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Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes examines the scope and extent to which the East influenced Rome and the Papacy following the Justinian Reconquest of Italy in the middle of the sixth century through the pontificate of Zacharias and the collapse of the exarchate of Ravenna in 752.

A combination of factors resulted in the arrival of significant numbers of easterners in Rome, and those immigrants had brought with them a number of eastern customs and practices previously unknown in the city. Greek influence became apparent in art, religious ceremonial and liturgics, sacred music, the rhetoric of doctrinal debate, the growth of eastern monastic communities, and charitable institutions, and the proliferation of the cults of eastern saints and ecclesiastical feast days and, in particular, devotion to the Theotokos or Mother of God. From the late seventh to the middle of the eighth century, eleven of the thirteen Roman pontiffs were the sons of families of eastern provenance.

While conceding that over the course of the seventh century Rome indeed experienced the impact of an important Greek element, some scholars of the period have insisted that the degree to which Rome and the Papacy were "orientalized" has been exaggerated, while others argue that the extent of their "byzantinization" has not been fully appreciated. The question has also been raised as to whether Rome's oriental popes were responsible for sowing the seeds of separatism from Byzantium and laying the foundation for a future papal state, or whether they were loyal imperial subjects ever steadfast politically, although not always so in matters of the faith, to the reigning sovereign in Constantinople. Finally, there is the important issue of whether one could still speak of a single and undivided imperium Roman christianum in the seventh and early eighth centuries or whether the concept of imperial unity in the epoch following Gregory the Great was a quaint and fanciful fiction as East and West, ignoring and misunderstanding one ano

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• Abbreviations(p. ix)
• Chapter 1 Cum Illi Graeci Sint, Nos Latini: Rome and the East in the Time of Gregory the Great(p. 1)
• Chapter 2 Corpora Nostra Cum Inimicis Nostris Abibunt, Corda Nostra Cum Christo Manebunt: The Impact of the Barbarian Invasions of the East on Rome and the Papacy in the Early Seventh Century(p. 42)
• Chapter 3 Diligo Romanos ut Unam Habentes Fidem; Graecos Autem ut Eadem Qua Ego Lingua Loquentes: The Monothelite Controversy(p. 79)
• Chapter 4 Reverendissimi Abbates, Presbyteri, nec Non Monachi Introeant: The Lateran Council of 649(p. 113)
• Chapter 5 [Characters not reproducible]: The Italian Expedition of Constans II: Prelude to the Greek Popes, 649-678(p. 158)
• Chapter 6 Et Dicit Acolitus Symbolum Graece Decantando in His Verbis: [Characters not reproducible]: Rome and the Papacy from Agatho to Sergius I, 678-701(p. 199)
• Chapter 7 [Characters not reproducible]: Eastern Influences on Rome and the Papacy from Sergius I to Zacharias, 701-752(p. 244)
• Epilogue: Zacharias, Son of Polychronios: The Last of the Greek Popes(p. 298)
• Bibliography(p. 304)
• Index(p. 335)
• About the Author(p. 347)

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CHOICE Review

Ekonomou (Emory Univ.) has penned an important scholarly work on the little studied and poorly documented political and religious history of Rome under Byzantine rule in the seventh and eighth centuries. The popes of Rome are known to have looked to the Byzantine emperor at Constantinople as their protector until the mid-eighth century. Ekonomou advances a bold, ironic thesis as to why the papacy parted company from the Byzantine emperor and sought a new secular protector in the Frankish king. The Muslim conquest of the eastern and southern shores of the Mediterranean drove many Greek-speaking prelates and monks into Italy. For a century from the pontificate of Martin I, Rome was controlled by Greek popes committed to the Christological doctrine of the Council of Chalcedon, and opposed imperial policy to win over the Monophysites in the provinces lost to the Arabs. These Greek popes objected to the doctrinal interference of Byzantine emperors seeking to find common religious ground between Orthodox and Monophysite confessions. Therefore, they articulated and upheld the primacy of Rome in doctrine, their apostolic succession from Saint Peter, and so set in motion the forces that divided Christendom into the Catholic and Orthodox medieval churches. Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and above. K. W. Harl Tulane University

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Andrew J. Ekonomou is lecturer in Byzantine history and literature at Emory University