: An Introductory Overview for Law and Regulation -- Intelligence Is an Ordinary Process -- AI, Including Machine Learning, Occurs by Design -- The Performance of Designed Artifacts Is Readily Explainable -- Intelligence Increases by Exploiting Prior Computation -- AI Cannot Produce Fully Replicated Humans (All Models Are Wrong) -- AI Itself Cannot Be Dissuaded by Law or Treaty -- AI and ICT Impact Every Human Endeavor -- Who's in Charge? AI and Governance -- Summary and the Robots Themselves -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2: The Ethics of the Ethics of AI -- Introduction -- Conceptual Ambiguities -- Agent -- Autonomy -- Intelligence -- Risk: Overestimation and Underestimation -- Overestimations and Existential Threats from AI -- Underestimation of AI Risks -- Implementing Ethics -- Making Machines Moral -- Modeling Ethical Reasoning -- Learning Values -- Intrinsic Limitations -- Epistemic Issues with Ethical Implications: Predictive Science -- The Crisis of Causal Knowledge -- How an Epistemic Crisis Could Become an Ethical Crisis -- Oppositional versus Systemic Approaches -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Chapter 3: Ethical Issues in Our Relationship with Artificial Entities -- Introduction -- Scope and Definitions -- Precursors: Turing and Weizenbaum -- Where Are We Now? -- Ethics of Our Relationship with the Seemingly Sentient -- Ethics of Creating Seemingly Sentient Entities -- Sentient Entities as Social Mirror -- Bibliography -- Part II: FRAMEWORKS AND MODES -- Chapter 4: AI Governance by Human Rights-Centered Design, Deliberation, and Oversight: An End to Ethics Washing -- Introduction.

Why Should Human Rights Lie at the Core of AI Ethics? -- Why a Human Rights-Centered Design, Deliberation, and Oversight of AI? -- What Is Human Rights-Centered Design, Deliberation, and Oversight? -- Core Principles of Human Rights-Centered Design, Deliberation, and Oversight -- Principle 1: Design and deliberation -- Principle 2: Assessment, testing, and evaluation -- Principle 3: Independent oversight, investigation, and sanction -- Principle 4: Traceability, evidence, and proof -- Getting from Here to There: A Research Agenda -- Requirements Analysis -- Understanding, Collecting, and Analyzing Data -- Verification -- Cybersecurity by Design -- Validation -- (a) Penetration testing -- (b) User Experience Design -- Appropriation -- Algorithmic Transparency and Inspection -- Instrumentation and Logging -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Chapter 5: The Incompatible Incentives of Private-Sector AI -- Performances and Ethics -- Algorithms Create Incentives -- Incentives Drive Responses -- Responses Demand Guardrails -- Guardrails Create Temptation -- Temptation Needs Policing -- Acknowledgments -- Bibliography -- Chapter 6: Normative Modes: Codes and Standards -- Introduction -- The Varieties of Codes and Standards for AI Ethics -- Advantages of Codes and Standards -- Dangers of Codes and Standards to Watch Out For -- Key Value Concepts Used in AI Codes and Standards and the Challenges of AI Itself -- (1) Artificial Intelligence Should Be Developed for the Common Good and Benefit of Humanity -- A Note on Codes, Standards, and Ethical Theory -- (2) Artificial Intelligence Should Operate on Principles of Intelligibility and Fairness -- (3) Artificial Intelligence Should Not Be Used to Diminish the Data Rights or Privacy of Individuals, Families, or Communities.

(4) All Citizens Have the Right to Be Educated to Enable Them to Flourish Mentally, Emotionally, and Economically Alongside Artificial Intelligence -- (5) The Autonomous Power to Hurt, Destroy, or Deceive Human Beings Should Never Be Vested in Artificial Intelligence -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Chapter 7: The Role of Professional Norms in the Governance of Artificial Intelligence -- Introduction -- AI, Professions, and Norms -- AI as Profession(s)? -- Norms of the AI Profession(s) -- Governance Effects -- Implementation of Norms -- Accountability Mechanisms -- The Court of Public Opinion -- Professional Norms in Law -- Looking Ahead -- Acknowledgments -- Bibliography -- Part III: CONCEPTS AND ISSUES -- Chapter 8: We're Missing a Moral Framework of Justice in Artificial Intelligence: On the Limits, Failings, and Ethics of Fairness -- 2018: The Year of the Techlash -- On the Origins of Ethics and Ethics Reimagined as Justice -- Academic and Corporate Responses to the Techlash: A Critique -- Overview of Academic AI Interventions -- Overview of Corporate AI Interventions -- Synthesizing and Summarizing the State of AI Fairness -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Chapter 9: Accountability in Computer Systems -- Definitions and the Unit of Analysis -- Artifacts, Systems, and Structures: Where Does Accountability Lie? -- Accountability, Oversight, and Review -- Accountability as Accounting, Recordkeeping, and Verifiability -- Accountability as Responsibility -- Accountability as Normative Fidelity -- Accountability as a Governance Goal -- Accountability versus Transparency -- Mechanisms for Accountability in AI -- Whither Accountability in AI? -- Bibliography -- Chapter 10: Transparency -- Accountability, Transparency, and Algorithms -- Enacting Algorithmic Transparency -- What Can Be Made Transparent about Algorithms? -- Human Involvement -- The Data.

The Model and Its Inferences -- Who and What Are Transparency Disclosures For? -- Problematizing Algorithmic Transparency -- Gaming and Manipulation -- Understandability -- Privacy -- Temporal Instability -- Sociotechnical Complexity -- Costs -- Competitive Concerns -- Legal Context -- Discussion -- Bibliography -- Chapter 11: Responsibility and Artificial Intelligence -- Introduction -- The ART of AI -- Taking Responsibility -- Governance for Responsible AI -- Regulation -- Certification -- Codes of Conduct -- Inclusion and Diversity -- The AI Narrative -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Chapter 12: The Concept of Handoff as a Model for Ethical Analysis and Design -- Catalyst -- The Handoff Model -- Access Control through the Handoff Lens: A Case Study -- In the Beginning . . . -- User-Selected Passwords -- From Password to Fingerprint -- From Fingerprint to Face ID -- From Face ID to Passthoughts -- Access Control through the Lens of Handoff -- Responsibility -- Privacy and Security -- Articulating the Boundaries of a System -- Bibliography -- Chapter 13: Race and Gender -- Data-Driven Claims about Race and Gender Perpetuate the Negative Biases of the Day -- Using Past Data to Determine Future Outcomes Results in Runaway Feedback Loops -- Unregulated Usage of Biased Automated Facial Analysis Tools -- AI-Based Tools Are Perpetuating Gender Stereotypes -- Power Imbalance and the Exclusion of Marginalized Voices in AI -- The Design of Ethical AI Starts from Whom Is Given a Seat at the Table -- Education in Science and Engineering Needs to Move away from "the View from Nowhere" -- Bibliography -- Chapter 14: The Future of Workin the Age of AI: Displacement or Risk-Shifting? -- AI as Worker Displacement: Rhetoric and Reality -- What Kinds of Tasks Can AI Execute? -- The More Complicated Reality -- AI as Risk Reallocator -- Staffing and Scheduling.

Defining Compensable Work -- Detecting and Predicting Loss and Fraud -- Incentivizing and Evaluating Productivity -- Displacement, Risk-Shifting, and Policy -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Chapter 15: AI as a Moral Right-Holder -- Introduction -- What Rights and Why Rights? -- What Kinds of Rights? -- Why Rights? -- The Interest Theory of Rights -- AI and the Interest Theory -- Subjectivist Views of Well-being and AI -- Consciousness and AI -- Objectivist Views about Well-being and AI -- The Will Theory of Rights -- AI and the Will Theory -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Chapter 16: Could You Merge with AI?: Reflections on the Singularity and Radical Brain Enhancement -- The Technological Singularity -- Cognitive and Perceptual Enhancement: Some Background -- Concerns -- Personal Identity and Radical Enhancement -- Suggestions -- 1. In Making Radical Brain Enhancement Decisions, Distinguish the Issue of Personal Identity, or Survival over Time, from that of Consciousness -- 2. A Stance of "Metaphysical Humility" -- 3. Support Regulations of Brain Enhancement Devices that Require that Consumers Be Informed about the Personal Identity Debate -- A Way Forward? The Psychological Continuity and Narrative Views -- Caveats -- Conclusion: A Humble Approach -- Bibliography -- Chapter 17: Are Sentient AIs Persons? -- Traditional Rights Regimes -- Sentient Nonhuman Agents: How Plausible? -- Otherness and Fear -- Four Scenarios -- Human, Posthumanism, Humanities -- Bibliography -- Chapter 18: Autonomy -- Introduction -- Autonomy and Control -- Relinquishing Control -- A Final Twist -- Bibliography -- Chapter 19: Troubleshooting AI and Consent -- Introduction -- The Consent Crisis -- The Moral Core of Consent -- Background Conditions -- Scope -- Knowledge -- Voluntariness -- Fairness -- Power Dynamics -- Another Model -- Conclusion -- Bibliography.

Chapter 20: Is Human Judgment Necessary?: Artificial Intelligence, Algorithmic Governance, and the Law.

This interdisciplinary and international handbook captures and shapes much needed reflection on normative frameworks for the production, application, and use of artificial intelligence in all spheres of individual, commercial, social, and public life.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2021. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.