ALA COVID Relief Fund

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 -- Introduction to Immunology -- Abstract -- Objectives -- Introduction -- Innate or Non-Specific Immunity -- Acquired or Specific Immunity -- Historical Perspective of Immunology -- Early Studies -- Discovery of Phagocytosis and Cell-Mediated Immunity -- Discovery of Humoral Immunity -- Controversy over Cell-Mediated and Humoral Immunity -- Cell-Mediated and Humoral Immunity Co-Exist -- Immunity Also Reacts to Non-Pathogenic Substances -- Concept of Selective Theory -- Clonal Selection Theory -- Structure of Antibody -- Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) -- Technique of Somatic Hybridization -- Milestones in the History of Immunology Include -- Scope of Immunology -- Conclusion -- Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) -- Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) -- Answers Key -- Assignments -- Long Answer Questions (500 Words) -- Short Answer Questions (200 Words) -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Cells of the Immune System -- Abstract -- Objectives -- Introduction -- Lymphoid Progenitor -- B Lymphocytes -- T Lymphocytes -- Natural Killer Cells -- Dendritic Cells -- Follicular Dendritic Cell -- Myeloid Progenitor -- Granulocytes -- Neutrophils -- Eosinophils -- Basophils -- Mast Cells -- Monocytes -- Macrophages -- Summary -- Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) -- Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) -- Answer Key -- Assignments -- Long Answer Questions (500 Words) -- Short Answer Questions (200 Words) -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Organs of the Immune System -- Abstract -- Objectives -- Introduction -- Primary Lymphoid Organs -- Secondary Lymphoid Organs -- Tonsils and Adenoids -- Thymus -- Spleen -- Bone Marrow -- Mucusa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) -- Lymph Nodes -- Summary -- Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) -- Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) -- Answer Key -- Assignments.

Long Answer Questions (500 Words) -- Short Answer Questions (200 Words) -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Antigens and Immunogens -- Abstract -- Objectives -- Introduction -- Types of Antigens -- Based upon the Immune Response, Antigens Are of Two Types -- Complete Antigens -- Incomplete Antigens -- According to Their Origin, Antigens Are of Four Types -- Exogenous Antigens -- Endogenous Antigens: Also Called as Allo-Antigens -- Auto Antigens -- Neoantigens -- Superantigens -- The Forces That Bind Antigen to Antibody -- Antigen-Antibody Interaction -- Affinity, Avidity and Cross Reactivity -- Immunogen -- Adjuvants -- Antigenicity versus Immunogenicity -- Immunogenicity -- Requirements for Immunogenicity -- Foreigness -- Molecular Size -- Chemical Composition and Heterogeneity -- Lipids as Antigens -- Immunogenicity by the Biology of the Organism -- Genotype of the Immunized Animal -- Immunogen and Route of Adminitration -- Susceptibility to Antigen Processng and Presentation -- Haptens -- Examples of Some Haptens -- Carrier Protein -- Adjuvants and Immunogenicity -- Conclusion -- Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) -- Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) -- Answer Key -- Assignments -- Long Answer Questions (500 words) -- Short Answer Questions (200 words) -- References -- Chapter 5 -- The Innate and Adaptive Immunity -- Abstract -- Objectives -- Introduction -- Inflammatory Reactions -- Complement System -- Acquired Immunity/Specific Defence Mechanism or Third Line of Defence -- Adaptive Immunity Displays Four Characteristic Features -- Cells Involved in Acquired/Adaptive Immunity -- T-lymphocytes or T-cells -- Types of Acquired Immunity -- Components of Acquired Immunity -- Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) -- Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) -- Answer Key -- Assignment -- Long Answer Questions (500 Words) -- Short Answer Questions (200 Words).

References -- Chapter 6 -- Immunoglobulins -- Abstract -- Objectives -- Introduction -- Immunoglobulins and Antibodies -- Characteristics of Antibodies -- Antibody Structure -- General Features of Immunoglobulins -- Antigen Binding -- Effector Functions -- Antibody-Mediated Effector Functions -- Opsonization is Promoted by Antibody -- Antibodies Activate Complement -- Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) Kills Cells -- Some Antibodies Can Cross Epithelial Layers by Transcytosis -- Classes of Immunoglobulins -- 1. IgG -- Biological Functions -- 2. IgM -- Biological Functions -- 3. IgA -- Biological Functions -- 4. IgD -- Biological Function -- 5. IgE -- Biological Functions -- Antibodies as Antigens -- Isotypic -- Allotypic -- Idiotypic -- Immunoglobulins Superfamily (IGSF) -- Therapeutic Antibodies -- Mechanisms of Action of Therapeutic Antibodies -- Summary -- Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) -- Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) -- Answer Key -- Assignments -- Long Answer Questions (500 Words) -- Short Answer Questions (200 Words) -- References -- Chapter 7 -- The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) -- Abstract -- Objectives -- Introduction -- Types of MHC -- Class I MHC -- Structure -- Presence -- Class I MHC-Peptide Interaction -- Class II MHC -- Structure -- Presence -- Class II MHC-Peptide Interaction -- Pathways for Antigen Processing and Presentation -- Organisation and Inheritance of MHC Molecules -- Role of MHC Molecules -- Antigen Presentation -- Autoimmune Reaction -- Tissue Allorecognition -- Transplant Rejection -- Transplant Rejection Has Various Types Known to Be Mediated by MHC (HLA) -- Conclusion -- Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) -- Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) -- Answer Key -- Assignments -- Long Answer Questions (500 words) -- Short Answer Questions (200 words) -- References -- Chapter 8.

The Complement System -- Abstract -- Objectives -- Introduction -- Complement Components -- Complement Activation -- Classical Pathways -- Lectin Pathway -- Alternative or Properdin Pathway -- Activation of C3 and C5 -- The Terminal Pathway -- Functions of Complement System -- Production of Opsonin -- Production of Anaphylatoxin -- Lysis -- Other Important Complement Functions -- Complement and Antigen Presenting Cells -- Enhancing B-Cell Responses to Antigens -- Complement and (Thymus) T Cell-Mediated Immunity -- Controlling Formation and Clearance of Immune Complexes -- Removing Dead or Dying Cells -- Responses to Viruses -- Regulation of Complement System -- Deficiencies of Compliment Components -- Lectin Pathway Component Deficiencies -- Alternative Pathway Component Deficiencies -- Deficiencies of the Terminal Pathway -- Deficiencies of Complement Receptors or Complement Regulatory Proteins -- Deficiency of Factor H or Factor I -- Conclusion -- Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) -- Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) -- Answer Key -- Assignments -- Long Answer Question (500 words) -- Short Answer Questions (200 Words) -- References -- Chapter 9 -- Vaccines and Their Properties -- Abstract -- Objectives -- Introduction -- Underlying Concept behind Vaccines -- History behind Vaccines -- Vaccine Development -- Types of Vaccines -- First Generation Vaccines (A Traditional Vaccine) -- Attenuated Vaccines -- Advantages of Attenuated Vaccines -- Disadvantages of Attenuated Vaccines -- Inactivated Vaccines -- Advantages -- Disadvantages -- Examples of Inactivated Vaccines -- Second Generation Vaccines -- Subunit Vaccines -- Toxoids -- Conjugated Vaccines -- Recombinant Vaccines -- Third-Generation Vaccines -- Mechanism of Action of DNA Vaccines -- Examples of a Few Vaccines -- 1. BCG Vaccine -- 2. Polio Vaccine -- 3. Hepatitis B Vaccine.

4. Measles Vaccine -- Latest Advancements -- Current Vaccine Development -- 1. Diarrheal Diseases -- 2. Acute Respiratory Infections -- 3. HIV/AIDS -- Conclusion -- Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) -- Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) -- Answers Key -- Assignments -- Long Answer Questions (500 words) -- Short Answer Questions (200 words) -- References -- Chapter 10 -- Immune Dysfunction: AIDS and Rheumatoid Arthritis -- Abstract -- Objectives -- Introduction -- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome -- CD4 Antigen Is the Main Receptor for HIV Entry -- HIV Infection Induces Strong Immune Responses -- Evading the Immune Response -- Immune Dysfunction in HIV -- AIDS is the Final Stage of HIV Infection and Disease -- An Effective Vaccine Remains an Elusive Goal -- Rheumatoid Arthritis -- Signs and Symptoms -- The Signs and Symptoms of RA Include -- Etiology -- Pathophysiology -- Pathology of Rheumatoid Arthritis -- Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis -- Lifestyle -- Disease Modifying Agents -- Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Agents -- Surgery -- Conclusion -- Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) -- Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) -- Answer Key -- Assignments -- References -- About the Editor -- About the Contributors -- Index -- Blank Page.

Immunology is a distinctive subject that rose in the mid-20th century. The subject developed as scientists started to unravel the mysteries about the defense system against pathogens. Researchers started to understand the mechanisms employed by the innate and the adaptive immune system in defense against pathogens. During the last decade, the subject of immunology has been in sharp focus as the immunotherapies against diseases like cancer and AIDS seems last hope. Employing the body's own defense system against diseases like cancer and AIDS by activating specific cells of the immune system looks promising, and therapies like CAR-T cell therapy have been approved. In the first edition of the book "The Fundamentals of Immunology" we have explained the basics of the defense system of our body.The book is organised into four volumes. The first volume comprises of ten chapters and it describes the rise, history and scope of immunology and the building blocks of the immune system viz., cells, molecules and organs of the immune system. The second chapter describes the cells of the innate and the adaptive immune system and how the granulocytes and macrophages employ defense mechanisms to protect the body against pathogenic invasions. In the third chapter of this book, we have described the organs of the immune systems and how different organs are involved in the differentiation and maturation of immune cells. The chapter also focused on the structure of lymph nodes and their function in concentrating the antigens. In chapter four of this book, we have described the terms like antigens, immunogens, antigenicity, immunogenicity and how immunogenicity of an antigen is affected and how antigenicity of an immunogens is related to the immune response. The innate and adaptive immune systems and the different types of cells and molecules employed by the two branches of immunity have been described in a separate chapter. The structure and biology of immunoglobulins, their types and function in antigen binding and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) have been described well in chapter six. Focus has been laid on the distinction between an antibody and an immunoglobulin. The structure and function and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has been described. The education of cells about self and non-self during their maturation and the processing and presentation of antigens by MHC bearing cells and how MHC coordinates both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses has been explained well throughout the book. The book has explained the complement system and its components, mechanisms and functions in a separate chapter. At the end of the book, we have given an insight about the vaccines, their history, development and how they are useful and helpful in the defense against diseases. The book also discusses the immune disfunction and diseases associated with the dysregulation of immune responses.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2021. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.

ALA COVID Relief Fund