Intro -- Contents -- Figures -- Figure 1.1 Tourists in the remote Purnululu National Park, Western Australia, a World Heritage Area -- Figure 1.2 The tourism system -- Figure 1.3 Characteristics of natural area tourism -- Figure 1.4 Management and scales of tourism: natural area tourism can encompass the whole spectrum -- Figure 1.5 Nine Bend River in the Mount Wuyi World Heritage Site, Fujian Province, China. The area is famous for its red-coloured 'danxia' landscapes -- Figure 1.6 Whale shark watching, Exmouth, Western Australia (Photo Tourism WA) -- Figure 1.7 Geotourism attraction, Granite Skywalk, Castle Rock, Porongurup National Park, Western Australia -- Figure 1.8 - Tourist walkway, Langkawi Global Geopark, Malaysia -- Figure 1.9 Geotourists witnessing a volcanic eruption on Fernandina Island, Galapagos, Ecuador, in April 2009 (Photo: Ramiro Jacome, Galapagos Naturalist, Metropolitan Touring, Ecuador) -- Figure 2.1 Levels of organisation within the science of ecology -- Figure 2.2 Components of an ecosystem -- Figure 2.3 Interaction of the biotic components in ecosystems -- Figure 2.4 Moisture largely determines the development of terrestrial vegetation in the tropical climate zone -- Figure 2.5 Generalised models of nutrient cycling (modified from Etherington, 1975 -- and Krebs, 1985). Key: Global cycle of C, O and H. Global nitrogen cycle. Local-scale nutrient cycle (P, K, Ca, Mg and micronutrients) occurring at the ecosyste -- Figure 2.6 Simplified marine ecosystem food chain and ecological pyramid -- Figure 2.7 Example of a food web: kelp in marine ecosystems (Source of data: Two Oceans Aquarium, Cape Town, South Africa) -- Figure 2.8 Conceptual model of ecosystem processes -- Figure 2.9 Conceptual diagram of the hydrological cycle (local and global scale).

Figure 2.10 The potential role of the grey wolf as a keystone predator in Yellowstone National Park, USA -- Figure 2.11 Factors affecting the establishment of woodland or grassland communities in the Serengeti-Mara region of East Africa. This community exists in two alternative stable community states, woodland or grassland. Trees are killed by elephants, human -- Figure 2.12 A comparison of patches and corridors in the landscape matrix. (A) Agricultural matrix -- (B) natural forest cover matrix -- Figure 2.13 Location map of important nature-based tourism destinations referred to in this chapter -- Figure 2.14 Predicted ecological impact caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi infection in the Stirling Range National Park, Western Australia. (Adapted from Newsome, 2001) -- Figure 2.15 Ecological function of roads (After Foreman, 1995) -- Figure 2.16 The coral polyp ingests a dinoflagellate, which then becomes incorporated into the gastric endodermis and forms a symbiotic relationship with the polyp -- Figure 2.17 Ecological zones of a fringing coral reef -- Figure 2.18 Global distribution of tropical rainforests -- Figure 2.19 Different layers of vegetation which form the structure of a tropical rainforest -- Figure 2.20 Canopy walkway, Taman Negara, Malaysia (Photo: David Newsome) -- Figure 2.21 Kruger National Park, South Africa -- Figure 2.22 Rural landscape in Leicestershire, England. The landscape consists of many patches and corridors comprising crops, grazing land, hedgerows, woodland remnants, roads and tracks (Photo: David Newsome) -- Figure 2.23 Potential ecological implications of stress caused by disturbance to wild animals -- Figure 2.24 Ways in which tourists can impact on the natural feeding activities of wildlife.

Figure 3.1 Valley leading to the Jostedalen ice cap and Tunsbergdalsbreen glacier, Norway. Few people visit this remote area that is accessed across snowfields which are present throughout the northern summer. Beneath the snow are fragile and slow-growing -- Figure 3.2 Location map of important nature-based tourism destinations referred to in this chapter -- Figure 3.3 Signs informing visitors of prohibitive activities at the Boulders Penguin Colony near Cape Town, South Africa. This signage clearly indicates that visitor impacts are real and need to be controlled (Adapted from National Parks Board Visitor P -- Figure 3.4 Change in campsite impact parameters under low to moderate levels of annual visitation, Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness (From Leung &amp -- Marion, 1995 -- Hammitt &amp -- Cole, 1998) -- Figure 3.5 The proposed relationship between frequency of use and amount of disturbance, assuming two threshold points (Derived from Growcock, 2006) -- Figure 3.6 The hierarchy among environmental parameters with changing amounts of use (Derived from Growcock, 2006) -- Figure 3.7 Impacts of trampling on vegetation and soils -- Figure 3.8 Result of a field experiment to quantify the environmental impact of horse riding in D'Entrecasteaux National Park, Western Australia (Derived from Phillips, 2000) -- Figure 3.9 Resistance of different plant communities to trampling (Compiled by Liddle, 1997) -- Figure 3.10 Change in relative biomass for different species of plant according to intensity of trampling (Adapted from Liddle, 1997 -- Sun &amp -- Liddle, 1993b) -- Figure 3.11 Change in soil depth from the baseline micro-topography averaged across the first 5-25 cm of the treatment transect cross-sectional profile after various intensities of horse trampling in D'Entrecasteaux National Park, Western Australia (Deriv.

Figure 3.12 Mean penetrometry results for campsites in Warren National Park, Western Australia (Source: Smith, 1998) -- Figure 3.13 Components of the universal soil loss equation (equation developed by Wischmeir &amp -- Smith, 1978 -- Figure 3.14 Severe trail erosion in Bako National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Photo David Newsome) -- Figure 3.15 A comparison of degradation (m/km) between assessed trails in coastal south-western Australia (Derived from Randall &amp -- Newsome, 2008) -- Figure 3.16 Trail surface showing compaction and linear rutting caused by mountain bikes, John Forrest National Park, Western Australia (Photo David Newsome) -- Figure 3.17 Elevated cycle-way constructed off-trail for the purpose of mountain biking activity, John Forrest National Park, Western Australia (Photo David Newsome) -- Figure 3.18 Impact of off-road vehicles on soils -- Figure 3.19 Environmental impacts of off-road vehicles in semi-arid and arid ecosystems (Based on Edington &amp -- Edington, 1986) -- Figure 3.20 Environmental impacts of off-road vehicles on beach environments -- Figure 3.21 Boat trip from Sukau Rainforest Lodge with wildlife observation and the engine cut (Photo Albert Teo) -- Figure 3.22 Conceptual diagram of the effects of sewage pollution in freshwater ecosystems -- Figure 3.23 Campsite impacts on soils and ultimate effects on vegetation -- Figure 3.24 Ecological significance of coarse woody debris in forested ecosystems -- Figure 3.25 Methodology applied in assessing the loss of coarse woody debris from campsites in Warren National Park, Western Australia: The line intersect triangle defines the survey lines for recording the presence of CWD (Derived from Smith, 1998) -- Figure 3.26 Relative abundance of coarse woody debris at campsites in Warren National Park, Western Australia: Number of 'contacts' by diameter class (Source: Smith, 1988).

Figure 3.27 Bank erosion: 'scalloping', root exposure and loss of riparian vegetation adjacent to campsites in Warren National Park, Western Australia (Photo Amanda Smith) -- Figure 3.28 Bat observation platform Mulu National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia (Photo David Newsome) -- Figure 3.29 Conceptual diagram of cave habitats -- Figure 3.30 Information panel at Lesueur National Park, Western Australia, an international wildflower tourism destination (Photo David Newsome) -- Figure 3.31 Extensive management presence and overdevelopment at Yehliu Geopark in Taiwan. Note that the boardwalk fails to contain visitors (Photo David Newsome) -- Figure 3.32 Potential impacts from non-natural patches -- Figure 4.1 A generic planning process -- Figure 4.2 Possible stakeholders of natural area tourism (Derived from Hall &amp -- McArthur, 1998 -- Sautter &amp -- Leisen, 1999) -- Figure 4.3 Ladder of citizen participation (Derived from Arnstein, 1969) -- Figure 4.4 Chronological relationship between the recreation/tourism planning frameworks (Derived from Nilsen &amp -- Tayler, 1998 -- acronyms are defined throughout the chapter) -- Figure 4.5 The Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (Derived from Clark &amp -- Stankey, 1979) -- Figure 4.6 Process for applying the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum planning framework (Derived from Stankey &amp -- Brown, 1981) -- Figure 4.7 Location map of sites referred to in this chapter -- Figure 4.8 Process for applying the Limits of Acceptable Change planning framework (Derived from Stankey et al., 1985) -- Figure 4.9 Bob Marshall Wilderness Complex, USA (Photo: Steve McCool) -- Figure 4.10 Process for applying the Visitor Impact Management planning framework (Derived from Graefe et al., 1990) -- Figure 4.11 Process for applying the Tourism Optimisation Management Model (Derived from Manadis Roberts Consultants, 1997 -- McArthur, 2000a).

Figure 4.12 Using the Tourism Optimisation Management Model to take management action (Derived from Manidis Roberts Consultants, 1997).

This book provides a comprehensive account of tourism in natural, wild and protected areas. The 2nd edition contains an overview of key literature and developments that have emerged since the publication of the 1st edition more than 10 years ago. As such, this book will remain an invaluable resource and review of the subject for many years to come.

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Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2021. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.