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In December 2009, 14,500 people met at the Bilbao Exhibition Centre in the Basque Country to attend an improvised poetry contest. Forty-four poets took part in the 2009 literary tournament, and eight of them made it to the final. After a long day of literary competition, Maialen Lujanbio won and received the award: a big black txapela or Basque beret. That day the Basques achieved a triple triumph. First, thousands of people had gathered for an entire day to follow a literary contest, and many more had attended the event via the web all over the world. Second, all these people had followed this event entirely in Basque, a language that had been prohibited for decades during the harsh years of the Francoist dictatorship. And third, Lujanbio had become the first woman to win the championship in the history of the Basques. After being crowned with the txapela, Lujanbio stepped up to the microphone and sung a bertso or improvised poem referring to the struggle of the Basques for their language and the struggle of Basque women for their rights. It was a unique moment in the history of an ancient nation that counts its past in tens of millennia: I remember the laundry that grandmothersof earlier times carried on the cushion [on their heads] I remember the grandmother of old times and today's mothers and daughters. . . .

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Born in exile in Caracas, Venezuela, in 1967, Xabier Irujo is the chairof the Center for Basque Studies at the University of Nevada, Reno,where he is a professor in Basque Studies and Gender, Race and Identity.He was the first guest research scholar of the Manuel Irujo Chair atthe University of Liverpool, William Douglass visiting lecturer at theUniversity of Massachusetts Amherst, and Eloise Garmendia Chair at BoiseState University. He holds three master's degrees in linguistics,history and philosophy and has two PhDs in history and philosophy. Hehas mentored numerous graduate students and has chaired or been a memberof nearly twenty PhD dissertation committees. Dr. Irujo has lectured inmore than thirty American and European universities and academic orcultural institutions (typically governments, parliaments, museums andlibraries.) He has published on issues related to Basque history andpolitics and has specialized throughout his career in genocide studieswith a focus on physical and cultural extermination. He serves on thescientific committees of six academic and university presses in Europeand the Americas. Dr. Irujo has authored more than fifteen books and anumber of articles in specialized journals and has received awards andhonors at national and international levels. His recent books include Gernika 1937: The Market Day Massacre (Nevada University Press, 2015), Gernika: Genealogy of a Lie (Sussex Academic Press, 2018), and Charlemagne's Defeat in the Pyrenees: The Battle of Rencesvals (Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 2021).