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The first and most comprehensive look at victimology, Karmen's CRIME VICTIMS offers balanced coverage of this complex and at times, controversial subject.

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• Foreword(p. xv)
• Preface(p. xvii)
• 1 The Rediscovery of Crime Victims and the Rise of Victimology
• The Discovery, Decline, and Rediscovery of Crime Victims(p. 2)
• The Discovery of Crime Victims(p. 2)
• The Decline of Crime Victims(p. 2)
• The Rediscovery of Crime Victims(p. 4)
• Social Movements: Taking Up the Victims' Cause(p. 4)
• The News Media: Portraying the Victim's Plight(p. 7)
• Businesses: Selling Products and Services to Victims(p. 7)
• The Rise of Victimology(p. 8)
• The Emergence of a New Focus(p. 8)
• Box 1.1 Highlights in the Brief History of Victimology and Victim Assistance(p. 10)
• The Need for Objectivity(p. 12)
• Victimology Compared to Criminology(p. 20)
• What Victimologists Do(p. 23)
• Step 1 Identify, Define, and Describe the Problem(p. 24)
• Step 2 Measure the True Dimensions of the Problem(p. 24)
• Step 3 Investigate How Victims Are Handled(p. 25)
• Step 4 Gather Evidence to Test Hypotheses(p. 26)
• Victimology Contributes to the Process of Rediscovering Victims(p. 26)
• Box 1.2 The Kinds of Studies Victimologists Undertake(p. 27)
• Stage 1 Calling Attention to an Overlooked Problem(p. 28)
• Stage 2 Winning Victories, Implementing Reforms(p. 30)
• Stage 3 Emergence of an Opposition and Development of Resistance to Further Changes(p. 31)
• Stage 4 Research and Temporary Resolution of the Dispute(p. 32)
• The Continuing Process of Rediscovery(p. 32)
• Box 1.3 Groups of Victims That Have Been Recently Rediscovered(p. 34)
• Chapter Summary(p. 38)
• Discussion Questions(p. 39)
• 2 Digging Up the Facts About Crime Victims
• Crime in the Streets: The Big Picture(p. 42)
• The Use and Abuse of Statistics(p. 42)
• A Closer Look at the Two Official Sources of Victimization Data(p. 46)
• The Uniform Crime Report(p. 47)
• The National Crime Victimization Survey(p. 49)
• Comparing the UCR and the NCVS(p. 52)
• Using Data to Bring the Big Picture Into Focus(p. 53)
• Searching for Crime Waves: Detecting Victimization Trends(p. 57)
• Changes Over Time in Violent Crime Rates(p. 57)
• Checking Out Whether More Robberies Are Turning into Murders(p. 61)
• Box 2.1 "Your Money or Your Life"(p. 63)
• Using the UCR to Analyze Murders(p. 64)
• Murderers and Their Victims(p. 64)
• Using the NCVS to Analyze Robberies(p. 66)
• Robbers and Their Victims(p. 66)
• Findings From the NCVS That Shed Light on Robberies(p. 68)
• Making International Comparisons(p. 71)
• Comparing the Murder Rates in Different Societies(p. 72)
• Assessing Comparative Risks(p. 73)
• Putting Crime Into Perspective(p. 73)
• Uncovering Victimization Patterns(p. 76)
• Recognizing Differential Risks(p. 76)
• Differential Risks of Being Murdered(p. 77)
• Differential Risks of Being Robbed(p. 79)
• Projecting Cumulative Risks(p. 81)
• Estimating Lifetime Likelihoods(p. 81)
• Chapter Summary(p. 83)
• Discussion Questions(p. 84)
• 3 The Victims' Contribution to the Crime Problem
• The Search for Risk Factors(p. 87)
• The Determinants of Differential Risks(p. 88)
• Reducing Risks: How Safe Is Safe Enough?(p. 93)
• From Crime Prevention to Victimization Prevention(p. 94)
• Ambivalence About Risk Taking(p. 96)
• Deterrence Theory As Applied to Victims(p. 97)
• The Controversy Over Shared Responsibility(p. 98)
• Box 3.1 Expressions of Support for Inquiries Into the Victim's Role(p. 99)
• Victim Facilitation, Precipitation, and Provocation(p. 101)
• Victim Facilitation(p. 101)
• Victim Precipitation and Provocation(p. 104)
• The Frequency of Shared Responsibility in Violent Crimes(p. 106)
• Recognizing Complete Innocence and Full Responsibility(p. 107)
• Typologies of Shared Responsibility(p. 107)
• A Typology of Auto Theft Victims(p. 108)
• Victim Blaming Versus Victim Defending(p. 110)
• Victim Facilitation and Auto Theft: Is It the Careless Who Wind Up Carless?(p. 113)
• Box 3.2 Criticisms of the Notion of Shared Responsibility(p. 114)
• Blaming the Victim for Facilitating the Crime(p. 117)
• Box 3.3 Examples of "Motorist Blaming"(p. 118)
• Victim Precipitation and Rape: Was It Somehow Her Fault?(p. 119)
• Victim-Blaming Views(p. 122)
• Victim-Defending Perspectives(p. 124)
• Victim Provocation and Murder: When Is the Slaying of a Wife Beater Justified?(p. 125)
• Arguments Stressing That the Brutal Men Did Not Deserve to Die(p. 127)
• Arguments Emphasizing That the Brutal Men Provoked the Lethal Responses(p. 129)
• Transcending Victim Blaming and Victim Defending(p. 132)
• The Legal Importance of Determining Responsibility(p. 134)
• Box 3.4 Prof Calls for Crackdown on Crime Victims(p. 135)
• Chapter Summary(p. 137)
• Discussion Questions(p. 138)
• 4 Victims and the Criminal Justice System: Cooperation and Conflict
• Victims Versus the Criminal Justice System(p. 140)
• Box 4.1 Criticisms of the Way the Criminal Justice System Handles Victims(p. 141)
• What Do Victims Want: Punishment? Treatment? or Restitution?(p. 142)
• Box 4.2 The System's Shortcomings From a Victim's Point of View(p. 143)
• Victims and the Police(p. 148)
• Reporting Incidents(p. 148)
• Responding Quickly(p. 151)
• Investigating Complaints(p. 152)
• Judging Complaints to Be Unfounded(p. 154)
• Arresting Suspects(p. 156)
• Recovering Stolen Property(p. 160)
• Victims and Prosecutors(p. 161)
• Assisting Victims and Other Witnesses for the State(p. 162)
• Protecting Victims Serving as Witnesses for the Prosecution(p. 164)
• Dismissing Charges and Rejecting Cases(p. 167)
• Negotiating Pleas(p. 169)
• Victims and Defense Attorneys(p. 171)
• Postponing Hearings(p. 171)
• Cross-examining Witnesses During Trials(p. 172)
• Victims and Judges(p. 174)
• Granting Bail(p. 174)
• Sentencing Offenders(p. 175)
• Appealing to the Supreme Court(p. 178)
• Box 4.3 Supreme Court Decisions Directly Affecting Victims(p. 179)
• Victims and Corrections Officials(p. 180)
• Contacting Parole Boards(p. 181)
• And Justice for All(p. 183)
• Recognizing "Second-class" Treatment(p. 183)
• Box 4.4 Which Victims Get Better Treatment?(p. 185)
• Chapter Summary(p. 186)
• Discussion Questions(p. 186)
• 5 Special Kinds of Victims: Problems and Solutions
• Missing Children(p. 189)
• Estimates of the Incidence and the Seriousness of the Problem(p. 190)
• Box 5.1 Highlights of the Rediscovery of the Missing Children Problem(p. 191)
• Box 5.2 How Often Are Children Kidnapped, and What Happens to Them?(p. 194)
• Hunting for Children Who Have Vanished(p. 194)
• Victimization Prevention Measures(p. 197)
• Physically and Sexually Abused Children(p. 198)
• The Rediscovery of Child Abuse(p. 198)
• Estimates of the Incidence, Prevalence, and Seriousness of Child Abuse(p. 201)
• More Controversies Surrounding Childhood Sexual Abuse(p. 205)
• Accusations Made During Divorce Proceedings and Custody Battles(p. 205)
• The Furor Over Recalling Repressed Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse(p. 206)
• Strange Allegations of Ritualistic Abuse by Satanic Cults(p. 210)
• Abused Children and Legal Proceedings(p. 211)
• Taking the Best Interests of the Child Into Account(p. 212)
• Handling Charges of Abuse(p. 212)
• Children as Witnesses(p. 213)
• Proactive Versus Reactive Strategies(p. 217)
• More Casualties of Domestic Violence(p. 218)
• Abuse of Adolescents by Parents(p. 218)
• Abuse of Parents by Adolescents(p. 219)
• Sibling Abuse(p. 219)
• Elder Abuse(p. 219)
• Violence Between Intimates(p. 221)
• The Rediscovery of Wife Beating(p. 221)
• Estimates of the Incidence, Prevalence, and Seriousness of Spouse Abuse(p. 224)
• Aiding Victims Who Feel Trapped(p. 229)
• Battered Women and the Criminal Justice System: Violence Is Violence, or Is It?(p. 231)
• The Police Response(p. 233)
• The Prosecutorial Response(p. 234)
• The Judicial Response(p. 235)
• Preventing Battering(p. 236)
• The Rediscovery of Other Victims of Beatings(p. 237)
• Battering Within Same-Sex Relationships(p. 237)
• The Controversy Surrounding Battered Husbands(p. 238)
• Victims of Sexual Assault(p. 239)
• The Rediscovery of the Plight of Rape Victims(p. 239)
• "Real Rapes" and "Date Rapes"(p. 240)
• The Consequences of Being Sexually Assaulted(p. 242)
• Estimates of the Incidence, Prevalence, and Seriousness of Rape(p. 243)
• The Controversy Over Date Rape on College Campuses(p. 248)
• How the Criminal Justice System Handles Rape Victims(p. 250)
• The Controversy Over Unfounded Accusations(p. 251)
• The Accuser Versus the Accused(p. 254)
• Rape Shield Laws(p. 255)
• Force and Resistance(p. 256)
• Corroboration(p. 257)
• Arrest, Prosecution, and Adjudication(p. 258)
• Crisis Centers: Providing Emergency Assistance(p. 259)
• Unwanted Publicity and Negative Media Portrayals(p. 260)
• Reducing the Threat of Rape(p. 262)
• The Rediscovery of More Rape Victims(p. 263)
• Wives Raped by Their Husbands(p. 263)
• Sexually Assaulted Males(p. 263)
• Chapter Summary(p. 265)
• Discussion Questions(p. 265)
• 6 Repaying Victims
• Gaining Restitution From Offenders(p. 268)
• Back to Basics(p. 268)
• The Rise, Fall, and Revival of Restitution(p. 269)
• Divergent Goals, Clashing Philosophies(p. 273)
• Restitution as a Means of Repaying Victims(p. 273)
• Restitution as a Means of Rehabilitating Offenders(p. 274)
• Restitution as a Means of Reconciling Offenders and Their Victims(p. 274)
• Restitution as a Means of Punishing Offenders(p. 275)
• Opportunities Versus Obstacles(p. 275)
• Evaluating Restitution Programs(p. 280)
• Winning Judgments in Civil Court(p. 281)
• The Revival of Interest in Civil Lawsuits(p. 281)
• The Litigation Process(p. 282)
• Possibilities and Pitfalls(p. 283)
• Collecting Damages From Third Parties(p. 286)
• Suing Private Enterprises(p. 287)
• Suing Government Bodies(p. 288)
• Collecting Insurance Reimbursements(p. 290)
• Private Crime Insurance(p. 290)
• Patterns of Loss, Recovery, and Reimbursement(p. 291)
• Federal Crime Insurance(p. 291)
• Recovering Losses by Turning to Compensation Programs(p. 292)
• Reimbursement From Government Funds(p. 292)
• The History of Victim Compensation by Governments(p. 293)
• The Debate Over Compensation in the United States(p. 294)
• How Programs Operate: Similarities and Differences(p. 297)
• Monitoring and Evaluating Compensation Programs(p. 299)
• Uncovering How Programs Work(p. 299)
• Measuring the Effects of Programs(p. 301)
• Confiscating Profits From Notorious Criminals(p. 303)
• Chapter Summary(p. 304)
• Discussion Questions(p. 305)
• 7 Victims in the 21st Century: Alternative Directions
• Toward Greater Formal Legal Rights Within the Criminal Justice System(p. 308)
• Rights Gained at the Expense of Offenders(p. 311)
• Rights Gained at the Expense of the System(p. 313)
• Rights Gained at the Expense of Either Offenders or the System or Both(p. 313)
• Toward Restorative Justice(p. 319)
• Peacemaking(p. 319)
• How Reconciliation Programs Work(p. 324)
• Evaluating Efforts at Reconciliation(p. 326)
• Pros and Cons From the Victim's Point of View(p. 327)
• Toward Retaliatory Justice(p. 330)
• Vigilantism's Frontier Origins(p. 331)
• Vigilantism Versus Legitimate Use of Force in Self-defense(p. 333)
• Would Potential Victims Be Better Off If They Were Armed?(p. 334)
• The Drift Back Toward Retaliatory Violence(p. 338)
• Chapter Summary(p. 344)
• Discussion Questions(p. 345)
• References(p. 347)
• Appendix(p. 389)
• Name Index(p. 393)
• Subject Index(p. 401)