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Includes learning objectives, chapter summaries, key terms and concepts, a fill-in review, and self-tests with true/false, multiple choice, and essay questions.

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• 1 Concepts of Crime, Law, and Criminology
• Chapter 1 Crime and Criminology(p. 2)
• Introduction(p. 3)
• The Study of Criminology(p. 4)
• What Is Criminology?(p. 4)
• A Brief History of Criminology(p. 4)
• Classical Criminology(p. 5)
• Nineteenth-Century Positivism(p. 6)
• The Development of Sociological Criminology(p. 7)
• The Foundations of Sociological Criminology(p. 7)
• The Chicago School and Beyond(p. 8)
• Conflict Criminology(p. 9)
• Criminology Today(p. 9)
• Criminology and Criminal Justice(p. 10)
• The Distinction Between Criminology and Criminal Justice(p. 10)
• The Distinction Between Criminology and Deviance(p. 10)
• What Criminologists Do: The Criminological Enterprise(p. 11)
• Criminal Statistics(p. 12)
• Sociology of Law(p. 12)
• Theory Construction(p. 12)
• Criminal Behavior Systems(p. 13)
• Race, culture, gender, and criminology
• The Changing Face of International Crime Rates(p. 14)
• Penology(p. 14)
• Victimology(p. 15)
• How Criminologists View Crime(p. 16)
• The Consensus View of Crime(p. 17)
• The Conflict View of Crime(p. 17)
• The Interactionist View of Crime(p. 18)
• Defining Crime(p. 19)
• Criminology Research Methods(p. 20)
• Survey Research(p. 20)
• Cohort Research(p. 20)
• Aggregate Data Research(p. 21)
• Experimental Research(p. 21)
• Observational and Interview Research(p. 22)
• Ethical Issues in Criminology(p. 23)
• Summary(p. 24)
• Thinking Like A Criminologist(p. 24)
• Key Terms(p. 24)
• Notes(p. 25)
• Chapter 2 Criminal Law and Its Processes(p. 26)
• Introduction(p. 27)
• The Origin of Law(p. 28)
• Early Crime, Punishment, and Law in Chaos(p. 29)
• Origins of Common Law(p. 30)
• Compensation for Crime(p. 30)
• The Norman Conquest(p. 30)
• Common Law(p. 31)
• Policy and practice in criminology
• Origin of the Jury Trial(p. 32)
• Common Law and Statutory Law(p. 32)
• Common Law and Statutory Law in America(p. 33)
• Common Law in Other Cultures(p. 34)
• Classification of Law(p. 34)
• Crimes and Torts(p. 34)
• Felonies and Misdemeanors(p. 35)
• Mala in Se and Mala Prohibitum(p. 35)
• Functions of Criminal Law(p. 36)
• Enforcing Social Control(p. 36)
• Discouraging Revenge(p. 37)
• Expressing Public Opinion and Morality(p. 37)
• Deterring Criminal Behavior(p. 38)
• Punishing Wrongdoing(p. 38)
• Maintaining Social Order(p. 39)
• The Legal Definition of a Crime(p. 39)
• Actus Reus(p. 39)
• Mens Rea(p. 40)
• Criminal Defenses(p. 41)
• Ignorance or Mistake(p. 41)
• Insanity(p. 42)
• Intoxication(p. 43)
• Duress(p. 43)
• Policy and practice in criminology
• The Insanity Controversy(p. 44)
• Necessity(p. 45)
• Self-Defense(p. 45)
• Entrapment(p. 45)
• Exotic Defenses(p. 46)
• Changing Criminal Law(p. 46)
• Summary(p. 47)
• Thinking Like A Criminologist(p. 48)
• Key Terms(p. 48)
• Notes(p. 49)
• Chapter 3 The Nature and Extent of Crime(p. 50)
• Introduction(p. 51)
• The Uniform Crime Report(p. 51)
• Collecting the Uniform Crime Report(p. 51)
• How Accurate Are the Uniform Crime Reports?(p. 53)
• The Future of the Uniform Crime Report(p. 55)
• Self-Report Surveys(p. 55)
• The Focus of Self-Reports(p. 55)
• Are Self-Reports Accurate?(p. 56)
• The "Missing Cases"(p. 57)
• Victim Surveys(p. 57)
• The National Crime Victimization Survey(p. 58)
• Is the NCVS Valid?(p. 58)
• Are Crime Statistics Sources Compatible?(p. 58)
• Crime Trends(p. 59)
• The Criminological Enterprise
• Explaining Crime Trends(p. 60)
• Trends in Violent Crime(p. 60)
• Trends in Property Crime(p. 61)
• Trends in Self-Reports and Victimization(p. 61)
• What the Future Holds(p. 62)
• Crime Patterns(p. 63)
• The Ecology of Crime(p. 63)
• Use of Firearms(p. 64)
• Policy and practice in criminology
• Gun Control Practices(p. 66)
• Social Class and Crime(p. 67)
• Age and Crime(p. 69)
• Gender and Crime(p. 71)
• Race and Crime(p. 74)
• Criminal Careers(p. 75)
• Delinquency in a Birth Cohort(p. 76)
• Birth Cohort(p. 76)
• Stability in Crime: From Delinquent to Criminal(p. 76)
• Race, culture, gender, and criminology
• Criminal Careers in Europe(p. 77)
• Implications of the Chronic Offender Concept(p. 78)
• Summary(p. 79)
• Thinking Like A Criminologist(p. 79)
• Key Terms(p. 79)
• Notes(p. 80)
• Chapter 4 Victims and Victimization(p. 84)
• Introduction(p. 85)
• Problems of Crime Victims(p. 85)
• Loss(p. 85)
• Suffering(p. 86)
• Fear(p. 87)
• Antisocial Behavior(p. 87)
• The Nature of Victimization(p. 88)
• The Social Ecology of Victimization(p. 89)
• The Victim's Household(p. 90)
• Victim Characteristics(p. 90)
• The Victims and Their Criminals(p. 93)
• The Criminological Enterprise
• Victims of Stalking(p. 94)
• Theories of Victimization(p. 95)
• Victim Precipitation Theory(p. 95)
• The Criminological Enterprise
• Parents Who Get Killed and the Children Who Kill Them(p. 96)
• Lifestyle Theories(p. 97)
• Routine Activities Theory(p. 98)
• The Criminological Enterprise
• Crime and Everyday Life(p. 100)
• Caring for the Victim(p. 101)
• The Government's Response(p. 101)
• Victim Service Programs(p. 102)
• Victims' Rights(p. 103)
• Self-Protection(p. 104)
• Community Organization(p. 105)
• Summary(p. 105)
• Thinking Like A Criminologist(p. 106)
• Key Terms(p. 107)
• Notes(p. 107)
• 2 Theories of Crime Causation
• Chapter 5 Choice Theory(p. 112)
• Introduction(p. 113)
• The Development of Rational Choice Theory(p. 113)
• The Classical Theory of Crime(p. 114)
• Choice Theory Emerges(p. 114)
• The Concepts of Rational Choice(p. 115)
• Rational Choice and Routine Activities(p. 116)
• Is Crime Rational?(p. 118)
• Are Street Crimes Rational?(p. 119)
• Is Drug Use Rational?(p. 120)
• Can Violence Be Rational?(p. 120)
• The Criminological Enterprise
• In the Drug Business(p. 121)
• The Seductions of Crime(p. 122)
• Eliminating Crime(p. 123)
• Situational Crime Prevention(p. 123)
• Crime Prevention Strategies(p. 124)
• General Deterrence(p. 126)
• Policy and practice in criminology
• Reducing Subway Crime(p. 127)
• Specific Deterrence(p. 132)
• Race, culture, gender, and criminology
• Deterring Domestic Violence(p. 134)
• Rethinking Deterrence(p. 136)
• Incapacitation(p. 136)
• Policy Implications of Choice Theory(p. 138)
• Just Desert(p. 138)
• Summary(p. 139)
• Thinking Like a Criminologist(p. 140)
• Key Terms(p. 140)
• Notes(p. 140)
• Chapter 6 Trait Theories(p. 146)
• Introduction(p. 147)
• Foundations of Biological Trait Theory(p. 148)
• Impact of Sociobiology(p. 149)
• Modern Trait Theories(p. 149)
• The Criminological Enterprise
• The Nature Assumption(p. 150)
• Biological Trait Theories(p. 151)
• Biochemical Conditions and Crime(p. 152)
• Neurophysiological Conditions and Crime(p. 155)
• Genetics and Crime(p. 158)
• Evolutionary Views of Crime(p. 160)
• Evaluation of the Biological Branch of Trait Theory(p. 161)
• Psychological Trait Theories(p. 162)
• Theory of Imitation(p. 162)
• Psychodynamic Perspective(p. 163)
• Behavioral Theories(p. 165)
• Cognitive Theory(p. 166)
• The Criminological Enterprise
• The Media and Violence(p. 168)
• Crime and Mental Illness(p. 170)
• Personality and Crime(p. 170)
• The Criminological Enterprise
• The Antisocial Personality(p. 172)
• Intelligence and Crime(p. 172)
• Social Policy Implications(p. 175)
• Summary(p. 177)
• Thinking Like a Criminologist(p. 177)
• Key Terms(p. 177)
• Notes(p. 178)
• Chapter 7 Social Structure Theories(p. 184)
• Introduction(p. 185)
• Sociological Criminology(p. 185)
• Economic Structure and Crime(p. 186)
• Lower-Class Culture(p. 186)
• Are the Poor Undeserving?(p. 188)
• Race, culture, gender, and criminology
• When Work Disappears(p. 189)
• Social Structure Theories(p. 190)
• Branches of Social Structure Theory(p. 190)
• Social Disorganization Theory(p. 191)
• The Work of Shaw and McKay(p. 191)
• The Social Ecology School(p. 194)
• Strain Theories(p. 198)
• Anomie(p. 198)
• Theory of Anomie(p. 199)
• Institutional Anomie Theory(p. 200)
• Relative Deprivation Theory(p. 202)
• General Strain Theory (GST)(p. 203)
• Cultural Deviance Theory(p. 207)
• Conduct Norms(p. 207)
• Focal Concerns(p. 207)
• Theory of Delinquent Subcultures(p. 208)
• Theory of Differential Opportunity(p. 209)
• Evaluation of Social Structure Theories(p. 211)
• Is the Structural Approach Valid?(p. 211)
• Social Structure Theory and Social Policy(p. 211)
• Policy and practice in criminology
• Operation Weed and Seed(p. 212)
• Summary(p. 213)
• Thinking Like a Criminologist(p. 215)
• Key Terms(p. 215)
• Notes(p. 215)
• Chapter 8 Social Process Theories(p. 220)
• Introduction(p. 221)
• Socialization and Crime(p. 222)
• Family Relations(p. 222)
• Educational Experience(p. 224)
• Peer Relations(p. 224)
• Institutional Involvement and Belief(p. 225)
• The Effects of Socialization on Crime(p. 225)
• Social Learning Theories(p. 226)
• Differential Association Theory(p. 226)
• Differential Reinforcement Theory(p. 231)
• Neutralization Theory(p. 232)
• Are Learning Theories Valid?(p. 234)
• Social Control Theories(p. 234)
• Self-Concept and Crime(p. 235)
• Social Control Theory(p. 236)
• Elements of the Social Bond(p. 236)
• Testing Social Control Theory(p. 237)
• Social Reaction Theory(p. 239)
• Crime and Labeling Theory(p. 240)
• Differential Enforcement(p. 241)
• Becoming Labeled(p. 241)
• Consequences of Labeling(p. 241)
• Primary and Secondary Deviance(p. 242)
• Research on Social Reaction Theory(p. 243)
• Is Labeling Theory Valid?(p. 244)
• An Evaluation of Social Process Theory(p. 245)
• Social Process Theory and Social Policy(p. 246)
• Policy and practice in criminology
• Head Start(p. 247)
• Summary(p. 248)
• Thinking Like a Criminologist(p. 249)
• Key Terms(p. 249)
• Notes(p. 249)
• Chapter 9 Conflict Theory(p. 254)
• Introduction(p. 255)
• Marxist Thought(p. 255)
• Productive Forces and Productive Relations(p. 256)
• Surplus Value(p. 257)
• Marx on Crime(p. 258)
• Developing a Conflict Theory of Crime(p. 258)
• The Contribution of Willem Bonger(p. 258)
• The Contribution of Ralf Dahrendorf(p. 259)
• The Contribution of George Vold(p. 260)
• Conflict Theory(p. 260)
• Conflict Criminology(p. 260)
• Research on Conflict Theory(p. 263)
• Analysis of Conflict Theory(p. 263)
• Marxist Criminology(p. 264)
• The Development of a Radical Criminology(p. 264)
• Fundamentals of Marxist Criminology(p. 265)
• Instrumental Marxism(p. 267)
• Structural Marxism(p. 268)
• Research on Marxist Criminology(p. 269)
• The Criminological Enterprise
• Marxist Theories of Crime(p. 270)
• Critique of Marxist Criminology(p. 272)
• Emerging Forms of Conflict Theory(p. 272)
• Left Realism(p. 272)
• Radical Feminist Theory(p. 273)
• Power-Control Theory(p. 275)
• Postmodern Theory(p. 276)
• Peacemaking Criminology(p. 277)
• Social Conflict Theory and Social Policy(p. 277)
• The Criminological Enterprise
• Restorative Justice(p. 278)
• Summary(p. 279)
• Thinking Like a Criminologist(p. 280)
• Key Terms(p. 280)
• Notes (p. 281)
• Chapter 10 Integrated Theories: Latent Trait and Developmental Theories(p. 285)
• Introduction(p. 286)
• Developing Complex Theories(p. 287)
• Latent Trait Theories(p. 287)
• Human Nature Theory(p. 288)
• General Theory of Crime(p. 289)
• The Criminological Enterprise
• Mating Habits and Crime(p. 293)
• Developmental Theories(p. 294)
• The Glueck Research(p. 295)
• Developmental Concepts(p. 296)
• Theories of Criminal Development(p. 299)
• Race, culture, gender, and criminology
• Violent Female Criminals(p. 300)
• The Social Development Model (SDM)(p. 300)
• Elliott's Integrated Theory(p. 302)
• Farrington's Theory of Delinquent Development(p. 304)
• Interactional Theory(p. 306)
• Sampson and Laub: Age-Graded Theory(p. 307)
• Commonalities and Distinctions Between Latent Trait and Developmental Theories(p. 310)
• Summary(p. 310)
• Thinking Like a Criminologist(p. 310)
• Key Terms(p. 311)
• Notes(p. 311)
• 3 Crime Typologies
• Chapter 11 Violent Crime(p. 318)
• Introduction(p. 319)
• The Roots of Violence(p. 320)
• Personal Traits(p. 320)
• The Criminological Enterprise
• Violent Land(p. 321)
• Ineffective Families(p. 322)
• Evolutionary Factors/Human Instinct(p. 322)
• Race, culture, gender, and criminology
• Mothers Who Kill Their Children(p. 323)
• Exposure to Violence(p. 324)
• Cultural Values(p. 324)
• Substance Abuse(p. 325)
• Firearm Availability(p. 326)
• Forcible Rape(p. 326)
• History of Rape(p. 327)
• Incidence of Rape(p. 327)
• Types of Rape(p. 328)
• The Causes of Rape(p. 330)
• Rape and the Law(p. 331)
• Murder and Homicide(p. 332)
• Degrees of Murder(p. 333)
• The Nature and Extent of Murder(p. 334)
• Murderous Relations(p. 334)
• Types of Murders(p. 335)
• The Criminological Enterprise
• Mass Murder and Serial Killing(p. 338)
• Assault and Battery(p. 339)
• Nature and Patterns of Assault(p. 339)
• Assault in the Home(p. 340)
• Robbery(p. 344)
• Emerging Forms of Interpersonal Violence(p. 345)
• Hate Crimes(p. 345)
• The Criminological Enterprise
• Armed Robbers in Action(p. 346)
• Workplace Violence(p. 347)
• Political Violence(p. 349)
• Terrorism(p. 349)
• Forms of Terrorism(p. 351)
• Extent of Terrorism(p. 353)
• Who Is the Terrorist?(p. 354)
• Responses to Terrorism(p. 354)
• Summary(p. 355)
• Thinking Like A Criminologist(p. 355)
• Key Terms(p. 356)
• Notes(p. 356)
• Chapter 12 Property Crimes(p. 362)
• Introduction(p. 363)
• A Brief History of Theft(p. 364)
• Modern Thieves(p. 364)
• Occasional Criminals(p. 364)
• Race, culture, gender, and criminology
• Catching Thieves in Eighteenth-Century England(p. 365)
• Professional Criminals(p. 366)
• The Criminological Enterprise
• Transforming Theft: Train Robbers and Safe Crackers(p. 368)
• Larceny/Theft(p. 369)
• Larceny Today(p. 370)
• Varieties of Larceny(p. 371)
• Shoplifting(p. 371)
• Bad Checks(p. 372)
• Credit Card Theft(p. 373)
• Auto Theft(p. 373)
• False Pretenses or Fraud(p. 374)
• Confidence Games(p. 375)
• Embezzlement(p. 375)
• Burglary(p. 375)
• The Nature and Extent of Burglary(p. 376)
• Careers in Burglary(p. 377)
• Race, culture, gender, and criminology
• The Female Burglar(p. 379)
• The Criminological Enterprise
• What Motivates Juvenile Firesetters?(p. 380)
• Arson(p. 381)
• Summary(p. 381)
• Thinking Like A Criminologist(p. 382)
• Key Terms(p. 382)
• Notes(p. 382)
• Chapter 13 White-Collar and Organized Crime(p. 384)
• Introduction(p. 385)
• White-Collar Crime(p. 386)
• Redefining White-Collar Crime(p. 386)
• The White-Collar Crime Problem(p. 387)
• International White-Collar Crime(p. 387)
• Components of White-Collar Crime(p. 388)
• Stings and Swindles(p. 388)
• Chiseling(p. 389)
• Individual Exploitation of Institutional Position(p. 391)
• Influence Peddling and Bribery(p. 391)
• Embezzlement and Employee Fraud(p. 394)
• Client Fraud(p. 394)
• The Criminological Enterprise
• The Savings and Loan Cases(p. 396)
• Corporate Crime(p. 398)
• High-Tech Crime(p. 401)
• The Cause of White-Collar Crime(p. 403)
• Greedy or Needy?(p. 403)
• White-Collar Law Enforcement Systems(p. 405)
• Corporate Policing(p. 406)
• Controlling White-Collar Crime(p. 406)
• Organized Crime(p. 409)
• The Criminological Enterprise
• Can Corporations Commit Murder?(p. 410)
• Characteristics of Organized Crime(p. 411)
• Activities of Organized Crime(p. 411)
• The Concept of Organized Crime(p. 412)
• Organized Crime Groups(p. 415)
• Controlling Organized Crime(p. 416)
• The Future of Organized Crime(p. 416)
• Summary(p. 417)
• Thinking Like A Criminologist(p. 418)
• Key Terms(p. 418)
• Notes(p. 418)
• Chapter 14 Public Order Crimes(p. 423)
• Introduction(p. 424)
• Law and Morality(p. 424)
• Debating Morality(p. 425)
• Homosexuality(p. 427)
• Attitudes Toward Homosexuality(p. 427)
• Homosexuality and the Law(p. 429)
• Paraphilias(p. 430)
• Prostitution(p. 431)
• Incidence of Prostitution(p. 432)
• Types of Prostitutes(p. 432)
• Becoming a Prostitute(p. 434)
• Legalize Prostitution?(p. 434)
• Pornography(p. 435)
• The Criminological Enterprise
• Victimless Crimes: Streetwalkers in New York City(p. 436)
• The Dangers of Pornography(p. 436)
• Does Pornography Cause Violence?(p. 437)
• Pornography and the Law(p. 438)
• Controlling Sex for Profit(p. 439)
• Substance Abuse(p. 441)
• When Did Drug Use Begin?(p. 441)
• Alcohol and Its Prohibition(p. 441)
• Commonly Abused Drugs(p. 442)
• The Criminological Enterprise
• Careers in Crack(p. 445)
• The Extent of Substance Abuse(p. 446)
• AIDS and Drug Use(p. 450)
• The Causes of Substance Abuse(p. 450)
• Types of Drug Users(p. 452)
• Drugs and Crime(p. 454)
• Drugs and the Law(p. 456)
• The Criminological Enterprise
• How Substance Abuse Provokes Violence(p. 457)
• Drug Control Strategies(p. 458)
• Summary(p. 463)
• Thinking Like A Criminologist(p. 464)
• Key Terms(p. 464)
• Notes(p. 464)
• 4 The Criminal Justice System
• Chapter 15 Overview of the Criminal Justice System(p. 472)
• Introduction(p. 473)
• Origins of Criminal Justice(p. 473)
• Crime and Justice in the Twentieth Century(p. 474)
• Early Origins of American Justice(p. 474)
• The Modern Era of Justice(p. 474)
• What Is the Criminal Justice System?(p. 475)
• Police and Law Enforcement(p. 475)
• The Criminal Courts(p. 476)
• Corrections(p. 477)
• The Process of Justice(p. 478)
• Policy and practice in criminology
• The Juvenile Justice System(p. 480)
• Going Through the System(p. 483)
• The "Wedding Cake" Model(p. 484)
• Criminal Justice and the Rule of Law(p. 486)
• Procedural Laws(p. 486)
• Due Process(p. 487)
• The Exclusionary Rule(p. 488)
• Concepts of Justice(p. 490)
• Crime Control Model(p. 490)
• Justice Model(p. 491)
• Due Process Model(p. 491)
• Rehabilitation Model(p. 492)
• Nonintervention Model(p. 493)
• Restorative Justice Perspective(p. 493)
• Concepts of Justice Today(p. 494)
• Summary(p. 495)
• Thinking Like A Criminologist(p. 495)
• Key Terms(p. 495)
• Notes(p. 496)
• Chapter 16 Police and Law Enforcement(p. 498)
• Introduction(p. 499)
• History of Police(p. 500)
• The London Police(p. 500)
• Policing the American Colonies(p. 500)
• Early American Police Agencies(p. 501)
• Reform Movements(p. 501)
• The Advent of Professionalism(p. 502)
• Law Enforcement Agencies Today(p. 503)
• Federal Law Enforcement(p. 503)
• The Criminological Enterprise
• Law Enforcement in the Twenty-First Century(p. 504)
• County Law Enforcement(p. 506)
• State Police(p. 506)
• Metropolitan Police(p. 506)
• Police Functions(p. 508)
• Patrol Function(p. 508)
• Investigation Function(p. 509)
• Other Police Functions(p. 510)
• Changing the Police Role(p. 510)
• Community-Oriented Policing (COP)(p. 510)
• Problem-Oriented Policing(p. 513)
• Does Community Policing Work?(p. 514)
• Police and the Rule of Law(p. 514)
• Custodial Interrogation(p. 515)
• Search and Seizure(p. 516)
• Issues in Policing(p. 517)
• Police Personality and Subculture(p. 517)
• Discretion(p. 519)
• Race, culture, gender, and criminology
• Does Race Influence the Police Use of Discretion?(p. 520)
• Women and Minority Police Officers(p. 522)
• The Police and Violence(p. 524)
• The Criminological Enterprise
• In the Line of Fire: Shootings of Police(p. 527)
• Summary(p. 528)
• Thinking Like A Criminologist(p. 528)
• Key Terms(p. 529)
• Notes(p. 529)
• Chapter 17 The Judicatory Process(p. 534)
• Introduction(p. 535)
• Court Structure(p. 537)
• State Courts(p. 537)
• Federal Courts(p. 537)
• Actors in the Judicatory Process(p. 540)
• Prosecutor(p. 540)
• Defense Attorney(p. 543)
• Judge(p. 544)
• Pretrial Procedures(p. 545)
• Bail(p. 545)
• Plea Bargaining(p. 549)
• The Criminal Trial(p. 550)
• Jury Selection(p. 551)
• The Trial Process(p. 552)
• Trials and the Rule of Law(p. 554)
• Sentencing(p. 555)
• Purposes of Sentencing(p. 556)
• Sentencing Dispositions(p. 556)
• Sentencing Structures(p. 557)
• How People Are Sentenced(p. 561)
• The Death Penalty(p. 563)
• The Death Penalty Debate(p. 563)
• Race, culture, gender, and criminology
• Race and Sentencing(p. 564)
• Race, culture, gender, and criminology
• The International Use of the Death Penalty(p. 566)
• Legality of the Death Penalty(p. 568)
• Summary(p. 568)
• Thinking Like A Criminologist(p. 569)
• Key Terms(p. 569)
• Notes(p. 569)
• Chapter 18 Corrections(p. 573)
• Introduction(p. 574)
• History of Punishment and Corrections(p. 575)
• The Middle Ages(p. 575)
• Punishment in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries(p. 576)
• Corrections in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries(p. 576)
• Corrections in the Twentieth Century(p. 578)
• The Modern Era(p. 579)
• Probation(p. 580)
• Probationary Sentences(p. 580)
• Probation Organizations(p. 580)
• Probation Services(p. 581)
• Probation Rules and Revocation(p. 581)
• Success of Probation(p. 582)
• Intermediate Sanctions(p. 582)
• Fines(p. 583)
• Forfeiture(p. 583)
• Policy and practice in criminology
• The Risk of Probation Failure(p. 584)
• Restitution(p. 585)
• Shock Probation and Split Sentencing(p. 585)
• Intensive Probation Supervision(p. 585)
• Home Confinement/Electronic Monitoring(p. 586)
• Residential Community Corrections(p. 588)
• Boot Camps/Shock Incarceration(p. 588)
• Can Alternatives Work?(p. 589)
• Jails(p. 589)
• Jail Populations(p. 590)
• Jail Conditions(p. 590)
• Prisons(p. 591)
• Types of Institutions(p. 591)
• Policy and practice in criminology
• Ultra-Maximum-Security Prisons(p. 592)
• Prisoners in the United States(p. 594)
• Profile of Prison Inmates(p. 596)
• Prison Life: Males(p. 597)
• Prison Life: Females(p. 599)
• Correctional Treatment(p. 600)
• Prison Violence(p. 602)
• Corrections and the Rule of Law(p. 603)
• Parole(p. 604)
• The Parolee in the Community(p. 604)
• How Effective Is Parole?(p. 605)
• Summary(p. 605)
• Thinking Like A Criminologist(p. 606)
• Key Terms(p. 606)
• Notes(p. 606)
• Glossary(p. 611)
• Table of Cases(p. 629)
• Name Index(p. 630)
• Subject Index(p. 646)
• Photo Credits(p. 664)